A V a s c u l a r P l a n t R e d A Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales D a t a L i

s Rhestr o Blanhigion Fasgwlaidd Data Coch ar gyfer Cymru t f o r W a l e s R h e s t r o B l a n h i g i o n F a s g w l a i d d D a t a C o c h a r g y f e r C y m r u

Dr Trevor Dines Plantlife Wales

With the help of the Vice-county Recorders Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity and Committee of the Botanical Society of the 14 Rollestone Street, Salisbury Wiltshire SP1 1DX UK. British Isles in Wales, and the Countryside Telephone +44 (0)1722 342730 Fax +44 (01722 329 035 Council for Wales [email protected] www.plantlife.org.uk Plantlife International – The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. Gyda chymorth Cofnodwyr yr is-siroedd a hefyd Registered Charity Number: 1059559 Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales. K U

. Pwyllgor Cymreig y ‘Botanical Society of the O C

Charity registered in Scotland no. SC038951. . N

G British Isles’ a Chyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru I S E D P J © Plantlife International, June 2008 R Y B N G I S

1 E 1 ISBN 1-904749-92-5 D RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

SUMMARY Featured Species

In this report, the threats facing the entire vascular plant flora of Wales have Two species have been selected to illustrate the value of producing a Vascular Plant been assessed using international criteria for the first time. Using data supplied Red Data List for Wales. by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and others, the rate at which species are declining and the size of remaining populations have been quantified in detail to provide an accurate and up-to-date picture of the state of vascular Bog Orchid (Hammarbya paludosa) plants in Wales. The production of a similar list (using identical criteria) for Least Concern in Great Britain but Endangered in Wales Great Britain in 2005 allows comparisons to be made between the GB and Welsh floras. Bog Orchid is a diminutive species of very wet acidic sites where there is some movement of water. It is usually found on saturated sphagnum moss but also occurs on peaty mud and The results show that of the 1467 native and archaeophyte vascular plants recorded in amongst grasses on the edges of runnels and flushes. Wales, 38 are extinct (2.6%) and 256 (17.4%) are threatened with extinction, being either Critically Endangered (3.4%), Endangered (4.4%) or Vulnerable (9.7%). A further 28 (1.9%) This species has declined considerably in Great Britain, especially as a result of drainage in are Near Threatened. Although there are proportionately more extinctions in Wales than the lowlands before 1930, and it has been lost from many English counties. Losses still occur there have been in Great Britain (1.0%), the Welsh flora is generally faring slightly better throughout its range and declines in the uplands are usually attributed to overgrazing. than the GB flora as a whole, where 18.9% of vascular plants are threatened. Resent surveys have shown it to be more frequent than previously thought, but it is also quite a dynamic species and appears to move around in the environment. Despite these This is the first such regional analysis of threats facing any group of species in Great Britain, losses and the dynamism, this species is regarded as Least Concern in Great Britain, as its and the results have been used to inform the selection of priorities for conservation in range has been more stable recently and new populations have been found. B

Wales. The list also identifies vascular plants reaching the edge of their GB range in Wales, as O B G I

well as Welsh endemics and near-endemics. In Wales, Bog Orchid is an enigmatic species, with most records coming from upland flushes. B B O N

Plants appear only sporadically at some sites, while at others it is known to have reappeared S / N A

following the cessation of grazing. Other sites have become very degraded through T U R A

overgrazing and few plants are now recorded. The recent loss of sites in Caernarfonshire L I M A

and Merioneddshire means it is regarded as Endangered in Wales and is in need of specific G CRYNODEB E conservation action. Yn yr adroddiad hwn mae’r bygythiadau sy’n wynebu holl blanhigion fasgwlaidd Cymru wedi cael eu hasesu gan ddefnyddio meini prawf rhyngwladol am y tro cyntaf. Defnyddiwyd y data a dderbyniwyd gan y Botanical Society of the British Isles, a chan eraill, er mwyn amcangyfrif yn fanwl cyfradd dirywiad rhywogaethau Three-lobed Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus tripartitus) a maint y poblogaethau sy’n weddill. Mae hyn wedi creu darlun cywir a chyfredol Endangered in Great Britain but Least Concern in Wales o gyflwr planhigion fasgwlaidd yng Nghymru. Oherwydd bod rhestr debyg (yn defnyddio meini prawf tebyg) wedi cael ei chreu ar gyfer Prydain yn 2005 mae Three-lobed Water-crowfoot is an annual plant of bare damp mud, drainage ditches, shallow modd cymharu’r fflora Cymreig a’r un Prydeinig. pools and pond edges that dry out in summer, and also in sphagnum bogs. It prefers sites where peat overlies nutrient-poor mineral clays. It is most frequent where heathland grades Mae’r canlyniadau’n dangos bod 38 (2.6%) o’r 1467 o blanhigion fasgwlaidd brodorol ac into rushy pasture and where poaching by cattle keeps muddy areas open for germination. archeoffytig a gofnodwyd yng Nghymru wedi mynd i ddifancoll. Mae 256 (17.4%) dan fygythiad o ddiflannu’n gyfan gwbl, ac maen nhw un ai mewn Perygl Difrifol (3.4%), mewn In Great Britain, this species has suffered a very significant decline, mainly through habitat Perygl (4.4%) neu’n Fregus (9.7%). Mae 28 (1.9%) o blanhigion eraill yn Agos at fod dan destruction and a reduction in disturbance by undergrazing. Losses have been especially Fygythiad. Er bod mwy o blanhigion wedi mynd i ddifancoll yng Nghymru, o gymharu â marked in Devon and Cornwall, and from Surrey and Kent, where many populations have Phrydain gyfan (1.0%), mae’r fflora Cymreig yn gwneud yn well, ar y cyfan, na’r fflora become extinct. Again, this is a dynamic species and can appear or disappear from sites Prydeinig, lle mae 18.9% o blanhigion fasgwlaidd dan fygythiad. within a few years. Better surveying, however, has uncovered new populations and many sites are monitored regularly. In Great Britain, this species is regarded as Endangered, Dyma’r dadansoddiad rhanbarthol cyntaf o’r bygythiadau sy’n wynebu unrhyw gr w^ p o primarily because of the losses in southern England. rywogaethau ym Mhrydain ac mae’r canlyniadau wedi dylanwadu ar y dewis o flaenoriaethau ar gyfer cadwraeth yng Nghymru. Mae’r rhestr hefyd yn adnabod planhigion fasgwlaidd sydd In Wales, this species has always been more frequent than in England, and does not exhibit T R E V

ar ymyl eu hardal ddosbarthiad Prydeinig yma yng Nghymru, yn ogystal â phlanhigion such a severe pattern of decline. Although it has been lost historically from 20 sites, a O R D I endemig Cymreig a rhai sy’n agos at fod yn endemig yng Nghymru. combination of improved surveying (which has revealed new sites) and the restoration of N E S /

appropriate management (a reintroduction of grazing onto heaths along with ‘pinch-point’ P L A N T

management to create the open mud necessary for germination) means that 28 sites are L I F now known, many of which are in favourable condition. This UK BAP species is increasing E in Wales and it is regarded here as Least Concern. A Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales Rhestr o Blanhigion Fasgwlaidd Data Coch ar gyfer Cymru

Dr Trevor Dines Plantlife Wales

1 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

2 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

A Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales

This report is the first comprehensive analysis of decline using the updated IUCN criteria for an entire species group in Wales. It has brought to light a suite of species more threatened in Wales than in the rest of Great Britain, as well as species threatened in Great Britain but which are doing better in Wales. Wales has a responsibility to protect and conserve all these threatened species, and the findings of this study have been used to inform the selection of vascular plants that appear on Section 42 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006 ( Habitats and species of principal importance in Wales ).

This report has been produced by Plantlife Wales with the support of the Wales Committee of the Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Countryside Council for Wales.

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4 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Contents

1 Introduction 6 2 Implementation of this Red Data List 7 3 Coverage 8 3.1 Taxonomic coverage 8 3.2 Alien status 8 3.3 Hybrids 9 3.4 Geographic coverage 9 4 Data sources 10 5 Application of IUCN criteria 11 5.1 IUCN categories at the regional level 11 5.2 Treating Wales as a region 11 5.3 IUCN categories in Wales 13 5.4 Limitations of the analysis 14 6 Explanation of the Wales Red Data List 15 6.1 Species information 15 6.2 National responsibility and edge of range 15 6.3 Welsh endemics and near endemics 16 6.4 Wales Red Data List categories, criteria and justification 16 6.5 Modification of Wales Red Data List categories 17 7 Analysis 18 7.1 Comparison of Welsh and GB Red Data Lists 18 7.2 Taxa extinct in Wales 20 7.3 Taxa “doing better” in Wales 22 7.4 Taxa “doing worse” in Wales 23 7.5 Taxa reaching the edge of their range in Wales 26 7.6 Species for which Wales has a particular responsibility 28 8 Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales 31 9 Excluded Taxa 76 10 Acknowledgements 78 11 References 79

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1. Introduction

Following publication of The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005) an assessment of threat using the same methodology applied to the Welsh flora became possible. As well as being an interesting scientific exercise, allowing a comparison of threat between species at Great Britain and country level, this project also provides scientifically robust data for the selection of priority species of conservation concern in Wales. This report also includes several lists, such as extinctions, that have never before been published for Wales.

This Welsh Vascular Plant Red Data List closely follows the GB Red Data List. It applies the same IUCN criteria in the same way and with the same thresholds, it includes the same taxa and implements the same ‘Waiting List’ method to identify taxa for which analysis is not yet possible. The principal difference is that the area under consideration is the country of Wales rather than Great Britain. Because of this, there are slight differences between the lists, such as the need to identify Regionally Extinct taxa (extinct in Wales but not in Great Britain) and the need to take into account the possibility for immigration of species from England into Wales.

As with The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005), annual updates to this Welsh Red Data List will be made available electronically, based on either new data, additional data that is made available, or refined methods of analysing data. The updates may result in changes to threat status categories for certain taxa and these changes will supersede the status categories published here.

This report has been produced by Plantlife Wales, but would not have been possible without considerable help from the Vice-county Recorders of the Botanical Society of the British Isles in Wales and several staff of the Countryside Council for Wales.

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2. Implementation of this Red Data List

One aim of this report is to assess the level of threat facing vascular plant species in Wales so that priorities can be identified within Wales for conservation action. However, Wales is a political, not biogeographic, area and this list should not be used in isolation without the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005). Now that Red Data Lists exist for vascular plants in both Great Britain and Wales some guidance on how these lists should be used is needed, especially in view of the fact that many taxa have different levels of threat in each area.

