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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (76Th, Kansas City, Missouri, August 11-14, 1993)

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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (76Th, Kansas City, Missouri, August 11-14, 1993) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 362 917 CS 508 351 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (76th, Kansas City, Missouri, August 11-14, 1993). Part Media and Technology. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE Aug 93 NOTE 397p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 508 347-362. For 1992 proceedings, see ED 349 608-623. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Communication Research; Computer Literacy; Computers; Constitutional Law; Copyrights; Disabilities; Electronic Mail; Federal Regulation; Films; *Mass Media; Media Research; Photojournalism; *Technology IDENTIFIERS Audiotex; Digital Imagery; Federal Communications Commission; High Definition Television; Journalists; *Technological Change ABSTRACT The Media and Technology section of this collection of conference presentations contains the following 13 papers: "The 'Talking Newspaper': The Technical Virtuosity and Monologic Modality of Audiotex(t)" (George Albert Gladney); "An Historic Opportunity?: Communication Research in the Design of Communication Interfaces and Systems" (Frank Biocca); "Moral Rights, New Technology, and Motion Pictures: A Dualistic Policy Proposal" (David J. Schaefer); "Computer Literacy, Technology Use and Compact Disc-Interactive: An Exploratory Study" (David Kamerer and Barton K. Wilcox); "Telecommunications Regulation: From Natural Monopoly to Open Network Architecture" (William J. Leonhirth); "Constitutional and Common Law Informational Privacy: Proposing a 'Reasonable Needs' Approach for New Technologies" (Laurie Thomas Lee); "The Use of Key-Capture and Pausal Methodology to Examine the Individual Journalistic Ethical Decision-Making Process" (Terri Catlett and Byron T. Scott); "'Colorizing' HDTV: Is Consumer Adoption of Color Television an Appropriate Comparison for Acceptance of High-Definition Television?" (Nancy C. Cornwell and others); "Fight for the Future: Congress, the Brooks Bill and the Baby Bells" (Jane B. Singer); "The Diffusion of Information on Assistive Technology Internationally to People with Disabilities" (Michael R. Smith); "The Effects of Specific Knowledge of Digital Image Manipulation Capabilities and Newspaper Context on the Believability of News Photographs" (James D. Kelly and Diona Nace); "Patterns of Computer Use in Newspaper Newsrooms: A National Study of U.S. Dailies" (Brian S. Brooks and Tai-en Yang); and "Computer Bulletin Board Systems and the First Amendment: The Common Carrier Solution" (Jennifer R. Dowd and Dale A. Herbeck). (RS) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION (76TH, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, AUGUST 11-14, 1993). PART V : MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION Oiliest of Educishonat Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 'pus docum*nt hes be*n reproduced es received from the parOn or oloonaillao ofiginottog it O Minot Ch angels hest Ow, 'Aldo to improve TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES nsproductrOn Qualify INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Points of wow o. opinions stated in this docu- MOM dO ReGOaerrly fOreint official OEM Oositoo or ookcy 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE . The 'Talking Newspaper': The Technical Virtuosity and Monologic Modality of Audiotex(t) by GEORGE ALBERT GLADNEY Department of Communication & Mass Media P.O. Box 3904 University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 82071 307-766-3814 A paper presented to: Qualitative Studies Division Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication Annual Convention Kansas City, Missouri August 11-14, 1993 3 The "Talking Newspaper": The Technical Virtuosity and Monologic Modality of Audiotex(t) ABSTRACT This study.employs dialogic theory and philosophy of technology for ethical analysis of newspaper "voice information services." Conclusion: Growth of audiotex is (a) bound by notions of technological determinism and the technological imperative, (b) driven by virtuosity values related more to personal aggrandizement of its developers than concern for consequences in the user sphere, (c) signifies a shift in newspapers' communicative stance with readers to a monologic mode emphasizing power/persuasion. Consequences for the electronic "personal newspaper" are considered. 