DOCSLIB.ORG

Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2015 Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962 Daniel Njoroge Karanja Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the African Studies Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Daniel Njoroge Karanja. 2015. Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences. (21) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/21. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962 by Daniel Njoroge Karanja A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2015 Copyright © by Daniel Njoroge Karanja January 2015 Dedication This work is dedicated to my great grandparents, grandparents, and parents who provided logistical support at the tactical, operational and strategic levels to the Mau Mau defense forces also known as the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA). We honor the fallen and recognize that their sacrifices were not in vain. To all the veterans of this war, all succeeding generatiosn will be forever in your debt. For all the research participants who shared their precious narratives to make this research possible, we honor you for this gift. Acknowledgements I take this opportunity to acknowledge a few people who have walked with me along this journey to the successful completion of this dissertation. My mother Wanjiku wa Karanja for the stories she shared me growing up about her experiences during Kenya’s war of independence and against seeds of interest in this topic. I am grateful to my father Karanja Wabuga whose support for my education was solid from nursery school to the University level. My dissertation chair, Robin Cooper, Ph.D., for providing outstanding mentorship and the members of my dissertation committee, Toran Hansen, Ph.D and Ismael Muvingi, Ph.D., plus the external reviewer, Nancy Erbe, J.D., all subject matter experts with vast knowledge and experience in this field who offered me unlimited guidance and support . Much appreciation is extended to Toran Hansen, Ph.D., for his immeasurable generosity during the initial days as I strived for a clear research focus and direction. I owe a significant debt of gratitude to all the fourteen research participants who willingly and kindly devoted quality time and generous stories. Their desire to educate others was an invaluable gift to the field of conflict analysis. Finally, I would like to thank my family members, friends and colleagues who have provided seamless support throughout this long academic journey. Special thanks to our children Saraphina Wanjiku Njoroge, Joseph Karanja Njoroge and Gideon Gitahi Njoroge who have endured many years of endless mini-stories and chats about peace and conflict studies at home. Special thanks to my wife Joyce M. Njoroge. She has been my primary inspiration with her strong convictions that justice, forgiveness and trauma healing are possible between people groups and nations. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….….........iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Study ................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 – Literature Review .......................................................................................... 13 Dehumanization.............................................................................................................13 Hatred ............................................................................................................................ 17 Structural Violence ........................................................................................................ 21 The Mau Mau ................................................................................................................ 31 The Loyalists “Home Guard” ........................................................................................ 36 Escalation of Grievances ............................................................................................... 40 Massacres: Lari, Chuka and Hola ................................................................................. 43 Chapter 3 Research Methods……………………………………………….........……....64 Narrative Inquiry ........................................................................................................... 64 Sample Selection ........................................................................................................... 71 Narrative Thematic Analysis ......................................................................................... 74 Reliabilitiy ..................................................................................................................... 81 Delimitations and Limitations ....................................................................................... 83 Ethics and Reflexivity ................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 4 – Results ......................................................................................... …………. 92 Chapter 5 - Discussion Conclusions and Recommendations ..........................................207 References........................................................................................................................230 i Appendix A......................................................................................................................285 Appendix B......................................................................................................................286 Appendix C 1...................................................................................................................287 Appendix C 2 - Narrative thematic analysis matrix.........................................................288 Appendix D Psychological warfare pamphelt I...............................................................289 Appendix E Psychological warfare pamphlet II..............................................................290 Appendix F Dedan Kimathi Wachiuri - KLFA Commander in Chief.............................291 ii List of Abbreviations GEMA Gikuyu Embu Meru Association KA Kikuyu Association KAU Kenya African Union KCA Kikuyu Central Association KLFA Kenya Land and Freedom Army KLLA Kenya Land Liberation Army YKA Young Kikuyu Association iii Abstract This dissertation investigated how the Gikuyu people of central Kenya understood justice, forgiveness and trauma healing or their absence during a decade of intra-group reciprocal violence. This qualitative research study employed the