Developments

BALLISTIC, , AND MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS, MARCH 1995-JUNE 1995

AUSTRALIA WITH

ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA 5/21/95 Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans tells a news conference that India’s deploy- ment of is a destabilizing factor in the region. Evans also says that INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS India’s missile programs are a threat because they can trigger reciprocal arms build-ups 5/95 5/26/95 by other countries in the region. Argentine Foreign Minister Guido Di Tella Australia launches its first liquid-fueled Radio Network (Islamabad), 5/21/95; in says that suspension of the Condor missile rocket, the Asroc-2 Mark 2, from an in- FBIS-NES-95-099, 5/21/95 (5208). project and the accession of his country to clined rail at Woomera Rocket Range. A the MTCR, together with other arms con- malfunction in the helium pressure regula- trol policies, elevates to an ex- tor of the liquid oxygen tank reduces the AUSTRALIA WITH emplary position in the international com- rocket’s range, speed, and altitude by half. munity. Peter Shann Ford, Space News, 6/5/95-6/11/95, p. 4/23/95 27 (5110). Susana Merlo, Ambito Financiero (), Australian Defense Minister Robert Ray vis- 5/17/95, p. 16; in FBIS-LAT-95-098, 5/17/95 (5006). its Israel and discusses possible purchase of the Israeli Aircraft Industries/Rafael Barak- AUSTRALIA WITH FRANCE AND 1 point-defense missile systems for the Aus- tralian Navy’s FFG-7 frigates. Flight International, 4/26/95-5/2/95, p. 14 (5088). The numbers listed in parentheses following the 3/95 bibliographic references refer to the identification Australia announces its intention to make a number of the document in the International final decision, before the end of 1995, on AUSTRALIA WITH Missile Proliferation Project Database, from which the news summaries are abstracted. whether to equip the RAAF’s F-111C/Gs, Because of the rapidly changing nature of the and possibly F-18s, with Rafael’s 4/95 subject matter, The Nonproliferation Review is or Rockwell’s AGM-130 air-to-surface mis- The Russian enterprise STC Complex and unable to guarantee that the information reported sile. Deliveries of the missiles could then the Australian Space Office initiate a study herein is complete or accurate, and disclaims commence by FY 1996-97. into the feasibility of launching Russia’s Start liability to any party for any loss or damage Flight International, 3/29/95-4/4/95, p. 9 (5087). SLV from Australia, taking into account caused by errors or omissions. ’s MTCR obligations. The study is expected to be complete by the third quar- ter of 1995. Russia could then begin ship-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 153 Missile Developments ping rockets to Australia in 1997. 4/95 personnel demobilized from the Belarusian Warren Ferster, Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. Bahrain seeks the U.S. Army Tactical Mis- strategic missile forces. Duffy assures 29 (4982). Warren Ferster, Space News, 4/24/95- Belarus that Congress will continue to sup- 4/30/95, p. 24 (5062). sile System for its existing MLRS but, ac- cording to a Pentagon official, the U.S. is port U.S financing for disarmament. The restricted from transferring this system un- U.S. plans to give Belarus $6 million for der the MTCR. the destruction of approximately 15,000 tons AUSTRALIA WITH UNITED