Any taxon that is threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened) in Great Britain (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005) should also be regarded as a priority for conservation in Wales, regardless of its threat status in Wales. The categories of threat given in Cheffings & Farrell (2005) are based on an assessment of national distribution and decline, and apply throughout the current range of each taxon in Great Britain.

If a taxon is less threatened in Wales than it is in Great Britain (it has a lower category of threat than in Great Britain or is even classified as Least Concern in Wales), the Welsh population must still be regarded as a critically important component of the GB population and deserves full protection in Wales with appropriate conservation measures. This is because it represents a part of the whole GB population that has more chance of surviving and recovering than the GB population as a whole. Should the GB population outside Wales continue to decline, the Welsh population will become increasingly important, again regardless of its status within Wales. Should the Welsh population begin to decline, the species will be regarded as even more threatened in the GB as a whole.

Taxa that are more threatened in Wales than they are in Great Britain should naturally be considered as priorities for conservation within Wales. The results of this Red Data List analysis have already been used to inform the selection of species on Section 42 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act (NERC) 2006 ( Habitats and species of principal importance in Wales ).

The Botanical Society of the British Isles is currently compiling County Rare Plant Registers for Vice-counties in Wales. These should include records of all taxa regarded as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened) in either Wales or Great Britain.

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3. Coverage

3.1 Taxonomic coverage

This Red Data List includes all vascular plants (pteridophytes, angiosperms and gymnosperms) that are native or archaeophyte to Wales. Neophytes are excluded, as are taxa that have only ever been recorded as casuals, such as the archaeophytes Carum carvi (Caraway), Isatis tinctoria (Woad) and Chenopodium hybridum (Maple-leaved Goosefoot). Species that are native to other parts of Great Britain but are alien in Wales, such as Draba muralis (Wall Whitlowgrass), Polemonium caeruleum (Jacob’s-ladder) and Ulex minor (Dwarf Gorse) are also excluded.

Apomictic microspecies of Hieracium in Wales are included in the analysis, thanks to the work of Tim Rich (National Museum Wales). Those of Taraxacum and Rubus are currently excluded (a comprehensive treatment of Taraxacum at a GB level are included in the Year 1 Amendments of the GB Red Data List , Leach, 2007 & www.jncc.gov.uk ), but it is hoped to include an analysis of these genera for Wales in the future.

The taxonomy of the Welsh list has been updated to follow the Year 1 Amendments of the GB Red Data List (Leach, 2007; www.jncc.gov.uk ). Thus Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus now appears as Asparagus prostratus , Cotoneaster intergerrimus as C. cambricus and Lythrum hyssopifolium as L. hyssopifolia . The only exception to this is Chrysanthemum segetum , which is not listed as Xanthophthalmum segetum as per the GB Red Data List because this unfamiliar name has not been widely accepted. Name changes given in the new BSBI Cyperaceae Handbook (Jermy et al. 2007), such as Carex leporina for C. ovalis , have also not been incorporated into the list because of their current unfamiliarity.

Following recent taxonomic work the numerous subspecies of Limonium binervosum , L. britannicum and L. procerum , as well as L. paradoxum , L. parvum and L. transwallianum have all been removed from the Waiting List and are now treated as Limonium binervosum .

3.2 Alien status

This analysis follows the alien status categories given to taxa in the GB Red Data List , with two exceptions. Firstly, following an assessment of its status in Britain (Twibell, 2007), Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima is included here as a native subspecies and the Crymlyn Burrows (Glamorgan) population is assessed as such. Secondly, because of the uncertainty over its status but the need to afford some protection to the species until this uncertainty is resolved, Stachys alpina is removed from the “Waiting List” and included in this Red Data List with an “Alien or Native” status.

Sisyrinchium bermudianum is included in two Welsh County Rare Plant Registers (Pryce, 1999 & Evans, 2007) and has been regarded as possibly native at some of its sites. This species was, however, being cultivated in Britain by 1732 (Aiton, 1789) and the very late date of its first record in the wild (around 1950 at Tywyn Burrows, Carmarthenshire) makes a native origin very unlikely for such a showy monocot. Its status as a neophyte therefore remains unchanged and it is not included in this analysis.

Limosella australis remains on the Waiting List following its reassessment as a possible alien by Jones (1991).

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3.3 Hybrids

As with the GB Red Data List , some hybrids have been included within this analysis. The same five criteria for selection have been applied, namely that the parents are native, that the hybrid is not ephemeral, that there is more than one individual, that the hybrid reproduces vegetatively and that the hybrid is not part of a swarm between similar parents. All hybrids in Wales conforming to these criteria, and therefore of potential conservation concern, have been included.

Because of these criteria, not all hybrids occurring in Wales have been included in the list. However, it is hoped this can be done following completion of the BSBI Hybrid Project, and to then treat all hybrids occurring in Wales comprehensively.

It has been argued that although some hybrid swarms (e.g. those between Dactylorhiza and Euphrasia species) are of conservation concern, they are specifically excluded by the criteria. In such cases, it is important to identify the sites where such swarms occur and implement appropriate designation mechanisms to protect them. If site selection criteria do not cover hybrid swarms they should be modified to do so, or other mechanisms (such as Important Plant Areas) developed to do so.

3.4 Geographic coverage

This Red Data List covers the country of Wales, including the 13 Vice-counties of Monmouthshire, Glamorgan, Brecknockshire, Radnorshire, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire, Montgomeryshire, Merionethshire, Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Anglesey.

When analysing New Atlas data for the decline statistics, 10-km squares sharing a border with England were included. Wherever possible, errors resulting from this (i.e. occurrences known to be only on the English side of a border square) have been addressed. While it remains likely that not all such errors have been identified, those remaining probably have little effect on overall decline statistics.

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4. Data sources

As with the GB Red Data List , this analysis used data from the Vascular Plant Database (VPD) compiled for the New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston et al. , 2002). This allowed comparison of data collected in the period 1930-1969 for the first Atlas of the British Flora (Perrings & Walters, 1962) with those collected in 1987-1999 for the New Atlas . These data were used as a basis for the analysis of decline used in IUCN threat criterion A, which for the purpose of this study looks exclusively at levels of decline in distribution or area of occupancy (AOO).

Other IUCN criteria (B, C and D) examine the current number of sites, populations or individuals in the area being considered. Criteria B and C also require evidence of any ongoing decline. For these criteria, detailed up-to-date site data were sought from BSBI County Rare Plant Registers for Anglesey (Bonner, 2006), Carmarthenshire (Pryce, 1999), Ceredigion (Chater, 1997) and Monmouthshire (Evans, 2007), along with Registers in preparation for Flintshire, Caernarfonshire and Glamorgan, records published in the BSBI Welsh Bulletin since 2000 (numbers 68 to 80), staff of the Countryside Council for Wales and directly from all BSBI Vice-county Recorders. In such cases, the most recent record was sought for each site, along with population information and a judgement of whether any population decline is underway based on recent records (1987-2007). IUCN threat categories for criteria B, C and D in this study are therefore based on the most up-to-date and detailed information available; for criterion A (hectad and AOO decline) only records up to 1999 are used. The judgement of site population decline is perhaps the most difficult to assess given the paucity of monitoring data for many taxa and there is much room for improved monitoring of many taxa. Some taxa may have been allocated a lower category of threat (based on population size alone) because monitoring data is not available.

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5. Application of IUCN criteria

5.1 IUCN categories at the regional level

The standard IUCN Red Data List Categories (IUCN 2001) are used with the following modifications to take account of the regional nature of this analysis:

1. Taxa extinct within the region but extant in other parts of the world are classified as Regionally Extinct (RE). A taxon is RE when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual in the region has died. In this report, taxa extinct in Great Britain as a whole are classified as EX, while those extinct in Wales but still present elsewhere in Great Britain are classified as RE. The list of extinctions for Wales therefore includes both EX and RE taxa.

2. Taxa that are (or have been) present in Wales but are not eligible for assessment at the regional level are assigned the category Not Assessed (NA) and are listed in Section 9. These are mainly taxa that are native to some part of Great Britain but are alien in Wales, and also taxa that only occur as casuals in Wales.

5.2 Treating Wales as a region

Considerable guidance is given by IUCN (2003) regarding the application of standard IUCN criteria and categories (IUCN, 2001) to a region (defined as any subglobal geographically defined area, such as a continent, country, state, or province). Provided that the regional population being assessed is isolated from conspecific populations outside the region, the IUCN Red Data List Criteria (IUCN 2001) can be used without modification within any geographically defined area.

However, when the criteria are applied to part of a population defined by a geopolitical border, as in the case of Wales sharing a border with England, the threshold values listed under each criterion may be inappropriate because the unit being assessed is not the same as the whole population or subpopulation. As a result, the estimate of extinction risk may be inaccurate.

In order to take this into account, we need to ask whether the Welsh population experiences any significant immigration of viable propagules from England (Figure 1). If not (or if it is unknown), there is no change in the Welsh IUCN category. If, however, it is known that viable propagules are entering Wales from England, the Welsh IUCN category is downgraded by one level provided that the GB population is stable or increasing. If the GB population is decreasing, though, the Welsh IUCN category remains the same (further modification of the category can take place if the Welsh population is acting as a sink, but it has not been possible to determine this).

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Threatened Welsh taxon with population close to English population and taxon has a high dynamism score

No / unknown Immigration over entire Welsh No change to status category range likely?

Yes

Threatened in GB or endemic or Yes No change to status category near endemic?

No

Downgrade Welsh status category by one level

Figure 1. Chart used to determine whether any changes to the Welsh threat category were necessary due to potential immigration from England (adapted from IUCN, 2003).

The level of propagule immigration is almost impossible to assess. However, an attempt has been made to determine how likely immigration is by a consideration of the proximity of threatened Welsh taxa to English populations and their Dynamism Score (Preston et al ., 2003). This latter is a measure of how mobile a species is – a score of 5 indicates a highly dynamic species while species scoring 1 are largely sedentary. It must be noted that dynamism may result from a substantial turnover of range, a marked expansion of range or by a contraction in range. While not a measure of propagule dispersion, if interpreted with care, dynamism can indicate which taxa are more likely to immigrate.

Immigration was considered for the entire Welsh range of a taxon. In cases where disjunct populations exist, such as Callitriche hermaphroditica occurring on both the Welsh border and on Anglesey, immigration was considered unlikely to replace the Anglesey populations. The biology of each species was also taken into account; large-seeded species of restricted or fragmented habitats, for example, are less likely to immigrate than wind-dispersed opportunistic species with small seed.

