Harmônica Cromática: Sua Escrita Em Formações Orquestrais Nas Obras De Heitor Villa-Lobos, Radamés Gnattali E César Guerra-Peixe

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Harmônica Cromática: Sua Escrita Em Formações Orquestrais Nas Obras De Heitor Villa-Lobos, Radamés Gnattali E César Guerra-Peixe Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Unesp Instituto de Artes Edson Tadeu de Queiroz Pinheiro Harmônica cromática: sua escrita em formações orquestrais nas obras de Heitor Villa-Lobos, Radamés Gnattali e César Guerra-Peixe São Paulo, SP 2018 Edson Tadeu de Queiroz Pinheiro Harmônica cromática: sua escrita em formações orquestrais nas obras de Heitor Villa- Lobos, Radamés Gnattali e César Guerra-Peixe Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Música do Instituto de Artes da Unesp – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - como exigência final para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Música. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Lutero Rodrigues São Paulo, SP 2018 Ficha Catalográfica Ficha catalográfica preparada pelo Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação do Instituto de Artes da UNESP P654h Pinheiro, Edson Tadeu de Queiroz, 1976- Harmônica cromática : sua escrita em formações orquestrais nas obras de Heitor Villa-Lobos, Radamés Gnattali e César Guerra- Peixe / Edson Tadeu de Queiroz Pinheiro. - São Paulo, 2018. 188 f. : il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Lutero Rodrigues. Dissertação (Mestrado em Música) – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Instituto de Artes. 1. Villa-Lobos, Heitor – 1887-1959. 2. Gaita de boca. 3. Música Orquestral. 4. Música brasileira. I. Rodrigues, Lutero. II. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Artes. III. Título. CDD 788.82 Folha de Aprovação Edson Tadeu de Queiroz Pinheiro Harmônica cromática: sua escrita em formações orquestrais nas obras de Heitor Villa- Lobos, Radamés Gnattali e César Guerra-Peixe Dissertação aprovada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Música no Curso de Pós-Graduação em Música do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Unesp, com a Área de concentração em Musicologia, pela seguinte banca examinadora: __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lutero Rodrigues Departamento de Música/IA – Unesp – Orientador – Presidente da banca ________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Nogueira Coelho de Souza Filosofia, Ciências Humanas e Letras/USP ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Graziela Bortz Departamento de Música/IA – Unesp Local e data de aprovação: São Paulo, 27 de Agosto de 2018 Resumo: A harmônica de boca, ou simplesmente gaita de boca, é um instrumento muito difundido em todo o mundo, e cada vez mais representativo em diversos gêneros musicais. Com o advento de seu modelo cromático com chave, surgido na primeira metade do Século XX, ela passa a inserir as salas de concerto com peças escritas exclusivamente para a harmônica cromática em formações orquestrais. No Brasil, três importantes compositores se destacam com as respectivas obras: Heitor Villa-Lobos e o Concerto para harmônica; Radamés Gnattali e o Concertino para harmônica e orquestra; e César Guerra-Peixe e a Suíte Quatro Coisas. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar minuciosamente essas três obras relacionando as respectivas linguagens dos compositores à escrita idiomática do instrumento. Para conseguir essa meta foi necessário fazer uma contextualização histórica e organológica do instrumento, e uma breve síntese dos aspectos históricos e processuais dos compositores. No final do trabalho foram traçados pontos em comum, e que se diferenciam em suas respectivas linguagens, tendo como enfoque principal a harmônica cromática. Palavras-chaves Harmônica cromática. Música orquestral. Música brasileira. Abstract The harmonica, or mouth organ, is an instrument very widespread in the world, and increasingly representative in diverse musical genres. With the advent of its chromatic model, which emerged in the first half of the 20th century, it began to include concert halls with pieces written exclusively for the chromatic harmonica in orchestral formations. In Brazil, three important composers stand out with the respective works: Heitor Villa-Lobos and Harmonica concerto; Radamés Gnattali and the Concertino for harmonica and orchestra; and César Guerra-Peixe and the Quatro Coisas Suíte. This research has the objective of analyzing these three works in detail, relating the respective languages of the composers relating to the idiomatic writing of the instrument. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to make a historical and organological contextualization of the instrument, and a brief synthesis of the historical and procedural aspects of the composers. At the end of the research, common points were drawn, which differ in their respective languages, with the main focus being the chromatic harmonic. Keywords Chromatic harmonic. Orchestral music. Brazilian music. Agradecimentos Agradeço ao professor Lutero Rodrigues por acreditar profundamente em meu trabalho e em minha pessoa, à CAPES, que auxiliou muito ao financiar a bolsa de estudos, à professora Margarete Arroyo, pela compreensão na Pós-Graduação. Aos professores Alexandre Rosa e Graziela Bortz por importantes considerações e paciência, e aos professores Rodolfo Coelho de Souza, Heloísa Duarte Valente e Dorotéa Kerr pela prontidão e consideração a este trabalho. Ao CDM – OSESP e ao Museu Villa-Lobos por valiosos documentos. Ao José Staneck por também conceder materiais importantes. Aos meus pais Antonio Avelino Pinheiro e Benedita de Queiroz, aos meus familiares, Antonio Carlos de Queiroz Pinheiro e Sílvia; Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro, Maria Conceição dos Santos e Antonio Ernani dos Santos, Izilda Domingues e José Alves, por estarem sempre presentes. Aos amigos Sérgio Leal, Márcio Siqueira, Alessandro Ferreira, Tchelo Nunes, Tiago Souza, Yara Silva, Rodolfo Kienen Dias, Clara Machado e Paula Leme de Souza. Ao Espaço Cultural Tendal da Lapa, à Orquestra Paulista de Gaitas: Luiz Aude, Geraldo de Oliveira, Ivo Henriques, Afonso Meireles, Elço Bianchini, Benedito Atanásio e Marcos Nakamori; à Orquestra Harmônicas de Curitiba: Ronald Silva e Ulysses Cazzalas e ao Quarteto Pererê. Em memória dos meus pais Antonio Avelino Pinheiro e Benedita de Queiroz Sumário Introdução 08 CAPÍTULO 1 – A harmônica de boca 11 1.1 A harmônica de boca: suas origens 12 1.2 Os primeiros grandes solistas e as primeiras peças de concerto 14 1.3 A gaita no Brasil, os grandes solistas e as primeiras peças escritas por compositores brasileiros 15 1.4 A estrutura da harmônica cromática e as técnicas de sopro 17 CAPÍTULO 2 – Heitor Villa-Lobos 23 2.1 Breve panorama histórico de suas fases produtivas iniciais 24 2.2 O neoclassicismo e suas influências 29 2.3 O último período composicional e a encomenda de um concerto para harmônica 35 2.4. Concerto para harmônica e orquestra 38 2.4.1 Primeiro Movimento: Allegro Moderato – aspectos gerais e temáticos 38 2.4.2 Segundo Movimento: Andante 72 2.4.3 Terceiro Movimento: Allegro 79 CAPÍTULO 3 – Radamés Gnattali 96 3.1 Breve panorama histórico de sua produção 97 3.2 Concertino para harmônica e orquestra 101 3.3 Allegro moderato 102 3.4 Lento e expressivo 110 3.5 Marcado 114 CAPÍTULO 4 – César Guerra-Peixe 118 4.1 Breve panorama histórico de suas duas primeiras fases produtivas 119 4.2 Fase Nacionalista 125 4.3 Fase da Síntese Nacional 131 4.4 Melos e Harmonia Acústica 137 4.5 Quatro Coisas 149 4.5.1 Prelúdio 150 4.5.2 Movimentação 155 4.5.3 Interlúdio 159 4.5.4 Caboclo de Pena 163 Conclusões 171 Referências Bibliográficas 174 Partituras 180 Discografia 181 Anexo I – Correspondências entre John Sebastian e Villa-Lobos 182 Anexo II – Guerra-Peixe – Quatro Coisas – Partituras 187 08 Introdução A harmônica, ou seu termo mais popular, gaita, é um instrumento muito popular, e difundido em muitos países; no entanto, ela é muito mais conhecida no âmbito da música popular ou folclórica, além do blues norte-americano e o rock. Isso se deve muito ao fato de existirem muitos modelos e alguns extremamente baratos, mas desde o início do Século XX, um determinado modelo com a possibilidade de atingir um fácil cromatismo com um novo recurso mecânico, possibilitou a sua entrada para a música erudita executada em salas de concertos. A partir de então, alguns solistas se destacaram dentro deste cenário, e começaram a fazer encomendas a diversos compositores contemporâneos, criando-se assim um repertório com um catálogo expressivo, passando por estéticas diversas ao longo do Século XX, e inclusive criando-se alguns centros importantes de referência como Trossingen na Alemanha , onde há cursos desde a educação infantil até o nível superior dedicado ao instrumento. No entanto, poucos estudos acadêmicos se dedicaram ao instrumento na área musicológica, existindo mais pesquisas na área da acústica. O objetivo deste trabalho é suprir essa lacuna, uma vez que a harmônica também é muito difundida no país, além de já existir uma quantidade significativa de obras escritas especificamente para este modelo cromático. Dentro desse panorama, três importantes compositores brasileiros: Heitor Villa-Lobos, Radamés Gnattali e César Guerra-Peixe escreveram obras para este instrumento, inclusive adquirindo relevância no cenário da música de concerto internacional. Pretendemos investigar mais detalhadamente essas três respectivas obras: Concerto para harmônica de Heitor Villa-Lobos; Concertino para harmônica e orquestra de Radamés Gnattali e Quatro Coisas (suíte em sua versão para orquestra de cordas) de César Guerra-Peixe, descrevendo seus processos e seus meandros técnicos e associarmos suas escritas ao instrumento. Esses compositores deixaram um forte legado para a música erudita brasileira. Além de produzirem obras significativas, criaram uma linguagem própria, dialogando
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