STATES Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 4/17/95, pp. 1, 45 of rocket fuel left behind by Russian troops. (5048). Belapan (Minsk), 1/25/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 5/95 2/14/95, p. 48 (5024). Australian officials say plans to develop software as part of a cooperative ground- 5/95 based theater missile defense research project Belarus’ First Deputy Foreign Minister with the U.S. will not violate the ABM BELARUS Valeriy Tsepkalo says that the U.S. has Treaty and do not reflect a change in granted Belarus an additional $6 million for Australia’s opposition to “Star Wars” re- the destruction of dismantled missile launch search. The software will be designed to facilities at Krona. There were 81 such locate and destroy incoming missiles. launch sites in Belarus following the breakup Graeme Dobell, Radio Australia (Melbourne), 5/ INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS of the former Soviet Union. 19/95 (5082). Interfax (Moscow), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 5/18/95 (5137). 12/27/94 Belarusian President Alyaksandr 6/23/95 Lukashenka says that every country of the The U.S. agrees to give Belarus $19 mil- AZERBAIJAN former USSR has the right to sell its share lion to “monitor the physical protection of of military technology developed while part nuclear materials in Sosny, to destroy liq- of the Union. Lukashenka confirms that uid rocket fuel and missile launching pads, Belarus has sold S-300 missile system com- and also to destroy the nuclear infrastruc- ponents, but claims that no one intends to ture.” sell a complete system. AZERBAIJAN WITH IRAN Valentin Menshikov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/23/95; Zenon Starchenko, Khreshchatyk (Kiev), 1/20/95, in FBIS-SOV-95-122, 6/23/95 (5123). p. 2; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, pp. 50-51 6/95 (5065). Azerbaijan sells six Kub air defense missile launchers to Iran. Due to their poor condi- tion, Iran is forced to cannibalize them to BELARUS WITH RUSSIA BOSNIA make three serviceable launchers. Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/6/95, p. 5/26/95 3; in JPRS-UMA-95-025, 6/6/95 (5104). The head of Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops, Staff Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, says 18 ICBMs remaining in Belarus will INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS be transferred to Russia by the end of 1995. BAHRAIN Yesin states that Russia maintains opera- 5/95 tional control over the missiles. Photographs taken of “improvised weapons” Doug Clarke, Omri Daily Digest, 5/29/95 (5041). deployed by Bosnian Serb forces in the Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (5117). Majevica mountain region show a 127 mm air-to-surface rocket launcher, which may have come from a MiG-21, and an AA-2B AHRAIN WITH NITED TATES B U S (‘Atoll’) AAM on an improvised mount. BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES [The weapons have been modified for a sur- 1/95 face-to-surface role.] The U.S. agrees to sell Bahrain a Hawk air 1/95 Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/13/95, p. 12 (5103). defense battery. U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 4/17/95, pp. 1, 45 Gloria Duffy meets with Belarus govern- 6/95 (5048). ment officials to discuss disarmament, de- Press reports indicate that the improvised fense conversion, and housing needs for rocket system which the Bosnian Serbs used