4 1 The "Talking Newspaper": The Technical Virtuosity and Monologic Modality of Audiotex(t) The mass m:dia scholar and ethicist Clifford Christians (1989a) observes that the "technological system we call the mass media has been understOod from an ethical viewpoint," astutely adding that "only in rudimentary form to date have technologies themselves been 'brought under ethical analysis" (p. 243). His assessment shows that although ethical analysis has focused onsuch things as the New World Information Order and privacy issues,much of that analysis has been concerned with media functions--news, advertising, entertainment; not particular technologies. Giventhe inadequacy of communications ethics (lack of a systematic, integrative approach for ethical assessment of communications technologies), Christians urges that we look to boLh communications theory, particularly dialogic theory, and philosophy oftechnology. Taking Christians's plea seriously, this study treats newspaper audiotex (newspaper applicationof "voice information services," or voice and electronic data messaging) as a casestudy. Audiotex (or audiotext, as it is sometimes known) is selected because it is a "cutting edge" technology that is precursory tothe all-electronic, or "paperless," newspaper. Audiotex iscrucial because it experiments with alteration of the communicativestance between newspaper and reader. First, it allows readers to personalize news selection and circumvent exposure touninteresting parts of the newspaper. Second, it allowsthe newspaper to learn more about readers' needs, wants,and opinions. Third, audiotex 2 encourages less direct communication between newspaper and its readers through the mediation of systems that recognize, synthesize, store, and retrieve the human voice. These effects will be greatly eitended and magnified with the electronic newspaper. To bring audiotex technology under ethical analysis, I attempt to explicate an acceptable rationale or foundation by which to discuss norms associated with communication technology. I seek illumination from philosophy of technology, and I borrow from dialogic theory as a transition to ethics.I look primarily at the philosophy of technology articulated by Arnold Pacey and I refer to several scholars with close conceptual affinity to Pacey--Manfred Stanley, Jacques Ellul, and Martin Heidegger. Turning to dialogic theory, I rely mostly on the work of Martin Buber and Ivan Illich, and I cite Christians, Ellul, and Floy3 Matson and Ashley Montagu. This study begins with a brief out.ine of the relevant theoretical and philosophical contributlons of these scholars. Then those contributions are applied to an analysis of newspaper audiotex. The method of analysis is qualitative, involving review of many dozens of articles and commentaries appearing in trade and professional publications aimed at newspaper professionals. The review also includes a few general interest publications dealing with the topic. In the end I briefly assess ethical implications of audiotex and extend the analysis to the all-electronic newspaper, or what some developers are calling the "personal newspaper" (PN). My analysis assumes technology is never neutral and independent, to be used rightly or wrongly; tools are particular, with unique properties, biases, characteristics. As Christians 6 3 (1989b, p. 125) observes, technology is athoroughly value-laden process that reflectshumankind's ultimate commitments and conceptions of the world, themselves related to suchissues as permissible uses, good stewardship, and justice. In this paper I associate permissible useswith technologies that principally satisfy end-user needs, asopposed to what Pacey calls the "virtuosity values" of designersand developers of technology. And-I link permissible uses with communicationthat emulates the dialogic ("I-Thou") mode,characterized by one-on-one directness and genuine relatedness in theinterpersonal spirit, as opposed to the monologic ("I-It") mode. Inthe end I conclude that newspaper audiotex is drivenlargely by virtuosity values of newspaper executives andconsultants (mostly marketing and advertising people) as they push relentlesslyfor the maximum feat of technical performance or efficiency orcomplexity, largely for the sake of prestige and economic gain. Ifurther conclude that audiotex fosters communication largelyin the monologic, "I-It" modality that facilitates obliqueness and powerrelations. Contribution of Philosophy of Technology The idea that technology is valuefree has gained wide acceptance, Pacey (1983) argues,because values that are incorporated into technological products,and into the process of their design and manufacture, areeither unrecognized or simply taken for granted. "People have cometo feel that technological development proceeds independently ofhuman purpose," writes Pacey. "They see it as the working out of arational pattern based on 4 impersonal logic" (p. 78). Thecommon view is a one-dimensional, linear view of progress andan acceptance of a technological determinism that "presents technical advanceas a process of steady development dragging human society
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