Offering the Gospel Adapanon. an Interpretation and Application of 1

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Offering the Gospel Adapanon. an Interpretation and Application of 1 19 BiAS - Bible in Africa Studies Johannes M. Wessels OFFERING THE GOSPEL ADAPANON An Interpretation and Application of 1 Corinthians 9:18 Edited and provided with a foreword by Joachim Kügler 19 Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien Volume 19 edited by Joachim Kügler, Masiiwa R. Gunda, Lovemore Togarasei, Eric Souga Onomo In cooperation with Ezra Chitando and Nisbert Taringa 2015 Offering the Gospeladapanon An Interpretation and Application of 1 Corinthians 9:18 Johannes M. Wessels Edited and provided with a foreword by Joachim Kügler 2015 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in New Testament of the North-West University, South Africa, in November 2010 Supervisor: Prof Dr Fika J van Rensburg Assistant Supervisor: Prof Dr SJ van der Merwe Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Hochschulschriften-Server (OPUS; http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg erreichbar. Kopien und Ausdrucke dürfen nur zum privaten und sons- tigen eigenen Gebrauch angefertigt werden. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press, Anna Hitthaler Umschlagbild: Shepherd by J.M. Wessels Deco-Graphiken: J. Kügler (variations on Wessels’ Shepherd) Textformatierung: J. Kügler & I. Loch © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2015 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2190-4944 ISBN: 978-3-86309-340-2 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-341-9 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-264687 EINE ARME KIRCHE DER ARMEN Deutsches Vorwort Die Verbindung von Geld und Religion ist unauflöslich und doch stets heikel. Das gilt selbstredend auch für das Christentum. Selbst der voll kommen arme und besitzlose Künder des Evangeliums, der durch Sach spenden überlebt, lebt vom Geld der anderen. In den staatlich anerkann ten Großkirchen Deutschlands ist es inzwischen üblich, dass das pasto rale Personal professionell ausgebildet ist und gegen ein festes Gehalt hauptamtlich für die Kirche arbeitet. Andere Formen, wie der neben amtliche Diakon im katholischen Bereich, sind Ausnahmen und werden es auf mittlere Sicht wohl auch bleiben. Im südlichen Afrika ist die Situation auch für etablierte Kirchen oft anders. In diese Situation führt der vorliegende Band von Johannes Wessels ein, der die leicht überarbeitete Fassung seiner Dissertation darstellt. Er analysiert den von Paulus abgeleiteten Begriff j[djcWa[h/ ‚Zeltmacher’, der für die pastorale Situation der südafrikanischen Dutch Reformed Church1 (DRCSA), für die der Autor etwa zwanzig Jahre lang in Südafrika und Botsuana gearbeitet hat, prägend ist. In dieser Kirche ist j[djcWa[h ein fester Begriff für einen Pastor, der keine Vollzeitstelle bei der Kirche hat, sondern sich mit weltlicher Arbeit ein zusätzliches Einkommen verschaffen muss, um sich (und seine Familie) zu unterhalten. Diese Konstruktion wird meistens gewählt, 1 Die DRC ist eine alte, ins 17. Jh. zurückreichende Kirche in Afrika. Lange hat sie das ApartheidSystem (19481994) unterstützt und es sogar in ihrer Kirchenstruktur abgebil det, indem für jede Gruppierung eine eigene ‚Schwesterkirche’ geschaffen wurde. 1980 wurde die DRC wegen ihrer Unterstützung der Apartheid vom Weltverband der Refor mierten Kirchen ausgeschlossen, welcher die Rassentrennung als Sünde brandmarkte. 1986, schon vor dem politischen Ende der Apartheid, hat die DRC ihre Einstellung geän dert und alle Mitglieder ohne Ansicht ihrer ethnischen Zugehörigkeit aufgefordert, sich unter einem kirchlichen Dach zu einem gemeinsamen Christsein zu vereinen. Trotz dieser Integrationsbemühungen bestehen auch nach Ende der Apartheid, die die DRC inzwischen als Sünde einstuft, noch ethnische Trennungen, die das kirchliche Leben be einträchtigen. Heute kümmern sich viele weiße DRCTheologen in besonderer Weise um die Anliegen der (überwiegend schwarzen) Armen und versuchen durch ihre Solida rität nicht nur die Schuld der Vergangenheit abzutragen, sondern auch eine überzeu gende Form zeitgemäßer JesusNachfolge zu entwickeln. WESSELS | OFFERING THE GOSPEL >A>L>JKJ | BIAS wenn eine Kirchengemeinde zu arm ist, um sich das Gehalt für einen hauptamtlichen Pastor leisten zu können, und hat inzwischen auch dazu geführt, dass ein beträchtlicher Anteil des Klerus der DRCSA sich nach Stellen (und nach finanzieller Absicherung) außerhalb Afrikas umgesehen hat. Bedenkt man, dass es sich hier um eine wohl etablierte Kirche handelt, deren Mitglieder zu höheren, überwiegend weißen Ge sellschaftsschichten gehören, dann