154 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments to attack Bihac in the spring of 1995 may de Satelites (VLS) SLV, which is still under WITH RUSSIA AND have employed ‘Saggar’ anti-tank missile development by the Instituto de Aeronautica UNITED STATES components in order to control the simulta- a Espaco. The three-stage, solid-fuel VLS neous ignition and cut-off of its four 122/ is based on the Sonda 4 sounding rocket 5/95 128 mm rockets. The weapon has a 10 km and stands 19 m high with four strap-on The Clinton administration determines that range and is launched from a truck mounted motors. The VLS is capable of placing a Russia recently transferred advanced mis- rail. This improvised design allows Bosnian 200 kg payload into a 750 km, 25-degree sile technology to Brazil but indicates in a Serb forces to deliver heavy ordnance, in- orbit, or a 500 km sun-synchronous orbit. secret memo to Congress that it will waive cluding fuel-air bombs, without aircraft. The VLS is scheduled for its first launch in sanctions. According to a Clinton adminis- Jane’s Intelligence Review Pointer, 6/95, p. 6 (5100). 6/96. Although its development has been tration official, the decision to waive sanc- slowed by MTCR restrictions, Brazil is said tions over the sale of carbon fiber, which is 6/28/95 to have obtained advanced technology, in- used in building rocket motor cases, comes The Republic of Serb Krajina displays the cluding micro-electronics, from Russia and after a Russian promise to stop sales to Bra- indigenously-designed and produced K-15 elsewhere via the black market. Construc- zil. A Brazilian official says that Brazil’s ‘Krajina’ missile. The K-15 has a 150 km tion of a nuclear submarine in Rio de Janeiro 2/94 [as published] promise to adhere to range. will be completed in 2000. The total num- MTCR guidelines applies only to the sale Tanjug (Belgrade), 6/28/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-125, ber of Brazilian vehicles capable of carry- and not to the purchase of missile technol- 6/28/95 (5081). ing nuclear warheads may rise to several ogy. U.S. officials say the decision to waive hundred in the future, possibly to include sanctions is part of an effort to encourage several cruise missiles. Brazil to become a full MTCR member. Nilolay Kuchin, Novoye Vremya (Moscow), 5/95; BRAZIL in FBIS-LAT-95-106, 6/2/95 (5017). Tim Furniss, Other U.S. officials are quoted as saying the Flight International, 6/21/95-6/27/95, p. 50 (5235). waiver could trigger instability in , prompting Argentina to renew its 6/8/95 Condor program. A Washington-based non- President Gylvan proliferation expert says the lack of com- Meira Filho says Brazil is preparing to im- mercial demand for Argentine and Brazil- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS prove existing export control mechanisms ian vehicles may lead to an for sensitive technologies. The improve- increased risk of the technology being trans- 3/95 ments are intended to prevent the prolifera- ferred to programs. The Brazilian Ministry of Aeronautics will tion of weapons of mass destruction and their R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/8/95, pp. A23, open the Alcantara Launch Center (CLA) A27 (5146). Warren Ferster, Space News, 6/12/ delivery systems. The Brazilian government 95-6/18/95, p. 12 (5234). to commercial launches, enabling Brazil to will send Congress a bill designed to im- compete in the international launch prove export control laws for the transfer of market. sensitive dual-use technology in the expec- Joaquim Monteiro, Correio Braziliense (Brasilia), BRAZIL WITH UNITED KINGDOM 3/12/95, p. 20; in FBIS-SOV-95-075, 3/12/95 tation that stricter regulations will facilitate (4990). the importation of components for its space program and preempt U.S. sanctions in re- 3/95 sponse to Brazil’s acquisition of Russian The U.K. will sell four Broadsword-class 5/95 frigates, armed with Seawolf missiles, to Brazil is constructing a new Inhaum class missile technology. Virginia Silveira, Gazeta Mercantil(Sao Paulo), 6/ Brazil. Deliveries are scheduled for between light frigate, the Barroso, which will be 9/95, p. a7; in FBIS-LAT-95-124, 6/28/95 (5250). 6/95 and 4/97. equipped with MM-40 surface-to- For Your Eyes Only, 3/20/95 (5055). surface missiles. Joris Janssen Lok, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/13/ 95, p. 25 (5005). BRAZIL WITH BRAZIL WITH UNITED STATES