The threat category of threatened Welsh taxa with a high dynamism score and for which the entire population is close to English populations may therefore be downgraded by one category if the GB population is Least Concern. If, however, the GB population is threatened the Welsh IUCN category remains unaltered. Taxa for which such changes have been applied are noted in the list.

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5.3 IUCN categories in Wales

Apart from the modifications given in sections 5.1 and 5.2 above, the standard IUCN categories and criteria (IUCN, 2001) have been used to produce this Red Data List. This means that the same thresholds used to determine categories in the GB Red Data List have been used for Wales, and the lists are therefore directly comparable. Because of this, a detailed treatment of how each criterion was applied is not reproduced here, but readers are referred to the GB Red Data List (2005) for further information. Table 1, however, gives a brief summary of the categories and criteria used here.

Threat Category Criterion Thresholds EX Extinct in Great Britain (but was present in Wales) Extinct RE Extinct in Wales but still present elsewhere in Great Britain Regionally extinct EW Extinct in Great Britain (was present in Wales) but still present in cultivation Extinct in the wild CR A AOO trend or Hectad trend > 80% decline Critically Endangered B 1 location + continuing decline C <250 individuals + continuing decline D < 50 individuals EN A AOO trend or Hectad trend > 50% decline Endangered B 5 locations + continuing decline C < 2,500 individuals + continuing decline D < 250 individuals VU A AOO trend or Hectad trend > 30% decline Vulnerable B 10 locations + continuing decline C < 10,000 individuals + continuing decline D1 < 1,000 individuals D2 < 5 locations NT A AOO trend or Hectad trend > 20% decline Near Threatened B 30 locations + continuing decline D < 10,000 individuals LC No threat to taxon Least concern DD Threat suspected but there is insufficient data for analysis Data deficient WL Inadequate data, taxonomic uncertainties or uncertainties over native or Waiting list archaeophyte status means no assessment can be made.

Table 1. IUCN Categories and criteria used in the Welsh Red Data List. In essence, criterion A looks at decline in hectads or area of occupation, criterion B deals with declining taxa that occur in a small number of sites, criterion C also deals with declining taxa but those that have a small number of individuals, and criterion D looks at those taxa in a small number of sites or with few individuals that are not necessarily declining. A taxon may qualify as threatened or near threatened on one or more criteria.

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5.4 Limitations of the analysis

While considerable efforts have been made to compile and use the best available data for this analysis, two factors are effective in compromising the application of IUCN criteria in Wales.

For Criterion A, The GB Red Data List (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005) used data from 2,851 hectads (10-km squares) for the analysis of AOO, EOO and hectad decline. This number of hectads allowed a fairly robust analysis, as each unit represents 0.035% of the total area under consideration. In Wales, however, the same scale of data has been used, with 285 hectads being included in the analysis. Each unit therefore represents 0.35% of the area. This makes the analysis much more sensitive and less reliable. As a result, more caution has been applied and the A criterion has only been used with species that have been recorded from more than 10 hectads. In addition, Extent of Occupation (EOO) looks at changes in a range of a species and is a relatively complicated analysis to perform; it was felt inappropriate to do this analysis on such a small area as Wales and it has not been included. It is hoped that, with more tetrad (2km square) data becoming available across the country, criterion A can be applied at this scale in the future.

The second limitation is in the Near Threatened category. Emphasis in this report has been placed on determining which taxa in Wales are Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Data has therefore not been specifically sought on those taxa that are found in fewer than 30 sites and are declining (criterion B) or have a population under 10,000 (criterion D). For this reason the Near Threatened category is under-represented. Some interesting and important taxa may qualify as Near Threatened, such as Eleocharis acicularis , Thelypteris palustris and Alisma lanceolata . This shortcoming will be addressed in future updates to the Wales Red Data List.

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6. Explanation of the Wales Red Data List

The columns that appear in the Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales (Section 8) are described below.

6.1 Species information

Taxonomy of the Wales Red Data List (as given in the Taxon column) follows that of the New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston et al ., 2002) with appropriate updates as given in the GB Red Data List (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005) and the Year 1 Amendments (Leach, 2007).

The threat category of the species in Great Britain is given in the GB Red List column, and follows Cheffings & Farrell (2005) and the Year 1 Amendments (Leach, 2007). The threat category for Wales is given in the Wales Red List column. Blanks in either of these columns indicate that the taxon has been assessed as Least Concern (LC) for that area.

The native or alien status of each taxon in Britain (and therefore also Wales) is given in the Native/alien status column, and designations follow Preston et al . (2002) and the Year 1 Amendments (Leach, 2007). A blank indicates a native taxon, archaeophytes are indicated by “Arch”, and “NA” indicates a taxon that may be native or alien in Great Britain. Neophytes and taxa not native to Wales are excluded from the list (see section 9).

6.2 National responsibility and edge of range

An assessment has been made of what proportion of the British distribution of each taxon is found within Wales. This has been done using the number of hectads for which there are modern records in the New Atlas (Preston et al ., 2002). Although crude, this does provide an indication of how much of the GB resource is located within Wales. More detailed assessments have been made in the rare cases where site population data exist for all sites across Great Britain. For taxa with more than 25% of the GB distribution in Wales (and for which Wales therefore has a national responsibility) the percentage is given in the Prop of GB population column.

Taxa that reach the edge of their British range in Wales are identified in the Edge of GB range? column. The edge of range in question is indicated by “N”, “S”, “E” and “W”, where “S” indicates that the taxon reaches its southern limit in Wales, etc. Two letters are used to indicate two edges of a range – “NW” for example means that the edges of a northern and a western range are reached in Wales, rather than the north-west edge of a range.

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6.3 Welsh endemics and near endemics

For the purpose of this study, an endemic taxon is one whose entire global native range lies within Wales ( Endemic to Wales? column). A near endemic is one whose entire global native range lies within an area comprising Great Britain, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland ( Wales Near Endemic? column).

These classifications were determined using data from the GB Red Data List (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005), the New Atlas (Preston et al . 2002) and other published sources for particular species (e.g. Rich & Houston, 2006).

6.4 Wales Red Data List categories, criteria and justification

The IUCN category (as defined in section 5.3 above) for Wales is given in the Wales Red List column (note that blanks indicate an assessment of Least Concern). The criteria under which each threatened taxon qualifies is given in the Criteria column. For details on how the categories CR (Critically Endangered), EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable) and NT (Near Threatened) were applied and the criteria used, see Cheffings & Farrell (2005, pp 18-22).

The number of extant locations in Wales is provided in the Locations column. Locations are assumed to be extant if they have been recorded in or since 1987 and have not since been reported as extinct. In line with IUCN guidelines, a location is defined as “a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present”. This is not quite the same as “sites” in the traditional botanical sense. Wherever possible we have defined locations as “management units”, areas under the same management that may be threatened by changes in that management.

The number of extant individuals in Wales is given ( Individuals column) based on data as supplied by Vice-county Recorders. Recording individuals in plant populations is highly problematic; for many species it is impossible to separate individuals in a population, for others counts are of flowering spikes rather than individuals, whilst others are usually recorded by square-metre coverage. While this makes interpretation difficult, the population data collected has been used with care and the thresholds between categories applied as stringently as possible.

Continuing decline of a taxon at its sites in Wales ( Ongoing decline? column) has been assessed primarily from direct observations of locations, populations and individuals from Vice-county Recorder records and comments, rather than using the hectad and AOO decline statistics. This is because these latter decline statistics only take account of trends up to 1999, while Vice-county Recorder records often date to 2005 and 2006. This not only makes the assessment more up-to-date but also takes into account details of small-scale population variability over time. A continuing decline in the total Welsh population is assumed if any population is reported as declining and this trend is not being balanced by other populations increasing.

16 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

6.5 Modification of Wales Red Data List categories

The modification of IUCN categories in Wales to take account of possible immigration from England (as described in section 5.2 above) is dealt with in three columns. For all threatened taxa, an assessment is made of the probability that the entire Welsh range could be replaced by immigration from England ( Immigration likely? column). This is based on each species’ ecology, its proximity to England and how dynamic the GB population is. The Dynamism score (Preston et al ., 2003) ranges from 5 for highly dynamic species whose distributions change rapidly, to 1 for sedentary species whose distributions remain largely static over time.

Taking these considerations into account, the IUCN category may have been modified according to Figure 1 (Section 5.2). If a modification has been made (“Yes” in the Category modified? column) the modified category is given in the main Wales Red List column and a note in the Comments column indicates what the original category was. This latter column also includes other notes and observations relevant to the taxon in Wales.

17 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

7. Analysis

7.1 Comparison of Welsh and GB Red Data Lists

When drawing comparisons between taxa on the Welsh and GB Red Data Lists it is important to remember that identical criteria were used in their selection. Obviously, a much smaller area was under consideration (Wales being only 10% of the size of Great Britain) so it is not surprising that the proportion of taxa in each threat category in each area is so dissimilar (Table 2 and Figures 2 & 3).

Great Britain Wales No. of taxa % of total No. of taxa % of total Extinct (EX+EW+RE) 18 1.0 38 2.6 Critically Endangered (CR) 32 1.9 50 3.4 Endangered (EN) 82 4.7 64 4.4 Vulnerable (VU) 213 12.3 142 9.7 Near Threatened (NT) 95 5.5 28 1.9 Data Deficient (DD) 39 2.3 18 1.2 Least Concern (LC) 1248 72.3 1127 76.8 Total 1727 1467

Table 2. Number and proportion of taxa in each Red Data List category in Great Britain and Wales. Microspecies of Hieraceum and taxa on Waiting Lists are excluded.

Extinct 1.0%

Critically Endangered 1.9%

Endangered 4.7%

Vulnerable 12.3%

Near Threatened 5.5%

Data Deficient 2.3%

Least concern 72.3%

Figure 2. The proportion of taxa in each IUCN category in Great Britain (following Cheffings & Farrell, 2003).

18 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Extinct 2.6%

Critically Endangered 3.4%

Endangered 4.4%

Vulnerable 9.7%

Near Threatened 1.9%

Data Deficient 1.2%

Least concern 76.8%

Figure 3. The proportion of taxa in each IUCN category in Wales (Extinct includes both EX and RE taxa).

There is in fact a remarkable dissimilarity between the threat categories of the taxa on each list. Just 34 taxa have the same threat category in both Wales and Great Britain (7 Critically Endangered, 5 Endangered and 22 Vulnerable), while just 6 are Near Threatened on both lists. Of course, most taxa are not threatened, and 1,074 are categorised as being Least Concern on both lists.