narrative research method utilizing the “Williams Model” (Riessman, 2008). Field interviews were guided by a primary research question: What do the narratives of perpetrators and victims in reciprocal violence reveal about their understanding of justice, forgiveness and trauma healing or their absence? Fourteen research participants aged 78 to 92 years shared their full narratives. Current conflict analysis literature overwhelmingly centers on the victims and less on perpetrators. The reseach sample allowed perpetrator voices to be heard. The findings of this study suggest that the absence of justice as defined by the stakeholders is a primary perceived barrier towards forgiveness and trauma healing in post-conflict environments. While restorative justice literature offers hope in repairing harm, it’s applicability in this study bears some complications when faced with the unreadiness of perpetrators to face their victims in a voluntary process. An extended discussion on restorative justice is offered under implications. Fair land re-distribution was identified as the most preferred response to the question of justice but is yet to be addressed. This stalemate suggests the need for a new negotiated framing and definition of justice if progress
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Kenyan British Colonial Experience
    Peace and Conflict Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Decolonizing Through a Peace and Article 2 Conflict Studies Lens 5-2018 Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Peter Karari [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karari, Peter (2018) "Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience," Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol. 25 : No. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1436 Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Peace & Conflict Studies at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peace and Conflict Studies by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Abstract Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness And
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2015 Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962 Daniel Njoroge Karanja Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the African Studies Commons, Community-Based Research Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Daniel Njoroge Karanja. 2015. Perpetrator and Victim Constructions of Justice, Forgiveness and Trauma Healing: Results of a Thematic Narrative Study of Intra-group Conflict in Colonial Central Kenya, 1952-1962. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences. (21) http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/21. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya: Decolonization, Democracy and the Struggle for Uhuru ______
    Meyer 1 Mount Holyoke College Kenya: Decolonization, Democracy and the Struggle for Uhuru _______________________________________________________________________ Kathryn R. Meyer Senior Thesis in International Relations April 27, 2015 Meyer 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….…………. i Abstract………………………………………………..……………………………...……………. ii Chapter I: Introduction …...………………….……………………………..…………. 1 Research Questions………………………………………………………………. 5 Thesis Organization…………………………………………………..………….. 6 Chapter II: Literature Review………………………………………………………... 10 Terminology …………………………………………..………………………………… 14 Framework of Empire ………………………………….…..………………………….. 16 Primary Source Material ……………………………………..………………………. 17 Methodology …………………………………………………………….……………... 18 Chapter III: British Policies Prior to Independence………………………………... 19 British Land Acts …………………………………………..………………………….. 21 Anti-Colonialism and Nationalism …………………………………..……………… 25 Chapter IV: Decolonization …………………………….……………………………. 31 Chapter V: Independence, 1960-1964………….…………………………………….. 36 Chapter VI: The Kenyatta Era ………………………………………………………. 58 Chapter VII: Arap Moi and 25 Years Post-Independence ………………………… 71 Chapter VIII: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………. 78 Appendix ………………………..………..…………………………………………….. Bibliography ……………………………..…………………………………………….. Meyer i Acknowledgements This project would never have been possible without my initial project advisor, Professor Kavita Datla. From the first ill-prepared proposal in my junior year spring to the creation of my first few chapters
    [Show full text]
  • Colonialism and the Agikuyu Women's Indigenous
    COLONIALISM AND THE AGIKUYU WOMEN’S INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS ON FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN KIAMBU, KENYA, 1902-1963. MARTHA WANJIRU MURAYA A Research Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Chuka University. CHUKA UNIVERSTY SEPTEMBER, 2019 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION ii COPYRIGHT © 2019 No size of this research may be replicated or transferred in any manner lacking written authorization from the researcher or Chuka University. All rights are reserved. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my dear parents Mr. Francis Muraya and Mrs Felister Wairimu Muraya. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, my sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God for giving me the opportunity and the ability to accomplish this noble academic task and for providing me with everything I needed. It has taken His mighty hand for me to complete this study. Special thanks also go to Chuka University for giving me University innovation and commercialization research grant to facilitate the data collection, and for giving me the study leave without which this work would have been impossible. I am greatly indebted to my supervisors Dr. Lazarus K. Ngari and Dr. Geofrey K. Gathungu for their tireless effort to read and guide my work. They have been a great source of inspiration and encouragement in all stages leading to the completion of this thesis. I honor their continuous dedication, intelligence, humility and handwork. Thank you for nurturing me to the World of scholarship, God bless you abundantly. Profound appreciation is extended to the Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Perpetrator Trauma and Mass Atrocity
