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Binge-Watching Killed the Idiot Box: the Changing Identities of Viewers and Television in the Experiential, Streaming Video Age

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Binge-Watching Killed the Idiot Box: the Changing Identities of Viewers and Television in the Experiential, Streaming Video Age BINGE-WATCHING KILLED THE IDIOT BOX: THE CHANGING IDENTITIES OF VIEWERS AND TELEVISION IN THE EXPERIENTIAL, STREAMING VIDEO AGE ____________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ____________________________________________________________ In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ____________________________________________________________ By Emil Steiner Diploma Date (August 2018) Examining Committee Members: Dr. Carolyn Kitch, Chair, Temple University, Journalism Dr. Fabienne Darling-Wolf, Temple University, Journalism Dr. Brooke Duffy, Cornell University, Communication Dr. Eli Goldblatt, External Member, Temple University, English ii ABSTRACT In this dissertation I explore what binge-watching is, how it is practiced, and its relationship with contemporary identities of television and viewers. Building on the theoretical frameworks of ambivalent cultural studies, post-structural feminism, and collective memory, I examine binge-watching and binge-viewers through their mediated articulations and ritualized actions. In Chapter 2, I chronicle the history of the terms’ usages in journalism from 1948-2016 and use that data to construct a functional definition of binge-watching. In Chapter 3, I analyze advertised constructions of binge- viewers in the commercial rhetoric of media companies from 2013-2015. In Chapter 4, I explore the rituals of contemporary television viewers through semi-structured interviews to understand how and why people binge-watch. In Chapter 5, I synthesize my findings on the articulations and actions of binge-watching and provided a reflexive narrative of my subject position as a binge-viewer studying binge-watching. I conclude that binge- watching is a techno-cultural phenomenon, which, through its action and articulation, is reshaping the identities of and relationships between television and viewers. iii To Lori, Elsa, and Jonah. You are my everything. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE IDIOT BOX .....................................................................1 Review of Literature ................................................................................................1 Cultural Boogieman .....................................................................................1 Taste, Class & Gramsci................................................................................4 Binge Technology ........................................................................................9 The Trouble with Binge-Watching ............................................................12 Situating This Project .................................................................................15 My Research Orientation & Methodology ............................................................17 Executing This Project ...............................................................................22 Mating Action with Articulation ................................................................24 Chapter Summaries ................................................................................................26 2. FROM ROOTS TO STEM: A DEFINING HISTORY ...............................................31 Literature Review...................................................................................................33 Methods..................................................................................................................42 History of the Terms ..................................................................................44 Articulation of the Action ..........................................................................45 v Findings..................................................................................................................47 Chronicle of Articulations..........................................................................47 First Uses (1948-1949) ..................................................................47 Early Usage (1949-1959) ...............................................................48 Beyond the Telethon (1954-1959) .................................................47 Early Uses of “TV Binge” (1959-1986) ........................................57 Moving to Gerund (1986-2002) .....................................................63 Binge-Viewing to Binge-Viewer to Binge-Watch (2003- 2011) ........................................................................................68 Binge-Watching/Marathon TV Timeline ...................................................76 Definitional Findings .................................................................................76 Parameters ......................................................................................80 Official Sources .......................................................................82 Content ...........................................................................................86 Binging Rituals ..............................................................................90 Binge Consequences & Significance .............................................92 Discussion ..............................................................................................................99 Netflix Narrative Disrupts Journalism Conventions ....................100 From Geek to Chic to Geek .........................................................102 Marathon vs. Binge ..................................................................................103 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................105 3. FROM COUCH POTATO TO BINGE-VIEWER ....................................................107 Introduction ..........................................................................................................107 vi Literature Review.................................................................................................111 Advertising, Nostalgia, & Identity ...........................................................120 Method .................................................................................................................123 Findings................................................................................................................125 Deviant Addicts .......................................................................................127 Celebrity PSAs .........................................................................................130 Addiction & Salvation .............................................................................131 Discussion ............................................................................................................136 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................139 4. RITUALS & MOTIVES OF BINGE-VIEWERS IN ACTION ................................141 Introduction ..........................................................................................................141 Literature Review.................................................................................................143 Binge-Watching .......................................................................................143 (Tele)presence & Ludic Media Systems ..................................................150 Method .................................................................................................................153 Participants & Procedures ........................................................................154 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................155 Findings................................................................................................................156 Nutshell ....................................................................................................156 Defining Action .......................................................................................157 General Binges vs. Binge-Watching ............................................160 Tech Rituals .............................................................................................162 Binge-Viewer Rituals (Time & Place) .....................................................166 vii Social Rituals ...........................................................................................167 Sleep-Watching ........................................................................................169 Speed-Watching .......................................................................................170 Motive-Ritual-Content-Attentiveness Process.........................................173 Ad Reception & Interaction .....................................................................177 Interruptions & Control................................................................178 If You Don’t Notice an Interruption ............................................179 Additive Interruptions? ................................................................181
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