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Stosunki Kanadyjsko-Amerykańskie W Polityce Premiera Pierre'a Elliotta

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Stosunki Kanadyjsko-Amerykańskie W Polityce Premiera Pierre'a Elliotta Stosunki kanadyjsko-amerykańskie w polityce premiera Pierre’a Elliotta Trudeau 1968-1984 Prace Amerykanisłyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redaktor naukowy serii prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania Marcin Gabryś Stosunki kanadyjsko-amerykańskie w polityce premiera Pierre’a Elliotta Trudeau 1968-1984 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Seria: Prace Amerykanistyczne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redaktor naukowy serii: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania RECENZENT prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania PROJEKT SERII Maciej Kwiatkowski OPRACOWANIE GRAFICZNE OKŁADKI Marcin Bruchnalski Na okładce zdjęcie satelitarne granicy kanadyjsko-amerykańskiej ze zbiorów U.S. Geological Survey Książka dofi nansowana przez Uniwersytet Jagielloński ze środków Instytutu Amerykanistyki i Studiów Polonijnych The book was published with the asistance of the Government of Canada Le livre a été publié avec l’appui du Gouvernement du Canada © Copyright by Marcin Gabryś & Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Wydanie I, Kraków 2010 All rights reserved Książka, ani żaden jej fragment, nie może być przedrukowywana bez pisemnej zgody Wydawcy. W sprawie zezwoleń na przedruk należy zwracać się do Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego ISBN 978-83-233-3082-0 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 12-631-18-81, tel./fax 12-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: tel. 12-631-01-97, tel./fax 12-631-01-98 tel. kom. 0506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA, nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Rodzicom Spis treści Wykaz skrótów ...................................................................................................................... 9 Wstęp .................................................................................................................................... 11 Wprowadzenie ................................................................................................................ 11 Problem badawczy .......................................................................................................... 16 Teorie stosunków kanadyjsko-amerykańskich................................................................ 17 Struktura pracy ................................................................................................................ 22 Uwagi terminologiczne ................................................................................................... 25 Przegląd źródeł i literatury .............................................................................................. 28 Rozdział I. Założenia polityki zagranicznej Pierre’a Elliotta Trudeau ................................. 33 I.1. Geneza zmian ........................................................................................................... 33 I.2. Raport Robertsona .................................................................................................... 38 I.3. Poglądy Pierre’a Trudeau na politykę zagraniczną .................................................. 41 I.4. Przegląd polityki obronnej Kanady .......................................................................... 46 I.5. Przegląd polityki zagranicznej Kanady .................................................................... 54 I.6. Podsumowanie .......................................................................................................... 59 Rozdział II. Kanadyjska polityka trzeciej opcji .................................................................... 67 II.1. Pierre Trudeau a Stany Zjednoczone ....................................................................... 67 II.2. Szok nixonowski i koniec polityki wyjątkowości w stosunku do Kanady ............. 73 II.3. Doktryna Nixona i geneza kanadyjskiej polityki trzeciej opcji .............................. 84 II.4. Założenia polityki trzeciej opcji .............................................................................. 89 II.5. Podsumowanie ........................................................................................................ 102 Rozdział III. Problemy amerykańskich inwestycji w Kanadzie ........................................... 115 III.1. Pierre Elliott Trudeau a nacjonalizm gospodarczy ................................................ 119 III.2. Kontekst ekonomiczny amerykańskich inwestycji w Kanadzie ............................ 125 III.3. Kontekst polityczny amerykańskich inwestycji w Kanadzie ................................. 126 III.4. Kanadyjski nacjonalizm gospodarczy .................................................................... 130 III.5. Próby ograniczania zagranicznych inwestycji w Kanadzie ................................... 133 III.6. Korporacja Rozwoju Kanady ................................................................................. 135 III.7. Agencja Kontroli Inwestycji Zagranicznych ......................................................... 139 III.8. Amerykańska reakcja na FIRA .............................................................................. 146 III.9. Podsumowanie ....................................................................................................... 158 Rozdział IV. Polityka energetyczna jako źródło konfl iktów kanadyjsko-amerykańskich .... 163 IV.1. Geneza kanadyjskiej polityki energetycznej .......................................................... 164 IV.2. Kryzys naftowy z 1973 roku .................................................................................. 168 IV.3. Powstanie Petro-Canada ......................................................................................... 173 IV.4. Krajowy Program Energetyczny ............................................................................ 177 IV.5. Amerykańska reakcja na NEP ................................................................................ 185 IV.6. Podsumowanie ....................................................................................................... 201 8 Spis treści Rozdział V. Problem suwerenności Kanady w Arktyce ........................................................ 207 V.1. Defi nicja terminów .................................................................................................. 207 V.2. Początek sporu ......................................................................................................... 209 V.3. Rejs tankowca „Manhattan” .................................................................................... 211 V.4. Podsumowanie ......................................................................................................... 226 Rozdział VI. Ochrona środowiska naturalnego w relacjach kanadyjsko-amerykańskich .... 229 VI.1. Problemy zanieczyszczenia Wielkich Jezior ......................................................... 230 VI.2. Garrison Water Diversion ...................................................................................... 236 VI.3. Spór o kwaśne deszcze .......................................................................................... 245 VI.4. Konfl ikty dotyczące rybołówstwa ......................................................................... 254 VI.5. Granica w Zatoce Maine ........................................................................................ 261 VI.6. Podsumowanie ....................................................................................................... 268 Zakończenie .......................................................................................................................... 273 Bibliografi a ........................................................................................................................... 289 I. Źródła ........................................................................................................................... 289 II. Książki i artykuły ....................................................................................................... 291 III. Materiały internetowe ............................................................................................... 301 IV. Inne ............................................................................................................................ 302 Spis schematów, map i tabel ................................................................................................. 303 Schematy ......................................................................................................................... 303 Mapy ............................................................................................................................... 303 Tabele .............................................................................................................................. 303 Canadian-American relations in the politics of Pierre Elliot Trudeau 1968–1984 (Summary) 305 Aneks I. Kalendarium wydarzeń w okresie rządów Pierre’a Elliotta Trudeau ..................... 307 Aneks II. Ministrowie w gabinetach Pierre’a Elliotta Trudeau ............................................ 311 Indeks nazwisk ...................................................................................................................... 321 Wykaz skrótów CBC – Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CCF – Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Federacja Wspólnot Spółdzielczych) CD – Canada Development Corporation (Korporacja Rozwoju Kanady) CDIC – Canada Development Investment Corporation (Inwestycyjna Korporacja Rozwoju Kanady) CFIB – Canadian Federation of Independent Business (Zrzeszenie Drobnych Przed- siębiorców
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