6/2/95 3/95 2/95 Brazil has a potential nuclear delivery arse- Italy’s Alenia Sistemi Navali wins a $160 The head of Brazil’s Strategic Affairs Sec- nal which includes land-based Sonda rock- million contract from Brazil to equip six retariat Ambassador Ronaldo Sardemberg ets, as well as tactical warheads mounted Niteroi navy frigates with six Albatros- has informed U.S. Ambassador Melvin on ground-based SS-300 missiles and on Aspide SAM systems. Levitsky of Brazil’s intention to join the Barracuda sea-launched missiles. An ICBM Andrew Hill, Financial Times, 3/14/95, p. 9 (4964). MTCR. Brazil began to express interest in with a range of over 3,000 km could also be joining the MTCR in early 1994 and estab- built by converting the Veiculo Lancador lished norms for national export controls in

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 155 Missile Developments

12/94. including the Aswan High Dam. Sudan was Leandro Fortes, Jornal Do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), allied with Iraq during the of 1991. 2/7/95, p.4, in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, p.6 CROATIA Aleksandr Ivanov, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/18/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/18/95 (5205). 4/20/95 In an interview, Director of the Brazilian Space Agency Ajax Barros de Melo says that WITH Brazil’s commitment to join the MTCR, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS possibly by 10/95, should strengthen its 6/95 relationship with the U.S. In particular, de 5/95 Melo notes the significance of an anticipated Croatia has acquired 400 km-range Pershing Ukraine’s Security Service Administration memorandum of understanding with the missiles from unnamed Islamic countries (SBU) says that a Russian citizen Valeriy U.S. to facilitate future cooperation on space and S-300 SAMs for medium and high alti- Baytter has been arrested for attempting to projects. Brazil’s space efforts are focused tude defense from Russia. Croatia is re- steal classified information on the technical on the VLS satellite launcher and develop- portedly seeking to obtain 700 km-range specifications of missiles from the ment of the Alcantara launch site for com- SSMs. Pivdenmash facility in Dnepropetrovsk. In mercial launch purposes. Brazil expects that Zoran Lukic and Nik Kotej, Telegraf (Belgrade), 5/ 1994, Baytter apparently sent an assistant full MTCR membership will allow it to ac- 24/95, pp. 41-43; in FBIS-EEU-95-106, 5/24/95 to Pivdenmash to do the same thing, but he (5068). quire advanced technology which will then was also apprehended. Baytter says he was enable it to meet the scheduled 4/96 launch contracted by an Egyptian “entrepreneur,” date for the new expendable . 5/95 although the SBU believes the Egyptian is The Brazilian booster is a four-stage rocket During a national day parade, the Croatian in the service of an Arab intelligence agency. capable of placing a 150-kg payload into army exhibits S-300 (SA-10 ‘Grumble’) Volodymyr Zemlyanyy, Uryadovyy Kuryer (Kiev), orbit. Total funding for Brazil’s space re- SAMs, Swedish RBS15 anti-ship missiles, 6/20/95, p. 12; in FBIS-SOV-95-120, 6/20/95 search and development program, includ- and an adapted SA-2 ‘Guideline’ SAM with (5169). ing university and environmental projects, additional rocket boosters. Since no radar is $150 million, twice the figure allotted or support equipment are displayed, it is for 1994. From 1980 to 1995, Brazil in- not known if the S-300 is fully operational. EGYPT WITH vested approximately $300 million in its Possession of the S-300, which appears to space launch infrastructure. be a SA-10a ‘Grumble’ Mod O static sys- 6/95 Patrick Seitz, Space News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, pp. 3, tem, is a violation of the UN arms embargo. 29 (5144). Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. 6 UNSCOM Head Rolf Ekeus meets with (5145). Also displayed is the self-propelled Strela- Egyptian Foreign Minister ‘Amr Musa in 10-CRO system which, according to the Cairo to discuss Egypt’s past missile coop- Croatian Deputy Defense Minister Major- eration with Iraq. The meeting is intended General Vladimir Zagorec, was developed to verify information received from Iraq on entirely in Croatia. the joint Egyptian/Iraqi/Argentine Condor Jane’s Intelligence Review Pointer, 7/95, p. 4 (5066). II missile program and the joint Egyptian/ BULGARIA Fran Visnar, Vjesnik (Zagreb), 6/3/95, p. 5; in FBIS- EEU-95-111, 6/3/95 (5074). Iraqi chemical weapons program. Voice of the Iraqi People (Clandestine), 6/7/95; in FBIS-NES-95-110, 6/7/95 (5194).

BULGARIA WITH RUSSIA AND UKRAINE EGYPT 6/95 The Bulgarian Ministry of Defense buys ST- 68 radars from Ukraine after being told, incorrectly, that they were compatible with Bulgaria’s new Russian S-300 PMU air de- EGYPT WITH IRAQ AND SUDAN fense missile system. When the radars fail to work with the missile systems, Bulgaria 4/95 is forced to replace them with alternative In early 1/91 the Sudanese government re- models from Russia. portedly received missile systems from Iraq Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/6/95, p. and targeted them against sites in Egypt, 3; in JPRS-UMA-95-025, 6/6/95 (5104).