    OF MONSTERS AND MEN: PERPETRATOR TRAUMA AND MASS ATROCITY Saira Mohamed* In popular, scholarly, and legal discourse, psychological trauma is an experience that belongs to victims. While we expect victims of crimes to suffer trauma, we never ask whether perpetrators likewise experience those same crimes as trauma. Indeed, if we consider trauma in the perpetration of a crime at all, it is usually to inquire whether a terrible experience earlier in life drove a person toward wrongdoing. We are loath to acknowledge that the commission of the crime itself may cause some perpetrators to experience their own psychological injury and scarring. This Article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of crime and trauma by initiating a long-overdue conversation about perpetrator trauma. Specifically, this Article argues that perpetrator trauma exists and merits attention. In doing so, it traces a cultural evolution in the concept of trauma from a psychological category to a moral one, and in response, it proposes a counternarrative of trauma—one that recognizes trauma as a neutral, human trait, divorced from morality, and not incompatible with choice and agency. Finally, this Article argues that we ignore this counternarrative of trauma at our peril. Acknowledging the reality of perpetrator trauma can improve reconciliation efforts in the aftermath of mass atrocity by exposing the need to rehabilitate perpetrators. As importantly, recog- nizing perpetrator trauma erodes the all-too-common perception of perpetrators as cartoonish monsters by exposing
    [Show full text]
  • The Wounded Healer: a Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Counselors-In-Training with Complex Trauma Histories
    University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC Dissertations Student Research 11-2019 The Wounded Healer: A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Counselors-In-Training With Complex Trauma Histories Jessica Leigh Manson Follow this and additional works at: https://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations © 2019 JESSECA LEIGH MANSON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO Greeley, Colorado The Graduate School THE WOUNDED HEALER: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EXPERIENCES OF COUNSELORS-IN-TRAINING WITH COMPLEX TRAUMA HISTORIES A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Jesseca Leigh Manson College of Education and Behavioral Sciences Applied Psychology and Counselor Education Counselor Education and Supervision December 2019 This Dissertation by: Jesseca Leigh Manson Entitled: The Wounded Healer: A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Counselors-in-Training with Complex Trauma Histories has been approved as meeting the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Education and Behavioral Sciences in the School of Applied Psychology and Counselor Education, Program of Counselor Education and Supervision. Accepted by the Doctoral Committee Heather Helm, Ph.D., Research Advisor Jennifer Murdock-Bishop, Ph.D., Committee Member Danielle Kahlo, Ph.D., Committee Member Angela Vaughan, Ph.D., Faculty Representative Date of Dissertation Defense Accepted by the Graduate School Cindy Wesley Interim Associate Provost
    [Show full text]
  • The Ins and Outs of Nationalism in Kenya: from Early Contact to Confrontation (1800’S-1960’S)
    MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF ORAN FACULTY OF LETTERS, LANGUAGES AND ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGES SECTION OF ENGLISH The Ins and Outs of Nationalism in Kenya: From Early Contact to Confrontation (1800’s-1960’s) Thesis submitted to the Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages in Candidature for the Degree of DOCTORAT in African Civilisation Presented by : Supervised by : Mr. Belkacem Ghassoul Prof. Badra Lahouel Board of Examiners: President : Sidi Mohamed Lakhdar Barka Maître de conférences A University of Oran Supervisor: Badra Lahouel Professeur University of Oran Examiner : Fouzi Borsali Professeur University of Adrar Examiner : Abbes Bahous Professeur University of Mostaganem Examiner : Fewzia Bedjaoui Maître de conférences A University of Sidi Belabbes Examiner : Belkacem Belmekki Maître de conférences A University of Oran Academic Year : 2009-2010 DECLARATION I, hereby, declare that this work has not already been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted in candidature for any other degree. Belkacem GHASSOUL The researching, preparation and presentation of the thesis have been undertaken entirely by the author. Belkacem GHASSOUL I DEDICATION To my family and friends II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Professor Badra Lahouel whose patience, confidence, wisdom and grace have been central to the making of this work. She read and tracked down obscure passages. Her knowledge and most valuable general intellectual comments have lightened my reflection as a researcher and inspired my prospects as a teacher. I am deeply aware of the great privilege I have to have her as my supervisor, to have met her, and I do wish, one day, to be faithful to the most honourable values that she embodies as an Algerian intellectual.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopolitical Violence, Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding in Kenya: Nurturing a Tripartite Hybridity
    Ethnopolitical Violence, Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding in Kenya: Nurturing a Tripartite Hybridity By Peter Karari A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in the Partial Fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copy Right © 2014 by Peter Karari 1 DECLARATION “I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.” Peter Karari, October 10, 2014 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank our almighty God for his grace, favor, knowledge, and soundness of mind in the course of writing my doctoral thesis. Secondly, I thank myself for the un-fatigued efforts and resilience to work tirelessly in the course of my research and the compilation of my doctoral thesis. I cannot forget Margaret Mitchell (1948) whose novel ‘gone with the wind’ nurtured my philosophy of life thus: whatever a man has done, a man can do. The resilience of her main character, Scarlet O’Hara taught me to work hard, to persevere, to be patient, to hope, to be resilient, and to strive for the excellence. Special thanks go to my family comprising my wife Mercy; daughters Precious and Joy; and Son Peace for your daily prayers, encouragement, and support in the course of my doctoral studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 55