The dissimilarity between threat categories is perhaps to be expected when comparing a larger area to a smaller one using the same IUCN criteria. Criteria B, C and D are all based on the number of sites or individuals within the area under consideration, and so the taxa selected will obviously be different. Of perhaps more interest are those taxa that qualify under criterion A (decline) in each area, as these will indicate different rates of decline in these areas (see sections 7.3 and 7.4 for more on this).

The most significant discrepancies between Great Britain and Wales are in the Near Threatened, Critically Endangered, Vulnerable and Extinct categories. For a detailed treatment of the Extinct category see section 7.2 below. The lack of Near Threatened taxa on the Welsh list is perhaps explainable by the fact that site data for this category (less than 30 sites) was not sought from Vice-county Recorders (only data on taxa in less than 10 sites was sought for the Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered categories). This issue will be addressed in future editions of this Red Data List. Conversely to this, however, a focus on collecting site details for rarer species (found in five or fewer sites) may explain the higher proportion of Critically Endangered taxa in Wales, although this ought to have had a similar effect on the proportion of Vulnerable taxa too. It might be that the figures are a genuine reflection of reality; the number of taxa whose GB ranges just creep into Wales and are therefore regarded as very threatened (e.g. Arum italicum subsp. neglectum ) may bolster this category, as will the high number of endemic Sorbus and Hieracium taxa that are included – the majority of Critically Endangered taxa on the list are selected using Criterion D (less than 50 plants).

19 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

7.2 Taxa extinct in Wales

The higher proportion of extinct taxa (EX+RE+EW) in Wales than in Great Britain (2.6% as opposed to 1.0% for GB, see Table 2) is to be expected. There will always be a higher rate of extinction at the local site level long before extinctions become apparent from larger areas; extinctions are frequent locally, less frequent from Vice-counties and are relatively rare nationally. Welsh Vice-counties have on average lost 50 taxa (using records available from seven Welsh County Rare Plant Registers). The figure of 38 extinctions for Wales fits neatly between this County average for Wales and the GB total of eighteen. Table 3 gives the list of extinctions for Wales with the Vice-county, and the last year that each taxon was recorded.

GB Red Taxon Wales Red Year last Vice-county Main habitat List List recorded last recorded in Wales EN Adonis annua RE 1926 Flints Arable Anagallis arvensis subsp. foemina RE 1962 Glam Arable EN Campanula rapunculus RE By 1970 Anglesey Roadside verges EN Carex depauperata RE 1967 Anglesey Woodland CR Chenopodium urbicum RE 1950 Caerns Ruderal EN Chenopodium vulvaria RE By 1975 Mons Ruderal EN Crepis mollis RE 1909 Denbs Upland streamside Eryngium campestre RE 1974 Glam Ruderal EX Euphorbia peplis EX By 1841 Glam Coastal shingle VU Fallopia dumetorum RE By 1970 Caerns Woodland edge Fumaria densiflora RE 1917 Caerns Arable EX Galeopsis segetum EX 1975 Caerns Arable CR Galium tricornutum RE 1932 Glam Arable Geranium purpureum RE 1934 Carms Hedgerow VU Herminium monorchis RE 1968 Glam Base-rich grassland Hieracium cambricogothicum EX By 2006 Caerns Hieracium elevatum EX 1953 Brecs Lathyrus japonicus RE 1979 Caerns Coastal shingle EN Lithospermum arvense RE 1968 Carms Arable CR Lolium temulentum RE 1986 Carms Arable Lycopodium annotinum RE By 1895 Caerns Upland grassland EN Melampyrum sylvaticum RE 1864 Caerns Rocky woodland NT Mertensia maritime RE 1989 Denbs Coastal shingle Ophrys sphegodes RE 1891 Denbs Base-rich grassland Orobanche elatior RE 1961 Glam Limestone cliffs EX Otanthus maritima EX By 1800 Caerns Sand dunes and shingle NT Peucedanum ostruthium RE By 1970 Damp grassland Potamogeton berchtoldii x coloratus (P. x lanceolatus) EX 1968 Anglesey River Potamogeton crispus x friesii (P. x lintonii) RE 1941 Monts Freshwater Potamogeton crispus x praelongus (P. x undulatus) EX 1945 Rads Lake Potamogeton filiformis RE 1826 Anglesey Lakes VU Puccinellia fasciculata RE c.1950 Carms Coastal dunes EW Saxifraga rosacea subsp. rosacea EW 1970 Caerns Upland rocks Scilla autumnalis RE c.1876 Glam Grassy sea-cliffs Sesleria caerulea RE 1956 Flints Base-rich grassland Thesium humifusum RE 1916 Flints Base-rich grassland EN Torilis arvensis RE 1977 Carms Arable Trifolium suffocatum RE 1926 Anglesey Thin, dry grassland

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Table 3. (above) The 38 taxa that have become extinct in Wales, along with the Vice-county, and the last year that each taxon was recorded, and their Red Data List status in Great Britain and Wales. Extinct (EX) taxa have been lost from the GB and Welsh flora, Regionally Extinct (RE) taxa have been lost from Wales but occur elsewhere in GB. The single Extinct-in-the-Wild taxon (EW), Saxifraga rosacea subsp. rosacea has never been refound in the wild but still remains in cultivation.

In a pattern that reflects the national picture, arable species are the largest single group that have been lost from Wales, with 8 (21%) of the 38 extinctions being typical of cultivated fields. Although Wales is not now an arable country (it has an area of approximately 60,000 ha of arable land, Jones et al. 2003), this is no surprise as it was much more so in the past. Five species on the list grew in base-rich habitats and it is interesting to note that most of these are typical of low-nutrient grasslands (most have an Ellenberg-N value of 2 or 3). Five other species on the list grow on coastal shingle or dunes. Note also the relative lack of arctic-alpine species on the list.

Between 1800 and 1980 there was a remarkable increase in the rate of species extinction in Wales (Figure 4), culminating in a peak in the period 1961-1980 when 15 species were recorded for the last time. Although this needs to be treated with a certain amount of caution (the precise dates at which some species were lost is unknown, and this may be a cumulative effect of national Atlas recording periods rather than actual dates of losses), the trend is clear even when these uncertainties are removed. The period 1961-1980 coincides with the greatest period of agricultural intensification in Britain (Robinson & Sutherland, 2002) and it is again no surprise that most of the arable and ruderal species that have become extinct in Wales were lost during this time. The relative lack of extinctions since 1980 may reflect a greater awareness of the need for and effort towards species conservation.

Interestingly, the most recent losses (apart from Hieracium cambricogothicum that may have become extinct long ago but whose sites have only recently been resurveyed) are of another arable species (Lolium temulentum ), behaving now as a casual, and of Mertensia maritima . This latter appears to have been a victim of a combination of factors including storm damage, vehicle use on the shingle beach and our ameliorating climate. The germination of this European Boreo-arctic Montane species is dependent on winter temperature and duration (Scott, 1963) and seedlings only appeared in quantity at its last Welsh location following hard winters (Green, pers comm.).

Figure 4. Rates of species extinction in Wales.

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7.3 Taxa “doing better” in Wales

Because identical IUCN threat criteria have been used to identify threatened taxa in both Great Britain and Wales, we can compare the two floras directly to see how various taxa are fairing. Some are “doing better” in Wales (in other words, they are less threatened in Wales than they are in Great Britain), while others are “doing worse” (they are more threatened in Wales than Great Britain).

As you would expect when comparing a smaller area with a larger one, there are only a few taxa that are doing better in Wales (Table 4).

Taxon GB Wales Taxon GB Wales Red List Red List Red List Red List Sorbus domestica CR EN Viola lactea VU LC Dianthus armeria EN VU Wolffia arrhiza VU LC Euphrasia anglica EN VU Zostera noltei VU LC Euphrasia pseudokerneri EN VU Anacamptis morio NT LC Lycopodiella inundata EN VU Asplenium obovatum NT LC Potamogeton compressus EN VU Asplenium septentrionale NT LC Silene gallica EN VU Baldellia ranunculoides NT LC Monotropa hypopitys & both subsp. EN LC Baldellia ranunculoides subsp. ranunculoides NT LC Ranunculus tripartitus EN LC Cardamine impatiens NT LC Scleranthus annuus & subsp. annuus EN LC Carex diandra NT LC Bromus secalinus VU NT Colchicum autumnale NT LC Hydrocharis morsus-ranae VU NT Cynoglossum officinale NT LC Spergula arvensis VU NT Cyperus longus NT LC Bupleurum tenuissimum VU LC Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus NT LC Chenopodium bonus-henricus VU LC Genista anglica NT LC Chrysanthemum segetum VU LC Hymenophyllum wilsonii NT LC Cicendia filiformis VU LC Hypericum montanum NT LC Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. rostkoviana VU LC Neottia nidus-avis NT LC Hordeum marinum VU LC Orobanche rapum-genistae NT LC Hyoscyamus niger VU LC Pilularia globulifera NT LC Hypochaeris glabra VU LC Platanthera chlorantha NT LC Matthiola sinuata VU LC Radiola linoides NT LC Misopates orontium VU LC Sorbus anglica NT LC Oenanthe fistulosa VU LC Spiranthes spiralis NT LC Persicaria minor VU LC Teesdalia nudicaulis NT LC Platanthera bifolia VU LC Tuberaria guttata NT LC Poa glauca VU LC Vicia orobus NT LC Polystichum lonchitis VU LC Viola canina & subsp. canina NT LC Salsola kali subsp. kali VU LC Wahlenbergia hederacea NT LC Saxifraga hypnoides VU LC Zostera marina NT LC

Table 4. The 60 taxa that are “doing better” in Wales compared to Great Britain, arranged by decreasing GB threat category. Taxa are included if they are threatened (CR, EN, VU) or near threatened (NT) in GB, but have a lower threat category or are least concern (LC) in Wales.

22 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Care is needed when interpreting these comparisons as some taxa qualify under different criteria in each area. Dianthus armeria , for example, is Endangered in Great Britain due to a decline of 50-80% (criterion A). In Wales, however it qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion D, with five or fewer sites.

As mentioned in section 7.1, those taxa that qualify under criterion A (decline) in both areas but have different threat categories are interesting as they indicate unequal rates of decline. Silene gallica , for example, qualifies as threatened under criterion A in both Great Britain and Wales, but is Endangered (50-80% decline) in the former and Vulnerable (30-50% decline) in the latter. An examination of the map of this species in the New Atlas (Preston et al . 2002) clearly shows this to be the case. Similarly, the decline of Monotropa hypopytis in Great Britain (50-80%) is not mirrored in Wales, where it is Least Concern; while there has been some decline it is not of a sufficient magnitude for it to qualify as threatened. This is true of many of the GB Vulnerable and almost all of the GB Near Threatened taxa in Table 4.

