This Book Is Dedicated to Prof. Boguslaw Banaszak Who Has Passed Away Some Months Before Publication
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This book is dedicated to Prof. Boguslaw Banaszak who has passed away some months before publication. This book represents a tribute which the authors of this book and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova wish to pay to the professionalism, natural wisdom and warm personality of Prof. Banaszak. Rainer Arnold, Alexandru Tănase (Eds.) CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE AND EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS International Conference Chișinău, 8-9 June 2017 XIXth International Congress on European and Comparative Constitutional Law Hosted by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova Rainer Arnold, Alexandru Tănase (Eds.) Rainer Arnold, Alexandru Tănase (Eds.) CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE AND EVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS International Conference InternationalChișinău, Conferenc 8-9 June 2017e Chișinău, 8-9 June 2017 XIXth International Congress on European and Comparative Constitutional Law XIXth International Congress on European and Comparative Constitutional Law Hosted by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova Hosted by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova Published by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova Responsible for the publication : Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova CIP Description of the National Book Chamber Constitutional Justice and Evolution of Individual Rights. International Conference Chișinău, 8-9 June 2017 – Chişinău: Arc, 2018 (Tipogr.). ISBN 978-9975-0- 3 C ISBN 978-9975-0- FOREWORD Constitutions are living instruments. Contemporary constitutionalism lives from transnational dialogue. During 18 years, international congresses on European and comparative constitutional law brought together academics and constitutional judges from many European and overseas countries in Regensburg, city on the Danube, rich in history and cultural heritage. Common debate, exchange of perspectives and mutual intellectual enrichment through national diversity have always been their intention. In the course of years an international “constitutional law fami- ly” has emerged on this basis. In 2017, for the first time, the Congress took place outside Regensburg, in Chisinau, in cooperation with the Constitutional Court of Moldova. The choice of this congress venue was essentially due to my long years close cooperation and personal friendship with Alexandru Tănase, the former President of the Constitutional Court, the professional excellence of him and of his judges as well as the highly esteemed efficiency of his collaborators. Deep gratitude is owed for the excellent congress organization and for the financial support! The Congress in Moldova has confirmed the international Constitutional Law Family and has inspired it to pursue the way on the road of peaceful un- derstanding and mutual incitation for the ideals of democracy, rule of law and human rights. Rainer Arnold 5 FOREWORD The insertion of individual rights particularly in constitutional acts arises as a guarantee of the existence of the human personality. The originality of civil and personal rights in relation to other categories of fundamental rights consists in the fact that reflect first of all they a moral ideal, and only later a political one, being enshrined in constitutional documents and being categorized as ri- ghts of the individual and not of the citizen. Undoubtedly, today’s concern is not the recognition of the existence of indi- vidual rights, the holder of which is the person as an essence of everything that is human; it is rather the recognition of their content and scope, which is the task of constitutional justice. That is why, stemming from the Constitutional Court’s mission to ensure the viability of the Constitution for every situation of everyday life, each act of the Constitutional Court is a new piece of the Constitution’s mosaic, in which not only elements of the rule of law and democracy must coexist in a unison, but also fundamental human rights. The axiom from which one must start when individual rights are to be observed is that they cannot be sacrificed in the process of ensuring political opportunism. The blistering increase of the role of technologies in our society may threa- ten the limits of extension of individual rights, including through legislative or constitutional initiatives to amend the Constitution. Therefore, it is imperative to provide legal, appropriate and effective means, compatible with the ongoing process of modernization and technological development, without diminishing the hard core of fundamental rights. At the same time, individual rights cannot be exercised in absurdum, but may be subject to restrictions which are justified by the goal pursued. Limiting the exercise of individual rights is the challenge of the present day society. Thus, 6 Foreword when considering collective rights and public interests, which envisage national security, public order or criminal prevention, a process that is always a sensitive in terms of regulation, it is necessary to maintain a fair balance between indivi- dual interests and rights, on one hand, and those of the society, on the other. We are witnessing today how international jurisdictions, like national con- stitutional jurisdictions, apply the test of proportionality while recognizing fun- damental rights and the configuration of their sphere in ensuring social balan- ce, the Constitution itself being a regulator in this respect. The message that I would like to convey is that in the development of the paradigm between the State and the holder of individual rights, constitutional jurisdiction has an overwhelming role in the context of constitutionalization of the legal system, and which through its case-law forms the backbone of the im- plementation of constitutional law, being a raison d’être of the State itself. I would like to note that constitutional courts have the necessary tools to enrich the whole range of guarantees and ways of protecting fundamental hu- man rights and freedoms through settled disputes of constitutionality and deli- vered judgments, being an ”efficient and dynamic agent” of procedures assimi- lating and implementing fundamental rights. The present compilation of reports is a valuable document for professionals and represents an unprecedented theoretical examination of comparative con- stitutional case-law and the subject of fundamental rights. At the same time, this publication serves as an occasion to remember the XIX International Congress on European and Comparative Constitutional Law that took place for the first time ever in Chișinău. This collection is valuable through its articles and thanks to the professor Rainer Arnold who is the pro- moter of the International Congress on European and Comparative Constituti- onal Law and a faithful supporter of the development of constitutional law in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Republic of Moldova. Democracy through law should be regarded through the angle of practi- tioners, but especially of the doctrinaires who, devoid of political temptations, keep the verticality of the fair interpretation of the law regardless of territorial jurisdictions. We, the lawyers, have the feeling of belonging to the community of free and creative thinking, each contributing to the strengthening of funda- mental rights by ensuring legality. Alexandru Tănase 7 CONTENTS RAINER ArNOLD The protection of the individual in the new constitutionalism - some aspects .....................................................11 ALEXANDRU TĂNASE The constitutional principle of military neutrality of the state . 19 BOGusLAW BANASZAK The role of the constitutional and supreme courts in the extension of the constitutional catalog of individual rights and freedoms .........27 ArtA VOrpsI The impact of proportionality test in protecting individual rights. Some reflection on the case law of Albanian Constitutional Court ......36 RENIS ZAGANJORI Protecting the right to property in Albania: the role of the Strasbourg Court and Albanian constitutional justice ...........................45 ArEVIK PEtrOSYAN Developments in the field of guaranteeing of individual‘s right to constitutional justice: Armenia‘s experience .......................52 ALEXANDER VASHKEVICH Constitutional Court of Belarus and freedom of thought, conscience and religion ......................................................57 ZLATKO M. KNEžEVIć Relationship between the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina and key European and planetary documents guaranteeing/ protecting fundamental human rights and freedoms ............................66 MArcELO FIGUEIREDO Constitutional justice and the development of individual rights ........73 ALAN BRONfmAN Constitutional law and fundamental rights .........................120 8 Contents BILJANA KOstADINOV La constitutionnalisation du modèle périodique d’interruption de grossesse en Croatie – Le jugement de la Cour constitutionnelle de la République de Croatie numéro U-I-60/1991 e.a. du 21 février 2017 ...128 MATO ArLOVIć Human rights and freedoms: an important element in the constitutional constitutionalisation of the Republic of Croatia .........141 JIřÍ ZEMÁNEK The application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights EU by constitutional judiciary ........................................163 BErtrAND MATHIEU La prévisibilité du droit comme exigence constitutionnelle. Analyse à partir du droit constitutionnel français ....................171 JOËL RIDEAU L’accès des particuliers aux juridictions de l’Union européenne