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M E M O Ria D E T E Sis D O Cto Ra L Universidad de Oviedo Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas Biologíadelaconservacióndeplantas vascularesenlaCordilleraCantábrica. Prioridadesycasosdeestudio. BorjaJiménez-AlfaroGonzález Memoria de Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL Biología de la conservación de plantas vasculares en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Prioridades y casos de estudio. Borja Jiménez-Alfaro González 2008 AGRADECIMIENTOS Resulta obligado, en el apartado de agradecimientos que encabeza cualquier tesis doctoral o estudio de similar envergadura, reconocer la labor y el apoyo de todas las personas que, de un modo u otro, han colaborado y apoyado el trabajo. Es éste el momento de agradecer la compañía y aportación de los compañeros involucrados en la universidad o centro de trabajo. Y de valorar, desde el punto de vista investigador, pero también personal, la labor del director o directores de la tesis, así como del resto de personas que han participado en la formación del autor. Resulta inevitable agradecer a los padres su fertilidad pretérita y su apoyo incondicional; a los amigos, su existencia; y a la pareja, de un modo especial, el sufrimiento paralelo y silencioso que ha llevado junto al doctorando. También es el momento de recordar el orgullo de ser padre, para los que tuvimos la fortuna de crear una vida, además de un trabajo de investigación. Por último, y como corresponde a personas con un supuesto grado de erudición, resulta apropiado incorporar una o varias citas o aforismos, a ser posible con cierto contenido filosófico, de algún autor clásico, y en latín, del tipo vita brevis, ars longa, occasio praeceps, experientia falax, iudicium diffícile (=La vida es corta, el arte largo, la ocasión súbita, la experiencia engañosa y el juicio difícil –atribuida a Hipócrates–). Sin ánimo de caer en una excesiva originalidad, espero que todas las tipologías de personas aquí mencionadas, y que de una manera u otra me han apoyado los últimos años, se den por aludidas y reconocidas con mi infinita gratitud. Ello no quita que, de un modo más prosaico, cada uno de los capítulos que conforman esta tesis doctoral incluya el justo agradecimiento a las personas e instituciones que han participado en el desarrollo de cada uno de los trabajos. A todos, gracias. CONTENIDOS ▪ Introducción general ...........................................................................................................1 I- La crisis de la biodiversidad y la conservación vegetal...........................................................1 II- Los sistemas de montaña frente al cambio global...................................................................2 III- La Cordillera Cantábrica como objeto de estudio..................................................................4 Localización geográfica ...............................................................................................................................4 Conocimiento botánico del territorio ........................................................................................................6 Amenazas sobre la biodiversidad vegetal ................................................................................................7 Estrategias de conservación........................................................................................................................9 IV- La biología de la conservación ...............................................................................................11 Conceptos básicos ......................................................................................................................................11 Herramientas de estudio...........................................................................................................................12 El estudio de poblaciones de plantas.......................................................................................................13 V- Planteamiento y estructura del trabajo...................................................................................14 Objetivos generales....................................................................................................................................14 Primera parte ..............................................................................................................................................15 Segunda parte.............................................................................................................................................16 Referencias bibliográficas..............................................................................................................18 Capítulo 1 ▪ Biodiversidad vegetal orocantábrica ........................................................... 25 1.1 Introducción ..............................................................................................................................26 1.2 Metodología ..............................................................................................................................28 1.2.1 Área de estudio..................................................................................................................................28 1.2.2 Fuentes de datos................................................................................................................................29 1.2.3 Síntesis y análisis de datos ...............................................................................................................31 1.3. Resultados.................................................................................................................................34 1.3.1 Heterogeneidad de las fuentes ........................................................................................................34 1.3.2 Conocimiento del territorio..............................................................................................................36 1.3.2 Riqueza de plantas vasculares.........................................................................................................40 1.3.3 Flora vascular endémica y subendémica orocantábrica...............................................................41 1.3.5 Flora amenazada ...............................................................................................................................43 1.3.5 Riqueza y endemicidad de hábitats................................................................................................43 1.3.6 Hábitats amenazados........................................................................................................................44 1.4. Conclusiones y discusión .......................................................................................................48 1.4.1 Conocimiento de la biodiversidad vegetal ....................................................................................48 1.4.2 Valoración general de la biodiversidad orocantábrica.................................................................50 1.4.3 Indicadores sobre el estado de conservación.................................................................................51 1.4.4 Consideraciones finales....................................................................................................................54 Agradecimientos.............................................................................................................................55 Referencias bibliográficas..............................................................................................................55 ANEXO (1).......................................................................................................................................61 a) Flora vascular endémica y subendémica orocantábrica. ..................................................................61 b) Hábitats de la Cordillera Cantábrica...................................................................................................70 Capítulo 2 ▪ Caracterización de áreas de endemicidad de plantas vasculares en las montañas del noroeste de la Península ibérica ......................................... 79 2.1 Introducción ..............................................................................................................................80 2.2 Metodología ..............................................................................................................................81 2.2.1 Área de estudio..................................................................................................................................81 2.2.2 Selección de táxones y obtención de datos ....................................................................................82 2.2.3 Análisis de datos ...............................................................................................................................83 2.3 Resultados..................................................................................................................................85 2.3.1 Distribución de las plantas endémicas seleccionadas ..................................................................85 2.3.2 Correlación espacial..........................................................................................................................89 2.3.3 Análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE) .............................................................................90 2.3.4 Clasificación TWINSPAN ................................................................................................................92
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