7.4 Taxa “doing worse” in Wales

The taxa that are more threatened in Wales than they are in Great Britain are listed in Table 5. Because Wales is a smaller area than Great Britain, many taxa are naturally more threatened than they are in GB under criteria B, C and D (limited number of individuals or populations). In Wales, small populations exist of species that are widespread in Britain, and the categorisation of some of these as highly threatened can be surprising. Examples include Oenanthe pimpinelloides (1 plant in Wales), Atropa belladonna (c. 10 plants in Wales) and Geranium sylvaticum (less than 30 plants). A large number of the taxa in Table 5 that are LC in GB but threatened in Wales qualify for the latter under criterion D (less than 5 sites).

Comparisons again have to be made with some caution if taxa are qualifying under different criteria in each area. Cephalanthera longifolia , for example, is Vulnerable in GB under criterion A (decline in area), but is Endangered in Wales due to the small number of plants (c. 210). Similarly, Pseudorchis albida is VU in GB because of the decline in its area (criterion A), but is Critically Endangered in Wales because there are very few sites and the decline at these is ongoing (criteria C and D).

Again, of most interest are those taxa that are more threatened in Wales due to a higher level of decline under criterion A. Examples are Gnaphalium sylvaticum (EN in GB but CR in Wales), Chamaemelum nobile (VU in GB but EN in Wales), Gentianella campestris (VU in GB but EN in Wales), Melittis melissophyllum (VU in GB but EN in Wales) and Anagallis minima (NT in GB but VU in Wales).

23 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

Taxon GB Wales Taxon GB Wales Red List Red List Red List Red List Asparagus prostratus EN CR Dryas octopetala LC EN Campanula patula EN CR Epipactis atrorubens LC EN Gnaphalium sylvaticum EN CR Euphorbia platyphyllos LC EN Liparis loeselii EN CR Gagea lutea LC EN Mentha pulegium EN CR Hammarbya paludosa LC EN Neotinea ustulata EN CR Impatiens noli-tangere LC EN Potentilla rupestris EN CR Juncus triglumis LC EN Saxifraga cespitosa EN CR Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum LC EN Sorbus eminens EN CR Orthilia secunda LC EN Valerianella rimosa EN CR Papaver hybridum LC EN Woodsia ilvensis EN CR Pinguicula lusitanica LC EN Cerastium alpinum VU CR Poa alpina LC EN Daphne mezereum VU CR Potamogeton lucens LC EN Orobanche purpurea VU CR Potentilla crantzii LC EN Pseudorchis albida VU CR Pyrola minor LC EN Trifolium strictum VU CR Rumex palustris LC EN Arabis petraea VU EN Rumex pulcher LC EN Carex divisa VU EN Ruppia maritima LC EN Cephalanthera longifolia VU EN Saussurea alpina LC EN Chamaemelum nobile VU EN Saxifraga nivalis LC EN Chenopodium murale VU EN Subularia aquatica LC EN Dactylorhiza viridis VU EN Valerianella eriocarpa LC EN Euphrasia cambrica VU EN Allium ampeloprasum LC VU Euphrasia rivularis VU EN Aster linosyris LC VU Gentianella campestris VU EN Blysmus rufus LC VU Juncus capitatus VU EN Bromopsis benekenii LC VU Melittis melissophyllum VU EN Butomus umbellatus LC VU Myosurus minimus VU EN Calamagrostis canescens LC VU Papaver argemone VU EN Callitriche hermaphroditica LC VU Silene noctiflora VU EN Carex capillaris LC VU Vicia bithynica VU EN Ceratophyllum submersum LC VU Arum italicum subsp. neglectum NT CR Coincya monensis subsp. monensis LC VU Carex muricata subsp. muricata NT CR Deschampsia setacea LC VU Cerastium arcticum NT CR Drosera intermedia LC VU Potamogeton praelongus NT CR Eleocharis parvula LC VU Rosa agrestis NT CR Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum LC VU Salvia pratensis NT CR Epipactis phyllanthes LC VU Senecio cambrensis NT CR Festuca rubra subsp. arctica LC VU Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. humifusa NT CR Gaudinia fragilis LC VU Woodsia alpina NT CR Gentiana pneumonanthe LC VU Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis NT EN Gymnocarpium robertianum LC VU Hypochaeris maculata NT EN Hordelymus europaeus LC VU Juncus compressus NT EN Juncus filiformis LC VU Anagallis minima NT VU Lepidium campestre LC VU Cirsium tuberosum NT VU Lotus subbiflorus LC VU Drosera anglica NT VU Medicago polymorpha LC VU Eriophorum gracile NT VU Mentha arvensis LC VU Filago vulgaris NT VU Ophioglossum azoricum LC VU Frankenia laevis NT VU Persicaria vivipara LC VU Genista pilosa NT VU Poa bulbosa LC VU Hypericum linariifolium NT VU Polygonatum odoratum LC VU Lathyrus palustris NT VU Rhynchospora fusca LC VU Lychnis viscaria NT VU Rumex crispus subsp. uliginosus LC VU Meum athamanticum NT VU Ruscus aculeatus LC VU Minuartia verna NT VU Sagittaria sagittifolia LC VU

24 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Taxon GB Wales Taxon GB Wales Red List Red List Red List Red List Pilosella peleteriana subsp. subpeleteriana NT VU Sarcocornia perennis LC VU Potentilla argentea NT VU Scabiosa columbaria LC VU Ruppia cirrhosa NT VU Silene acaulis LC VU Stachys arvensis NT VU Sinapis arvensis LC VU Viola tricolor & subsp. tricolor NT VU Sorbus rupicola LC VU Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima LC CR Thlaspi caerulescens LC VU Carex pauciflora LC CR Trichomanes speciosum (sporophyte) LC VU Centaurea cyanus LC CR Utricularia intermedia sens.lat. LC VU Dryopteris expansa LC CR Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor LC VU Dryopteris submontana LC CR Vulpia ciliata LC VU Epipactis leptochila LC CR Carex pseudocyperus LC NT Fumaria purpurea LC CR Euphorbia serrulata LC NT Geranium sylvaticum LC CR Hippuris vulgaris LC NT Lamium confertum LC CR Hottonia palustris LC NT Oenanthe pimpinelloides LC CR Jasione montana LC NT Potamogeton alpinus LC CR Kickxia spuria LC NT Astragalus glycyphyllos LC EN Lotus glaber LC NT Atropa belladonna LC EN Malva neglecta LC NT Campanula glomerata LC EN Marrubium vulgare LC NT Carex atrata LC EN Parentucellia viscosa LC NT Carex digitata LC EN Petroselinum crispum LC NT Carex elongata LC EN Puccinellia rupestris LC NT Cerastium arvense LC EN Rubus chamaemorus LC NT Circaea alpina LC EN Salix herbacea LC NT Cirsium heterophyllum LC EN Silene vulgaris LC NT Draba incana LC EN Verbascum nigrum LC NT

Table 5. The 162 taxa that are “doing worse” in Wales than they are in Great Britain, arranged by decreasing GB threat category. Taxa are included if they are threatened (EN, VU) or near threatened (NT) in GB but have a higher threat category in Wales, or if they are Least Concern (LC) in GB but are threatened or near threatened in Wales. Taxa that are threatened in GB but extinct in Wales (EX or RE) are excluded (see section 7.2), as are microspecies of Hieracium .

25 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

7.5 Taxa reaching the edge of their range in Wales

Many taxa reach the southern or northern edges of their UK ranges in Wales (Tables 6 & 7). It is becoming increasingly important to identify such species in order to select priorities for conservation and for monitoring the impacts of climate change. Small, edge-of-range populations of species that might be vulnerable to change are particularly important as they are often genetically distinct.

Taxon Wales Taxon Wales Red List Red List Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. filicaulis Impatiens noli-tangere EN Alchemilla glabra Juncus triglumis EN Andromeda polifolia Juniperus communis subsp. nana Arabis petraea EN Lamium confertum CR Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis EN Lobelia dortmanna Asplenium viride Luronium natans Carex aquatilis Lychnis viscaria VU Carex atrata EN Melica nutans Carex bigelowii Meum athamanticum VU Carex capillaris VU Mibora minima Carex magellanica Orthilia secunda EN Carex pauciflora CR Oxyria digyna Centaurium littorale Persicaria vivipara VU Cerastium alpinum CR Poa alpina EN Cerastium arcticum CR Poa glauca Circaea alpina EN Polystichum lonchitis Cirsium heterophyllum EN Potentilla crantzii EN Coincya monensis subsp. monensis VU Potentilla rupestris CR Crepis paludosa Pseudorchis albida CR Cryptogramma crispa Rosa mollis Dactylorhiza purpurella subsp. cambrensis VU Rubus chamaemorus Diphasiastrum alpinum Salix herbacea Dryas octopetala EN Saussurea alpina EN Dryopteris expansa CR Saxifraga cespitosa CR Dryopteris oreades Saxifraga nivalis EN Dryopteris submontana CR Saxifraga oppositifolia Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum EN Saxifraga stellaris Epilobium alsinifolium Sedum rosea Epipactis dunensis VU Selaginella selaginoides Euphrasia ostenfeldii EN Senecio cambrensis CR Euphrasia rivularis EN Silene acaulis VU Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. montana VU Sorbus “Menai Strait form” CR Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. rostkoviana Subularia aquatica EN Euphrasia scottica Thalictrum alpinum Festuca rubra subsp. arctica VU Trollius europaeus Festuca vivipara Tuberaria guttata Galium boreale Veronica serpyllifolia CR Galium sterneri subsp. humifusa Geranium sylvaticum* Woodsia alpina CR Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. incanum Woodsia ilvensis CR

Table 6. Taxa that reach the southern edge of their GB distribution in Wales (* reaches an equivalent latitude in England as well). 26 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Taxon Wales Taxon Wales Red List Red List Agrostis curtisii Marrubium vulgare Arum italicum subsp. neglectum CR Matthiola sinuata Cerastium pumilum Melittis melissophyllum EN Cicendia filiformis Pilosella peleteriana subsp. subpeleteriana VU Cirsium tuberosum VU Ranunculus tripartitus Cyperus longus Rubia peregrina Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus Rumex rupestris EN Epilobium lanceolatum Scorzonera humilis VU Eriophorum gracile VU Sedum forsterianum Gastridium ventricosum Sibthorpia europaea Gaudinia fragilis VU Sorbus anglica Genista pilosa VU Sorbus eminens CR Helleborus foetidus Sorbus porrigentiformis Hypericum linariifolium VU Trifolium occidentale Hypericum undulatum Trifolium strictum CR Juncus capitatus EN Viola lactea Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica CR Viola palustris subsp. juressi Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum EN Wolffia arrhiza Luzula forsteri

Table 7. Taxa that reach the northern edge of their GB distribution in Wales.