156 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

tion of the MM-40 Exocet and Otomat 6/95 (France/Italy) missiles for its coastal defense France sells Pakistan three additional Agosta FRANCE system. submarines armed with Exocet SM-39 anti- Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ ship missiles. 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Contracts, 6/95, pp. 1- 2 (5130).

FRANCE WITH AUSTRALIA AND UNITED FRANCE WITH FRANCE WITH STATES 3/95 4/18/95 3/95 Aerospatiale is trying to sell its MM-15 Taiwan’s Naval Commander-in-Chief Ku Australia announces its intention to make a surface-to-surface missile to Kuwait as part Chung-Lien states that the first of six final decision, before the end of 1995, on of the weapons package in the sale of eight Lafayette-class missile frigates will be de- whether to equip the RAAF’s F-111C/Gs, fast patrol boats. livered by France in 8/95, or 9/95, and will Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 6 (4969). and possibly F-18s, with Rafael’s Popeye be re-identified as the Kang Ting-class frig- or Rockwell’s AGM-130 air-to-surface mis- ate. CNA (Taipei), 4/18/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-075, 4/ sile. Deliveries of the missiles could then 3/27/95 France’s Ministry of Defense signs a 2.5 18/95 (4961). Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipei), 6/3/ commence by FY 1996-97. 95; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 6/3/95 (5125). Flight International, 3/29/95-4/4/95, p. 9 (5087). billion franc ($503 million) contract to pro- vide eight 250-ton missile-carrying patrol boats to Kuwait as replacements for naval craft destroyed during the Gulf War. Ku- FRANCE WITH FRANCE WITH INDIA wait is expected to eventually upgrade the boats’ weapons systems and France is still 3/95 6/95 offering its MM-15 surface-to-surface mis- The French company Aerospatiale has sold France indicates that it is willing to sell In- siles. over 6,000 missiles to the UAE in the last dia naval missiles and vessels which have Andrew Jack, Financial Times, 3/28/95, p. 2, decade, including AM-39 Exocet missiles hitherto been supplied to New Delhi only (4966). and MM-40 Exocet missiles. by Russia. These items include submarines Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ and ship-launched surface-to-air and anti- 5/95 95, p. 46 (4978). ship missiles. Kuwait is reported to have placed a $300 Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Contracts, 6/95, pp. 1- million order for U.S. Patriot and French 2 (5130). MM-40 missiles. Robin Allen, Financial Times, 5/23/95, p. 5 (5201). GERMANY FRANCE WITH IRAN FRANCE WITH 3/23/95 A close associate of French Interior Minis- 4/95 ter Charles Pasqua, Jean-Charles Marchiani, Malaysia will buy two Yarrow frigates GERMANY WITH IRAN is reported to have helped ship arms that equipped with eight MM-40 and were “probably air-to-ground missiles” to 16 Seawolf missiles in 1996. 3/95 Iran, on or near 10/11/94. It is alleged that Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. Fifty German scientists are reported to be the arms were transshipped through Alge- 37-40 (5056). working in the Iranian civil and military ria and . aviation sectors, including Iran’s ballistic David Buchan, Financial Times, 3/23/95, p. 2 (5222). missile programs. FRANCE WITH PAKISTAN Intelligence Newsletter, 3/16/95, p. 7 (5219).