kann man sich gut vorstellen, dass nur sehr wenige der ärmeren Schwesterkirchen in der Lage sind, ihr pastorales Personal adäquat zu unterhalten. Die Situation der Tochter kirchen außerhalb Südafrikas muss als noch prekärer betrachtet werden. Die früher übliche finanzielle Unterstützung der Mutterkirche, auch in Form der Übernahme von Besoldungsverpflichtungen für eine gewisse Zahl von Stellen, ist inzwischen weitgehend weggefallen. Diese finan ziellen Engpässe haben dazu geführt, dass für die hauptamtlichen Pas toren die Zahl der Gemeinden und Gemeindemitglieder, für die sie zuständig sind, beträchtlich angewachsen ist. Auf der anderen Seite ist die Zahl der j[djcWa[h gestiegen, allerdings mit der negativen Begleiter scheinung, dass sich manche mehr um den weltlichen Job für ihren Lebensunterhalt kümmern (müssen) als um ihren pastoralen Dienst. Eine der erwähnten ärmeren Tochterkirchen ist die Dutch Reformed Church in Botsuana (DRCB), für die Wessels acht Jahre lang gearbeitet hat und die er in seinem Buch also aus eigener Anschauung beschrei ben kann. Diese Kirche ist besonders interessant, weil sie Gläubige aus unterschiedlichen Kulturen und ökonomischen Schichten in ihren Ge meinden vereint. Die Gemeinden der DRCB bestehen größtenteils aus einheimischen 8WjimWdW, aber auch 9ebekh[Zi2 und 7\h_aWd[hi sind vertreten. Hinzukommt noch eine wachsende Zahl von Migranten aus Malawi, Sambia und Simbabwe, die sich der DRCB anschließen. Die ökonomische Situation der Gemeinden und ihrer Mitglieder ist in dieser Kirche extrem unterschiedlich. Eine arme Gemeinde auf dem Land hat oft weniger als 5% des Jahreseinkommens einer wohlhabenden Stadt 2 Diese Bezeichnung bezieht sich im südlichen Afrika auf Menschen mit gemischten ethnischen Wurzeln, deren Vorfahren oft aus Europa, Asien und Afrika stammen. Im ApartheidSystem wurden Untergruppen mit unterschiedlichem Sozialstatus beschrie ben. 3 Mit 7\h_aWd[hi bezeichnet man in Afrikaans, der Sprache der Buren, Menschen mit ethnischen Wurzeln in Europa, deren Vorfahren jedoch seit langem in Afrika leben, und die sich deshalb nicht mehr als Einwanderer fühlen. Im ApartheidSystem war dies die politisch und ökonomisch privilegierte Gruppe. Joachim K gler, Eine arme Kir he der Armen gemeinde zur Verfügung. Und überhaupt nur vier der insgesamt zwölf Ortsgemeinden der DRCB haben ein Einkommen von mehr als umge rechnet etwa 5000 EUR. Die ärmeren Gemeinden haben also gar keine andere Option als nur j[djcWa[h zu beschäftigen. Das Ausweichen auf nebenamtliche Pastoren ist zwar eine pragmatische und oft alternativlo se Lösung, aber es ist eben doch mit Problemen behaftet. So rührt die Armut der ländlichen Bevölkerung ja oft daher, dass es in der Gegend eben keine Arbeitsplätze gibt. Da ist es für einen Pastor natürlich auch schwierig, etwas zu finden, mit dem er seinen Lebensunterhalt verdie nen kann. Zudem ist es selbst für diejenigen, denen das gelingt, eine echte Herausforderung, neben ihrem weltlichen Beruf noch Zeit und Kraft für den pastoralen Dienst zu finden. Diese und andere Probleme nötigen dazu, die j[djcWa[hKonzeption noch einmal von der prakti schen und vor allem der biblischen Theologie her zu durchdenken. Wessels stützt sich dabei auf vorausgehende Forschung, die ein erneu tes Interesse am sozioökonomischen Hintergrund des Apostels und seiner Gemeinden zeigt und die er kritisch fortführt, indem er den An spruch des Paulus, das Evangelium ἀδάπανον/ e^d[ =[][db[_ijkd] (1 Kor 9,18) zu verkünden, eingehend untersucht. Seine Untersuchung des 1. Korintherbriefs innerhalb des afrikanischen Kontexts ergibt, dass die Bedeutung der Armutsthematik in der paulinischen Literatur weit höher zu veranschlagen ist, als dies die jüngere Forschung, vor allem im ang lophonen Bereich, gewöhnlich tut. Er vermag sogar zu zeigen, dass selbst die Einwohner der berühmten Stadt Korinth vermutlich weit ärmer waren, als die rezente Forschung meint. Dies gilt vor allem, wenn die Annahme einer Ernährungskrise zur Zeit des Paulus in Korinth zutrifft. Der ökonomische Zugang zu 1 Kor 9 fördert jedenfalls spannende Einsichten zu Tage. Wessels ver bindet die Weigerung des Paulus, von der korinthischen Gemeinde ein Entgelt anzunehmen, nicht nur mit der Sammlung der Kollekte für Jerusalem, sondern betont auch den engen Zusammenhang zwischen 1 Kor 9,18 und dem folgenden Vers, in dem Paulus sich selbst als Sklave aller bezeichnet. Er sieht also die Ablehnung eines Honorars in Korinth als konkrete Weise der Selbstversklavung des Paulus im Dienste des Evangeliums. In solch kenotischer Existenz folgt Paulus dem Beispiel Jesu, und deshalb steht sein Verzicht gerade nicht im Widerspruch
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