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7.6 Species for which Wales has a particular responsibility

Consideration is given here to those taxa for which Wales has a particular responsibility for conservation. In the GB Red Data List (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005), taxa for which Great Britain has an international responsibility are indicated by showing those for which we probably or definitely have more than 25% of the world population.

For this study a very crude assessment of responsibility has been made using the number of hectads occupied by each taxon in Great Britain. From this total GB figure, a simple proportion of hectads that occur in Wales was calculated. Where possible, adjustments have been made for hectads that straddle the English-Welsh border. Any taxon for which Wales has 25% or more of the GB population is indicated in the Red Data List. In order to highlight conservation priorities, all of these taxa that are also threatened in Wales are listed in Table 8.

28 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Taxon Wales Red % of GB Data List population Centaurium scilloides EN 100 Cotoneaster cambricus CR 100 Draba aizoides NT 100 Euphrasia cambrica EN 100 Gagea bohemica VU 100 Lloydia serotina VU 100 Scleranthus perennis subsp. perennis CR 100 Sorbus leptophylla EN 100 Sorbus leyana CR 100 Sorbus minima VU 100 Stellaria nemorum subsp. montana VU 100 Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. maritima VU 100 Senecio cambrensis CR 89 Dactylorhiza purpurella subsp. cambrensis VU 70 Scorzonera humilis VU 67 Genista pilosa VU 64 Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis EN 63 Euphorbia serrulata NT 60 Eriophorum gracile VU 57 Juncus capitatus EN 57 Liparis loeselii CR 57 Gentianella uliginosa VU 56 Eleocharis parvula VU 50 Juniperus communis subsp. hemisphaerica CR 50 Potentilla rupestris CR 50 Sorbus domestica EN 50 Rumex crispus subsp. uliginosus VU 44 Aster linosyris VU 43 Woodsia ilvensis CR 43 Carex muricata subsp. muricata CR 40 Euphrasia ostenfeldii EN 36 Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum EN 33 Trichomanes speciosum (sporophyte) VU 33 Trifolium strictum CR 33 Campanula patula CR 32 Impatiens noli-tangere EN 31 Jasione montana NT 31 Hypericum linariifolium VU 30 Marrubium vulgare NT 30 Sorbus eminens CR 29 Asparagus prostratus CR 27 Euphrasia anglica VU 27 Euphrasia rivularis EN 25 Euphrasia rostkoviana subsp. montana VU 25

Table 8. Threatened Welsh taxa for which Wales has 25% or more of total GB hectads, in order of decreasing proportion.

29 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

30 8. Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales

See section 6 for an explanation of the columns. t r s on en n to ls ? m ti Lis li nt GB ea GB s c? c io d g i a ? i i f n a f t ua t ra e ons ory i i ? o in o e/ ed s? s ri m is m m ig t ne l v es e e e y? R us eg p on l l l e g dif e r ivid mme m d de de e g pula cli e d ati yna e oca ax tat co po o Pr lik de En Im o Ong a W Co GB mo a W Crit Cat L In N s En ran s T D Ed al W R Acer campestre Achillea millefolium Achillea ptarmica WL Aconitum napellus sens. lat. WL NA 25 Placed on Waiting List (as with GB Red Data List) Adiantum capillus-veneris 25 EN Adonis annua RE Arch Adoxa moschatellina

Aegopodium podagraria Arch A

Aethusa cynapium NA V WL Aethusa cynapium subsp. agrestis WL NA Placed on Waiting List (as with GB Red Data List) R A L U C S A Aethusa cynapium subsp. cynapium NA Assumed to be LC as species, not analysed Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimonia procera WL Agrostemma githago WL Arch Placed on Waiting List (as with GB Red Data List)

Agrostis canina P T N A L Agrostis capillaris Agrostis curtisii N Agrostis gigantea Arch Agrostis stolonifera R E

Agrostis vinealis D

Aira caryophyllea D

Aira praecox A Ajuga reptans A T Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. filicaulis S T S I L Alchemilla filicaulis subsp. vestita Alchemilla glabra S

Alchemilla xanthochlora O F Alisma lanceolatum R Alisma plantago-aquatica A W Alliaria petiolata

Allium ampeloprasum VU D1+2 No 3 5 c.450 No Arch S E L

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t s i L d e R B G T T T D N N N D

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t t s s s s s h i i u

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36

A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

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t s i L d e R B G T R R U N N W E E C C V N E

68 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES d e t a m i t s e - r e d n u s e E t i R s e d b n a y a d 9 m e , 4 d 4 c r d 8 v r o 3 , c o - s c e 9 e r e 7 - e r r 3 r e t t : s d 0 t a i n l 2 a u r s a i t a y l S n b w i o

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c

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t s i l d e R

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a

p p n n r i n e h c c c m r

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l l l l b l l l l l l l n n s s i i i i e h i i i i i i o o o o o o o i i i i i i m o o o o o o o o o o

h S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S t S S S

t s i L d e R B G T T R R U U U N N N E E E V V C C V N N

69 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU ) ) ) ) ) t t t t t s s s s s i i i i i L L L L L a a a a a t t t t t a a a a a d e D D D D D s y n d d d d d l o a e e e e e i n t R R R R R a a B B B B B t m o r G G G G G i f n , h h h h h n t t t t t s i i i i i o e c i w w w w w c s s s s s s e e a a a a a p r ( ( ( ( ( i s u t t t t t s s s s s s q i i i i i a e L L L L L r C ; g g g g g L 7 n n n n n i i i i i - t t t t t e 1 i i i i i b : a a a a a 6 o 2 W W W W W t n n n n n a d i o o o o o e n o d d d d d m

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t s i l d e R

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h h h h h

a a a a a a a a a a a o r r r r r r r r e r r r r r r l l l l l l l l l l

b b b b c c c c c l l l l l l l l l l r r a a a a a a i e a a e e e e i n o x a T a a r r r r e a e a a a a e e e e e e e e

o p p p o o o p p p t p t p t t p p p p p p p t t t t t t t t t t t u p

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

t s i L d e R B G L L L L L T T D U U N E V V N N D W W W W W

70 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES d e s y l a n a t o n , s e n i i c a t e r p e s c s n a u s C u L t a e t b s o n t e i l d a e / e m

v

i

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s o t c i m e d n

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l

l B G f o e g d E W S S

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n o i t a l u p o p

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0

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s u t a t s

h h h n e i l a / e v i t a N c c c r r r

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? e n i l c e d

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0 0 s

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o 2 1 1

r < 7 < < f

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m s i m a n y

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n o i t a r g i m m I o o o o o N N N N N ) ) v v i i ( (

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t s i l d e R

L E E s e l a W U U U N R R E W V V V ) a e t m ) i y e t i t h r y p a h o t p m e o . r p m o s a p b s g ( ( u m m s u u m m s s m a i u u o o s u l e i i l t t s s s a i i s o i s s e i s n m a o o n f s i i i r p p e i l r m n n m a e e u n e t u r m t r s s c c i s u c s e o u m s u s d c h s s i e i h g a u e e e e t c i i s . t u a c t i s d i n u s u e m u i c n c c i e g s e f o a r p p o f l c g i l v n e a d o i t l i n i f u p r s i a s l n u s s n r p l i r r a g a i a u l g a u e n t o d c p a t n y l u a e i s i o o b m m a p v m m p s s e v y a f m m q t r s u a e l h l a c c n n r u u u u e e t a s n m e a o a v c s s n s o u i r r p m e o m a c d i r r h n n a r o m m m c a r d y m m m v o o p p r u o e p a p t a a d c a g a u u u e a t r o i u u u i e h h c m m r g t t a l s s s o c a r y r r r m m m i i t m b a j n l m p m p . a o u u t t t e e a o u u s h a a p i i u u u p p p u s l c p c c c i i i r c c o o o o i p s s s s r r i d s i i i s l l l x

y

u

o p i i i l l l l s u s l l l m m h a a h h h h c c c

u s

i i i o o o g a a a a a l a a a e e l y y n o x a T c c c c f f f b c i i b m n n r x r r r p e u u m i i i i i i i a l l

h h h h h h h h h i i u u y r e e r e o o o r r r r r r e a a a a a u

T T T T T T T S S S T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T s T T T

t s i L d e R B G T U N N E E V N

71 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU e l b a i l e r n u s d n e r t e n i l c e d o s s d a t c e h f o r e b m u n

l l

a s t n e m m o C

m

S

? c i m e d n E

r a e n s e l a W

? s e l a W

o t c i m e d n E

? e g n a r

E B G f o e g d E W S S

N N

n o i t a l u p o p

B G f o p o r P 3 7 3 4

3 3 8 3

s u t a t s

h h n e i l a / e v i t a N c c A r r

A A N

? e n i l c e d

? g n i o g n O

s

0 t s l a u d i v i d n I 0 n 0 a

l 3

6 ? 3 p

s n o i t a c o L

1 7 2 1 9

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y r o g e t a C

e r o c s

m s i m a n y D 4

? y l e k i l

n o i t a r g i m m I o o o

N N N

a i r e t i r C 2 2

D D D

t s i l d e R

R E s e l a W U U R C V V ) a i l o f i t a l x . t a i a m l l . . u o m t s f i u a n m s t l e r i . s e e t c o i s s u d r a d i n g t m a a o o e i n i S u s m m n e m d i m a e d l s m s u u s i u u s . e m o n i a l i s u n s e s h e t T a r u t r a p a r i r t m m a m o e t m ( s n m m l u r r i n m m r t t a a o s a o s r c n u u t r t u s e n o e s u e e i r u u c a m g s h a r f n e s e f i n t s a e l t e r u a t i i i a u t d t a o m m r c e a t l t e i a i t r b t u d p c a f f u e a g i r r a r i i p c v n s l c u u b f r a a e s a n u p e i a a i m v r u r r a e e a o o r a c r r o c c u a t c q t u u a g m p e n r l b r i l f p p p n f s f m m o o p r s s s s s f g i a a a a o i i e a u i i i i o g i s s s t o r l i r l a n n n r r r r r l i i i o e o o u a g m p d u r a l x r r m m m m m m m m m m m m m a a a a m g u a c h h l l l l i s a u u l s s s u u u u u u u u u u u u u u c c e g a i a a i i i i i i i i i i i i i u u u u r l a a a t u