    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 55 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. First published in the UK in 2013 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361 4231 Printed by Windrush Group Windrush House Avenue Two Station Lane Witney OX28 4XW 3 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CB CBE Vice-Chairman Group Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary Group Captain K J Dearman FRAeS Membership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA Members Air Commodore G R Pitchfork MBE BA FRAes Wing Commander C Cummings *J S Cox Esq BA MA *AVM P Dye OBE BSc(Eng) CEng ACGI MRAeS *Group Captain P J M Squires OBE MA BEng *Wing Commander S Hayler MA BSc(Eng) Editor & Publications Wing Commander C G Jefford MBE BA Manager *Ex Officio 4 CONTENTS BOMBER COMMAND AND THE LESSONS OF THE BLITZ 6 1940-1941 by Professor Richard Overy SUMMARY OF THE MINUTES OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH 22 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING HELD IN THE ROYAL AIR FORCE CLUB ON 20 JUNE 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • RACE, GENDER, and the BODY in COLONIAL KENYA by CONOR
    MAU MAU AND MASCULINITY: RACE, GENDER, AND THE BODY IN COLONIAL KENYA by CONOR JOSEPH WARD WILKINSON B.A. (Hons.), Huron University College, 2015 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2017 © Conor Joseph Ward Wilkinson, 2017 Abstract This thesis interrogates the role of British conceptions of race, gender, and the body in the detention camps that Britain established in Kenya during the Mau Mau Emergency (1952-1960). It aims to reframe the ways we consider the violence that occurred in these camps. To date, scholars have been largely uncritical about the ways in which masculinity operated during the Emergency. They have not reflected on the way British masculinity affected—and was affected by—the colonial sphere. Those that have considered gender have generally assumed that static, timeless notions of manhood were imported to Kenya, and that tropes about manliness were utilized unidirectionally by colonizers against colonized. In contrast, this thesis argues that Mau Mau detention camps amplified the hierarchy of racialized masculinity in Kenya to new extremes, resulting in physical and mental torture of tens of thousands of detained Africans. Importantly, British men’s attempts to define and control African detainees’ minds and bodies according to their preconceptions of race, gender, and the body ran jointly with colonial administrators’ efforts to police their own officer corps. Understanding how British men conceived the masculine body—particularly as it related to its racialization (or lack thereof)—is imperative if we are to make sense of the violence done against African men in the Mau Mau camps.
    [Show full text]
  • Intimate Partner Violence
    INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE About the Author Teresa Crowe, PhD, LICSW is a licensed clinical social worker in the District of Columbia and Maryland. She is a professor of social work at Gallaudet University and teaches practice, theory, and research in the MSW program. Her recent research focuses on deaf and hard of hearing populations, especially in the areas of behavioral health, intimate partner violence, telemental health, and help-seeking. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this learning activity, the reader will be able to: 1) Define the different types of intimate partner violence. 2) Recognize indicators of intimate partner violence for each type. 3) Identify different types of intimate partner violence prevention strategies. 4) Explain the value and procedures of screening, immediate intervention, and assessment for IPV. 5) Explain help seeking dynamics, reasons why many victims do not seek help, and the transtheoretical stages of change model. 6) List the components of a safety plan. 7) Recognize the multidimensional levels of trauma individuals exposed to intimate partner violence may experience. 8) Describe trauma-informed treatment and specific interventions for IPV survivors and families. 9) Analyze factors in IPV perpetration, IPV homicide, and perpetrator treatment. 10) Identify legal and mandatory reporting issues relevant to IPV intervention. 11) Recognize cultural considerations in treatment planning. 12) Explain specific intervention techniques and applications for individuals, children, and families. 13) Describe aspects of culture that shape varied meanings of IPV trauma. 14) Explain how minority stress theory applies to victims of IPV. 15) Identify IPV-related issues among survivors of varied cultural/ethnic groups. 16) Recognize special populations that are disproportionately affected by IPV and important factors related to their help seeking.
    [Show full text]
  • Mau Mau Reparations, Memorialization and Kenya's Future by Sironka Amy Wanjiru Reg No: 637671 Summer 2016
    MAU MAU REPARATIONS, MEMORIALIZATION AND KENYA’S FUTURE BY SIRONKA AMY WANJIRU REG NO: 637671 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Humanities and Social Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY- AFRICA SUMMER 2016 vi STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college, institution or university other than the United States International University – Africa in Nairobi for academic credit. Signed: ________________________ Date: __________________ (Sironka Amy Wanjiru) This thesis has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor. Signed: ________________________ Date: _____________________ (Dr. Duncan Ojwang) Signed: _______________________ Date: ____________________ Dean, School of Humanities & Sciences Signed: _______________________ Date: _________________ Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs vii © Copyright by Sironka Amy 2016 All Rights Reserved viii Abstract The Mau Mau uprising took place between 1952 and 1960 in Kenya. It was a revolt against the British colonial government by the Kenyan local communities. During the uprising, many Africans were tortured and others killed by the colonial government. In 2002, the victims of torture filed a civil case in the United Kingdom. It was opposed by the Foreign Affairs ministry of the United Kingdom on the grounds of lapse of time. The court overruled this objection in 2012 and allowed the case to proceed to full hearing. In June 2013 and before the main hearing of the case could start, the United Kingdom government offered an out of court settlement to the victims of torture to compensate them at the sum of £20 million and the victims agreed to the offer.
    [Show full text]