The Ins and Outs of Nationalism in Kenya: from Early Contact to Confrontation (1800’S-1960’S)
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MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF ORAN FACULTY OF LETTERS, LANGUAGES AND ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGES SECTION OF ENGLISH The Ins and Outs of Nationalism in Kenya: From Early Contact to Confrontation (1800’s-1960’s) Thesis submitted to the Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages in Candidature for the Degree of DOCTORAT in African Civilisation Presented by : Supervised by : Mr. Belkacem Ghassoul Prof. Badra Lahouel Board of Examiners: President : Sidi Mohamed Lakhdar Barka Maître de conférences A University of Oran Supervisor: Badra Lahouel Professeur University of Oran Examiner : Fouzi Borsali Professeur University of Adrar Examiner : Abbes Bahous Professeur University of Mostaganem Examiner : Fewzia Bedjaoui Maître de conférences A University of Sidi Belabbes Examiner : Belkacem Belmekki Maître de conférences A University of Oran Academic Year : 2009-2010 DECLARATION I, hereby, declare that this work has not already been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not concurrently being submitted in candidature for any other degree. Belkacem GHASSOUL The researching, preparation and presentation of the thesis have been undertaken entirely by the author. Belkacem GHASSOUL I DEDICATION To my family and friends II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to Professor Badra Lahouel whose patience, confidence, wisdom and grace have been central to the making of this work. She read and tracked down obscure passages. Her knowledge and most valuable general intellectual comments have lightened my reflection as a researcher and inspired my prospects as a teacher. I am deeply aware of the great privilege I have to have her as my supervisor, to have met her, and I do wish, one day, to be faithful to the most honourable values that she embodies as an Algerian intellectual. I am immeasurably indebted to Professor Fouzi Borsali who never failed to provide useful books and encouragement. During the course of my research I have been the grateful recipient of invaluable assistance from Dr. Nait Brahim and Dr. Belmekki. I am fortunate in their friendship. Besides, I am indebted to the following: Dr. Sidi Mohamed Lakhdar Barka Pr. Abbes Bahous Dr. Fewzia Bedjaoui for having accepted to read and evaluate my dissertation. III TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES…....................................................... VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS.......................................................................... IX GLOSSARY............................................................................................ XI INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND FACTS ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF KENYA (15th –end of the 19th )................................... 25 I. The International Scene................................................................ 27 A. The British Scene..................................................................... 34 II. The African Context...................................................................... 37 A. Pre-colonial Africa................................................................... 37 1. Factors Facilitating British Penetration............................... 40 B. Establishment of a Colony........................................................ 44 1. Early Stages of British Settlement........................................ 44 C. Kenyan Early Resistance.......................................................... 57 1. Identification of Resisting Tribes........................................ 60 1.1 Bantu Speaking Population............................................. 60 1.2 The Nilo-Hamitic Speaking Population......................... 61 1.3 The Hamitic Speaking Population.................................... 61 2. Resistance Through Warfare............................................... 62 III. Nation and Nationalism................................................................. 72 A- What is Meant by Nation?........................................................ 72 B- What is Nationalism?............................................................... 74 C- Nationalism and Kenya............................................................ 77 IV CHAPTER TWO: BRITISH MACHINERY, THE LAND ISSUE AND FURTHER KENYAN RESISTANCE (1900-1914)................... 82 I. Consolidation of British Machinery and its Consequences........... 84 A. British Policies and Land Expropriation................................. 90 B. Forced Labour and Taxation.................................................... 108 C. Missionaries and Education..................................................... 113 D. The Question of Representation.............................................. 121 II. Further Kenyan Resistance Through Natavistic Organizations............................................................................... 122 CHAPTER THREE: POLITICAL AWAKENING AND FACTORS LEADING TO THE RISE OF NATIONALISM (1914- 1945)........................................................................................................ 131 I. Factors Leading to the Rise of Nationalism................................ 132 A. Exogenous Factors................................................................... 133 1. The First World War and its After-Effects.................... 133 2. Pan-Africanism.............................................................. 140 3. The Universal Negro Improvement Association........... 144 4. Communism................................................................... 145 5. Turmoil in India............................................................. 147 6. The Great Depression (1929)......................................... 148 7. World War Two............................................................. 150 B. Endogenous Factors................................................................ 155 1. British Machinery and Settlers’ Pressures.................... 155 2. The Rural Sector and Land Scarcity............................. 165 3. The Urban Sector and Population Concentration................................................................ 173 4. Labour and Squatter’s Advent...................................... 176 5. Missionaries and their Ongoing Impact........................ 180 V II Growth of Better Organized Associations................................ 182 A. Syncretistic Associations...................................................... 183 B. Modernist, Educational and Other Movements.................... 191 C. Further Political Associations........................................................... 199 D. The Organization and Failings of Associations............................ 205 1. Organization.................................................................... 206 2. Failings............................................................................ 208 CHAPTER FOUR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAU MAU UPRISING (1940’S-1963) 214 I.. The Etymology of the Word Mau Mau....................................... 217 II. The Origin and the Key-Architects of the Movement.................. 219 A. The Political Plane................................................................ 219 B. The Economic Plane and Population.................................... 224 C. The Social Plane................................................................... 228 III. The Emergent Patterns of Resistance........................................... 232 A. Oathing Ceremonies............................................................. 234 IV. The Ongoing Patterns of Resistance............................................ 237 A. The State of Emergency....................................................... 241 V. The Kenya Parliament................................................................... 266 VI. Anvil Operation and Government Strategy.................................. 267 VII. Disintegration and Propaganda................................................... 271 VIII. Mau Mau and Nationalism…………………………………… 288 CONCLUSION....................................................................................... 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................. 300 ANNEXES........................................................................................... 315 VI Annex I: Letters................................................................................. 316 Annex II: Interviews............................................................................... 340 Annex III: Speeches................................................................................. 354 Annex IV: Resolutions............................................................................. 358 Annex IV: Income and Expenditure Record of Kenya Parliament.......... 360 VII LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES MAPS Maps Map1: Merchant places along the East African Coast.......................... 29 Map 2: Kenya boundaries as drawn by the British…………………... 38 Map 3: Some warring tribes in East Africa.......................................... 42 Map 4: Railway transportation in the East African Protectorate.......... 55 Map 5: Enumeration and distribution of some tribes (1870-1905)...... 61 Map 6: Location of population by clans............................................... 80 Map 7: The East African campaign, 1914-18....................................... 134 Map 8: Kenya districts, 1950s……………………………………….. 251 TABLES Table 1: Somme important