l l l l l l l l l l l l l e e

i u u u o o i c c c c c c l l b l l e l

h h h e i i

x x i i i i s o o o o o o o o o o o o o l t t n o x a T f f f f f f f f f f f f f g g p p s r r r r b s e e m m m p p p i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i o

l l l l l m r r t t t t y y y r u r r r r r r r r u r r r r r r r r r r

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T U U U U U U U U U U U U

t s i L d e R B G T U V N

72 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES s d d r e s o y c l e a r n a + t 7 o 8 n 9 , 1 s e d i e c s e i l p a s c s o l a n u C L e r e a b s e o t t i s d e r u

m

o

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f s t n e m m o C s l l s

A A

? c i m e d n E

r a e n s e l a W

? s e l a W

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? e g n a r

B G f o e g d

E S W

n o i t a l u p o p

B G f o p o r P 5

5

s u t a t s

h h h h h h h n e i l a / e v i t a N c c c c c c c A r r r r r r r

A N A A A A A A

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o

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c 4 <

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n o i t a r g i m m I o o o o o o o o N N N N N N N N D ,

c c c

a a a a i r e t i r C 2 2 2 2

D A D D A A A

t s i l d e R

T R R s e l a W D U N N N C C E E E D V N a i a l i a l o s f o i f l u m i l f r i u y r e p m a o d r e u c e e a h s u h l . . . d . . r i a p p - t p p c s s s s i i s s . t t b b s i b b a u u v n u u u s s e a s s s x a q s s y a a p a a a a g s a t r o i i i a a a r s s s e t a s l l l i i i - a i ) n i a c s l l l u l a t d s a u u a a s i s a m a a o o o t i r l l i l c s s s u o o o l s c e a l l f f f t n t l s i d m o n n u i i i i i f f f i l a a i i o a u a p l l l i i i b l a o u s a n t t n a r a r t - l l l u a l i l a t i g a c r r r c i n r r a a m l t n s s t c n e g y y y r n i a c e i y i i u i a a i g e e e m o y y i d c h t e u n e t n c d c e l r e p p p c f c c x o i i p n t a c d d d r i a e i t i v v i r r r f o u f a a f m m o v a l o g n r e e e e f t h n a a a a a a f e c e e p d o l l l l l c m a y s a a a b c c h h h m o s s s s l l l l l u o m m i r c s e a a e e e e h m m m m r m m u u e a t r a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a t n n n n n n n i i u u u u a c c r u u i i i i l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c s s n i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i n a a a a a a a b c h n n i i i i i i i i n n n n u

i i i i a a e r r n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

r r r r r r r c

c c c c a a a

i b b b u u o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o x e e e e e e e i i i n o x a T r c l l c c c l l l l l r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r r . c b b c c

t i i i i i a e a e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e a a a a a a a a a

V V V V V V U V ( V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

t s i L d e R B G T U N N E E V N

73 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU o s t d d d e e n e s u s e y y r d l l t a a s i n n e h a a n t i t l t t c o o u e n n b , d , s s d e o e i n i s c c e r e s e t p p d s s a d t a s s c t a a e c h e C U f L H V g o e e n & i r b b d e r O o o b t t o O e m c l d d e u A b e e r n a - n i r m m l

l

l o

e

u u

e a s t n e m m o C s s r d T s s

n n m

N A S A u u

? c i m e d n E

r a e n s e l a W

? s e l a W

o t c i m e d n E

? e g n a r

B G f o e g d

E S S N N N W

n o i t a l u p o p

B G f o p o r P 2 8 3 3 9 9 5 4

6 2 3 4 2 2 4 5

s u t a t s

h h h h h n e i l a / e v i t a N c c c c c r r r r r

A A A A A

? e n i l c e d

g n i o g n O

s l a u d i v i d n I 0 0

5 5

< <

s n o i t a c o L

1

4 3 2 1

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y r o g e t a C

e r o c s

m s i m a n y D 4 3 4 3

? y l e k i l

n o i t a r g i m m I o o o o o N N N N N

c a i r e t i r C 2 2

D A D D

t s i l d e R

R R s e l a W U U U C C V V V s i r i t s r s s i i s i l a o u s l e l i a n r a t i o a a t a a r u c e v n e j p i n i r c u t g r a g a . . a t c i i a c a e p p r n . . s n s n . i s s e a p p . . . p i v b b d i s s p p p s h a r s a e u u b b s s s c b s t . s e i s s h m u u b b b a a a u V e s a d r l s s i s s s u u u n s s b a s d z n a i i i i a e x u i i m i i a o s s s o r r r r r r n n e c a t c s p s r p r o g a a i t t t u h i l m t o o o e v a a a r s t r a m r l l l n s s s o l a a a a u i u c n n b a i u a a r h r y i i e e l a e a v a v v v i o i e o o o y s u u u n b n t t i i i i l t l l l i e r c o r i h a n n v a i v c c c b t t t t i p a o l c r c t t a a i i i t v a a a r i i i d b c f m r a a i e n a a a a e y r r r m e a a u a s s a a l c c t t h l l o p p p r r t s o l s s s s s t i e m l a a a a f d d

i i i i

a f u

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a h o l o a a a a a a a a a

c l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l p p p p i i i i i i i i i c n o x a T l l l l o o o a c c c c c c c c c n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o s

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i u u u u

V V W V W V V V V W W V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

t s i L d e R B G T T T T T T T U U N E V V N N N N N N N

74

A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

s t n e m m o C

? c i m e d n E

r a e n s e l a W

? s e l a W

o t c i m e d n E

? e g n a r

B G f o e g d E

n o i t a l u p o p

B G f o p o r P

s u t a t s

n e i l a / e v i t a N

? e n i l c e d

g n i o g n O

s l a u d i v i d n I

s n o i t a c o L

9

? d e i f i d o m

y r o g e t a C

e r o c s

m s i m a n y D

? y l e k i l

n o i t a r g i m m I

a i r e t i r C

t s i l d e R

s e l a W s i r t s u l a a i n p i e r t l a a i l o l m n e h a a c r r i

e e

n t t

n s s n o x a

T o o a

Z Z Z

t s i L d e R B G T U V N

75 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

9. Excluded Taxa

All taxa that are neophytes and casuals in the UK (Preston et al ., 2002) are excluded from this analysis. The following native and archaeophyte taxa have also been excluded for the reasons stated. They are all given the IUCN category of Not Applicable (NA) for the purpose of this study.

Taxon UK Status Red List Wales Reason(s) for exclusion Allium scorodoprasum NA Alien in Wales Apera spica-venti Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Arabis glabra NA Was only casual in Wales Arbutus unedo NA Alien in Wales Armeria arenaria NA Alien in Wales Asplenium onopteris NA Alien in Wales Atriplex pedunculata NA Alien (and casual) in Wales Berberis vulgaris Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Bupleurum rotundifolium Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Buxus sempervirens Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Camelina sativa Archaeophyte NA Casual Carex humilis NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Carum carvi Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Centaurea calcitrapa Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Cephalanthera damasonium NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Chenopodium hybridum Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Clinopodium calamintha NA Was only casual in Wales Corynephorus canescens NA Alien in Wales Crassula tillaea NA Alien in Wales Cynodon dactylon Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Draba muralis NA Alien in Wales Echium plantagineum Archaeophyte NA Neophyte in UK (native only to Channel Islands) Epipactis purpurata NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Erica vagans NA Alien in Wales Frankenia laevis NA Alien in Wales Fritillaria meleagris Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Fumaria vaillantii Archaeophyte NA Occurred once as a weed with a garden shrub Galium parisiense Native or alien NA Was only casual in Wales Gentianella amarella x uliginosa NA Hybrid not a valid taxon (Tim Rich) Helianthemum apenninum NA Alien in Wales Herniaria glabra NA Alien in Wales Hippophae rhamnoides NA Alien in Wales Iberis amara NA Alien in Wales Illecebrum verticillatum NA Alien in Wales Isatis tinctoria Archaeophyte NA Was only casual in Wales Lathyrus aphaca NA Alien in Wales

76 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

Taxon UK Status Red List Wales Reason(s) for exclusion Leucojum aestivum NA Alien in Wales Limonium britannicum subsp. celticum NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium britannicum subsp. transcanalis NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium paradoxum NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium parvum NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium procerum subsp.cambrense NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium procerum subsp.procerum NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Limonium transwallianum NA Part of Limonium binervosum agg. Lythrum hyssopifolium Archaeophyte NA Casual Medicago sativa subsp. falcata NA Alien in Wales Mespilus germanica Archaeophyte NA All Welsh trees planted & not regenerating Minuartia hybrida NA Alien in Wales Muscari neglectum Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Nymphoides peltata NA Alien in Wales Onobrychis viciifolia Native or alien NA Alien in Wales Ornithogalum pyrenaicum NA Alien in Wales Petrorhagia nanteuilii NA Alien in Wales Pimpinella major NA Casual Pinguicula grandiflora NA Alien in Wales Pinus sylvestris NA Alien in Wales Polemonium caeruleum NA Alien in Wales Polypogon monspeliensis NA Alien in Wales Potentilla fruticosa NA Alien in Wales Pulicaria vulgaris NA Was only casual in Wales Pulmonaria longifolia NA Alien in Wales Pyrus cordata Native or alien NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Ribes alpinum NA Alien in Wales Ribes spicatum NA Alien in Wales Rumex longifolius NA Was only casual in Wales Saxifraga hirsuta NA Alien in Wales Saxifraga spathularis NA Alien in Wales Scirpoides holoschoenus NA Alien in Wales Scleranthus annuus subsp. polycarpos NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Scrophularia umbrosa NA Alien in Wales Silene otities NA Alien (and casual) in Wales Sisyrinchium bermudiana NA Alien in Wales Sium latifolium NA Border hectad – has never been recorded from Wales Sorbus devoniensis NA Alien in Wales Stratiotes aloides NA Alien in Wales Suaeda vera NA Alien in Wales Symphytum tuberosum NA Alien in Wales Trifolium glomeratum NA Was only casual in Wales Ulex minor NA Alien in Wales Ulmus plotii NA A form of Ulex minor Verbascum lychnitis NA Alien in Wales Verbascum pulverulentum Native or Alien NA Alien in Wales Vicia lutea NA Alien in Wales

77 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU

10. Acknowledgements

Compilation of this Red Data List would have been impossible without the help, advice and support of the Botanical Society of the British Isles Vice-county Recorders in Wales and the members of the BSBI Committee for Wales, namely Ian Bonner, Arthur Chater, Paul Day, Trevor Evans, Stephen Evans, Jean Green, David Humphreys, Andy Jones, Quentin Kay, Wendy McCarthy, Julian Woodman, Mike Porter, Richard Pryce, Kate Thorne, Marjorie Wainwright, Delyth Williams, Ray Woods and Goronwy Wynne. Their diligent supply of accurate records and advice on various aspects of the Red Data List analysis throughout its development is very much appreciated and I apologise to them again for the barrage of queries that I have submitted to them throughout the project.

Enormous thanks are also due to Chris Cheffings at JNCC for the considerable task of supplying the hectad and “area of occupation” decline statistics for Criterion A in Wales, and also for her valuable comments on the text and her help and encouragement with the project along the way.

Thanks must also go to various other individuals for providing extremely useful records and observations to the project, namely Tristan Hatton-Ellis, Gabrielle Wyn, Annie Seddon, Barbara Jones, John Osley, Liz Howe, Tim Rich (especially for supplying threat statuses for Hieraceum microspecies in Wales), Kevin Walker, Alex Lockton and David Pearman.

Finally, we would like to acknowledge the generous financial assistance of the Countryside Council for Wales, which contributed to both the production and publication of this report. The project formed part of the objectives of the “ Back from the Brink – Plantlife Wales Officer 2005-2007” CCW Grant GU8071. The project would not have been possible without this help.

78 A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

11. References

Aiton, J. (1789). Hortus Kewensis . 3 vols, 2 nd edn. G. Nicol: London.

Bonner, I.R. (2006). Anglesey Rare Plant Register . Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor.

Chater, A.O. (1997). Ceredigion (VC46) Rare Plant Register 1. Vascular Plants and Charophytes . Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor.

Cheffings, C.M. & Farrell, L. (Eds), Dines, T.D., Jones, R.A., Leech, S.J., McKean, D.R., Pearman, D.A., Preston, C.D., Rumsey, F.J., Taylor, I. (2005). The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain . Species Status 7: 1-116. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

Evans, T. (2007a). Monmouthshire County Rare Plant Register . Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor.

Evans, T. (2007b). Flora of Monmouthshire . Chepstow Society: Chepstow.

IUCN. (2003). Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red Data List Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.

IUCN. (2001). IUCN Red Data List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK.

Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.A., Foley, M.J.Y., Porter, M.S. (2007). Sedges of the British Isles (3 rd edition) . Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.

Jones, A. 1991. A Welsh Mudwort? B.S.B.I.Welsh Bulletin 52 : 6-8.

Jones, P.S., Stevens, D.P., Blackstock, T.H., Burrows, C.R., Howe, E.A. (2003). Priority habitats of Wales: a technical guide. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor.

Leach, S.J. (2007). The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain: Year 1 Amendments. BSBI News 104 :19-21.

Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora . Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Preston, C.D., Telfer, M.G., Roy, D.B., Carey, P.D., Hill, M.O., Meek, W.R., Rothery, P., Smart, S.M., Smith, G.M., Walker, K.J. & Pearman, D.A. (2003). The changing distribution of the flora of the United Kingdom: Technical report . Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Cambridge, UK.

Pryce, R.D. (1999). Carmarthenshire Rare Plant Register . Botanical Society of the British Isles.

Rich, T.C.G & Houston L. (2006). Sorbus whiteana (Rosaceae), a new endemic tree from Britain. Watsonia 26 : 1-7.

Robinson, R.A., Sutherland, W.J. (2002). Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology . 39: 157-176.

79 NOTES

80 RHESTR O BLANHIGION FASGWLAIDD DATA COCH AR GYFER CYMRU A VASCULAR PLANT RED DATA LIST FOR WALES

SUMMARY Featured Species

In this report, the threats facing the entire vascular plant flora of Wales have Two species have been selected to illustrate the value of producing a Vascular Plant been assessed using international criteria for the first time. Using data supplied Red Data List for Wales. by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and others, the rate at which species are declining and the size of remaining populations have been quantified in detail to provide an accurate and up-to-date picture of the state of vascular Bog Orchid (Hammarbya paludosa) plants in Wales. The production of a similar list (using identical criteria) for Least Concern in Great Britain but Endangered in Wales Great Britain in 2005 allows comparisons to be made between the GB and Welsh floras. Bog Orchid is a diminutive species of very wet acidic sites where there is some movement of water. It is usually found on saturated sphagnum moss but also occurs on peaty mud and The results show that of the 1467 native and archaeophyte vascular plants recorded in amongst grasses on the edges of runnels and flushes. Wales, 38 are extinct (2.6%) and 256 (17.4%) are threatened with extinction, being either Critically Endangered (3.4%), Endangered (4.4%) or Vulnerable (9.7%). A further 28 (1.9%) This species has declined considerably in Great Britain, especially as a result of drainage in are Near Threatened. Although there are proportionately more extinctions in Wales than the lowlands before 1930, and it has been lost from many English counties. Losses still occur there have been in Great Britain (1.0%), the Welsh flora is generally faring slightly better throughout its range and declines in the uplands are usually attributed to overgrazing. than the GB flora as a whole, where 18.9% of vascular plants are threatened. Resent surveys have shown it to be more frequent than previously thought, but it is also quite a dynamic species and appears to move around in the environment. Despite these This is the first such regional analysis of threats facing any group of species in Great Britain, losses and the dynamism, this species is regarded as Least Concern in Great Britain, as its and the results have been used to inform the selection of priorities for conservation in range has been more stable recently and new populations have been found. B

Wales. The list also identifies vascular plants reaching the edge of their GB range in Wales, as O B G I

well as Welsh endemics and near-endemics. In Wales, Bog Orchid is an enigmatic species, with most records coming from upland flushes. B B O N

Plants appear only sporadically at some sites, while at others it is known to have reappeared S / N A

following the cessation of grazing. Other sites have become very degraded through T U R A

overgrazing and few plants are now recorded. The recent loss of sites in Caernarfonshire L I M A

and Merioneddshire means it is regarded as Endangered in Wales and is in need of specific G CRYNODEB E conservation action. Yn yr adroddiad hwn mae’r bygythiadau sy’n wynebu holl blanhigion fasgwlaidd Cymru wedi cael eu hasesu gan ddefnyddio meini prawf rhyngwladol am y tro cyntaf. Defnyddiwyd y data a dderbyniwyd gan y Botanical Society of the British Isles, a chan eraill, er mwyn amcangyfrif yn fanwl cyfradd dirywiad rhywogaethau Three-lobed Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus tripartitus) a maint y poblogaethau sy’n weddill. Mae hyn wedi creu darlun cywir a chyfredol Endangered in Great Britain but Least Concern in Wales o gyflwr planhigion fasgwlaidd yng Nghymru. Oherwydd bod rhestr debyg (yn defnyddio meini prawf tebyg) wedi cael ei chreu ar gyfer Prydain yn 2005 mae Three-lobed Water-crowfoot is an annual plant of bare damp mud, drainage ditches, shallow modd cymharu’r fflora Cymreig a’r un Prydeinig. pools and pond edges that dry out in summer, and also in sphagnum bogs. It prefers sites where peat overlies nutrient-poor mineral clays. It is most frequent where heathland grades Mae’r canlyniadau’n dangos bod 38 (2.6%) o’r 1467 o blanhigion fasgwlaidd brodorol ac into rushy pasture and where poaching by cattle keeps muddy areas open for germination. archeoffytig a gofnodwyd yng Nghymru wedi mynd i ddifancoll. Mae 256 (17.4%) dan fygythiad o ddiflannu’n gyfan gwbl, ac maen nhw un ai mewn Perygl Difrifol (3.4%), mewn In Great Britain, this species has suffered a very significant decline, mainly through habitat Perygl (4.4%) neu’n Fregus (9.7%). Mae 28 (1.9%) o blanhigion eraill yn Agos at fod dan destruction and a reduction in disturbance by undergrazing. Losses have been especially Fygythiad. Er bod mwy o blanhigion wedi mynd i ddifancoll yng Nghymru, o gymharu â marked in Devon and Cornwall, and from Surrey and Kent, where many populations have Phrydain gyfan (1.0%), mae’r fflora Cymreig yn gwneud yn well, ar y cyfan, na’r fflora become extinct. Again, this is a dynamic species and can appear or disappear from sites Prydeinig, lle mae 18.9% o blanhigion fasgwlaidd dan fygythiad. within a few years. Better surveying, however, has uncovered new populations and many sites are monitored regularly. In Great Britain, this species is regarded as Endangered, Dyma’r dadansoddiad rhanbarthol cyntaf o’r bygythiadau sy’n wynebu unrhyw gr w^ p o primarily because of the losses in southern England. rywogaethau ym Mhrydain ac mae’r canlyniadau wedi dylanwadu ar y dewis o flaenoriaethau ar gyfer cadwraeth yng Nghymru. Mae’r rhestr hefyd yn adnabod planhigion fasgwlaidd sydd In Wales, this species has always been more frequent than in England, and does not exhibit T R E V

ar ymyl eu hardal ddosbarthiad Prydeinig yma yng Nghymru, yn ogystal â phlanhigion such a severe pattern of decline. Although it has been lost historically from 20 sites, a O R D I endemig Cymreig a rhai sy’n agos at fod yn endemig yng Nghymru. combination of improved surveying (which has revealed new sites) and the restoration of N E S /

appropriate management (a reintroduction of grazing onto heaths along with ‘pinch-point’ P L A N T

management to create the open mud necessary for germination) means that 28 sites are L I F now known, many of which are in favourable condition. This UK BAP species is increasing E in Wales and it is regarded here as Least Concern. A V a s c u l a r P l a n t R e d A Vascular Plant Red Data List for Wales D a t a L i

s Rhestr o Blanhigion Fasgwlaidd Data Coch ar gyfer Cymru t f o r W a l e s R h e s t r o B l a n h i g i o n F a s g w l a i d d D a t a C o c h a r g y f e r C y m r u

Dr Trevor Dines Plantlife Wales

With the help of the Vice-county Recorders Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity and Committee of the Botanical Society of the 14 Rollestone Street, Salisbury Wiltshire SP1 1DX UK. British Isles in Wales, and the Countryside Telephone +44 (0)1722 342730 Fax +44 (01722 329 035 Council for Wales [email protected] www.plantlife.org.uk Plantlife International – The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. Gyda chymorth Cofnodwyr yr is-siroedd a hefyd Registered Charity Number: 1059559 Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales. K U

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Charity registered in Scotland no. SC038951. . N

G British Isles’ a Chyngor Cefn Gwlad Cymru I S E D P J © Plantlife International, June 2008 R Y B N G I S

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