4/95 FRANCE WITH ITALY AND UNITED ARAB Pakistan recently purchased SM-39 subma- GERMANY WITH PRC EMIRATES rine-launched Exocet missiles, and main- tains air-launched AM-39 missiles. 5/5/95 3/18/95 Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. Vice-President of Great Wall Indus- 37-40 (5056). The UAE is said to be considering acquisi- try Liu Zhixiong, and President of the Sat-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 157 Missile Developments ellite Systems division of Daimler-Benz HUNGARY WITH POLAND Peter Denker sign a contract to launch the Nahuel 1 satellite on China’s Long March 4/28/95 INDIA 3C rocket in 1997. The agreement brings Polish Prime Minister Jozef Olesky and to seven China’s total number of outstand- National Defense Minister Zbigniew ing launch contracts for GTO . Okonski meet with Hungarian Defense Min- Tim Furniss, Flight International, 5/17/95-5/23/95, p. 18 (4991). ister Gyorgy Keleti and agree to host exer- cises involving a Hungarian air defense mis- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS sile unit later in 1995. Poland also raises the possibility of purchasing electronics 3/95 ERMANY WITH USSIA G R from Hungary for use in its UAVs. India begins small-scale production of the PAP (Warsaw), 4/28/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-085-A, track-mounted C band Rajendra phased-ar- 6/95 4/28/95 (5106). ray radar system. Russia’s Khrunichev State Research and Pro- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/1/95, p. 10 (4970). duction Center and Germany’s Daimler Benz (DASA) initiate the ‘Rockot’ project, which HUNGARY WITH RUSSIA 3/95 will use an SS-19 ICBM attached to a new India’s first indigenous remotely piloted ‘Breeze’ upper stage to boost 1,800 kg pay- 5/95 vehicle (RPV), the Falcon, passes airframe loads to low/medium earth orbits. Financed Russia begins talks with the Hungarian and aerodynamics tests. The Falcon has a by an innovative debt refinancing package, Defense Ministry to determine the weapons 200 km range and is equipped with televi- the project seeks to begin launching from that Hungary will purchase to reduce its sion and forward-looking infrared sensors. Plesetsk in 1997. $300 million debt. Hungarian Defense Defense News, 3/13/95-3/19/95, p. 15 (5047). Craig Covault, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/19/95, pp. 26-27 (5059). Ministry spokesman Lajo Erdelyi says Hun- gary would like to purchase “long-range 3/95 missile launchers.” The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Attila Lenart, Nepszava (Budapest), 4/27/95, p.3; Control’s Risk Report states that India should in FBIS-EEU-95-082, 4/27/95 (5083). be able to target any location on the planet Nepszabadsag (Budapest), 6/27/95, p. 1; in FBIS- with nuclear weapons in the near future. HUNGARY EEU-95-124, 6/27/95 (5136). According to the CIA, India is developing a lightweight nuclear warhead which would make nuclear strikes using the and a UNGARY WITH NITED TATES H U S future GSLV-ICBM variant a possibility. India is said to have used extensive overt INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 5/2/95 and covert foreign assistance to develop its Hungarian foreign affairs spokesman Gabor missile and nuclear programs. 5/95 Szentivanyi says that Hungary’s defense and Ali Abbas Rizvi, Asian Defence Journal, 3/95, p. Hungarian Defense Minister Gyorgy Keleti foreign ministries will sign an agreement 89 (5216). says that destruction of Hungary’s offensive with the U.S. to demolish Scud tactical mis- Scud missiles will begin in 5/95. siles which were decommissioned in the 3/95 Karoly Levai, Kossuth Radio Network (Budapest), early 1990s. The Indian Parliament approves ISRO’s bud- 5/20/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-098, 5/20/95 (5060). MTI (Budapest), 5/2/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-085-A, get for FY 1995/96. The PSLV and GSLV 5/2/95 (5060). take up the majority of the $330 million 5/29/95 budget, which is 31 percent larger for FY Hungarian Defense Minister Gyorgy Keleti 1994/95. The PSLV will receive $85.19 and representatives from the NATO assem- million for three additional flights; the bly attend a ceremony during which GSLV will receive $111.9 million for de- Hungary’s last Scud-B missile is destroyed. velopment of its cryogenic upper stage and Although it is unlikely that nuclear warheads $39.3 for other work. Funding is also pro- were ever stationed in Hungary, the Scud vided for an additional . India missiles in question were nuclear-capable. also approves the construction of a second Tamas Luigits, Kossuth Radio Network (Budapest), launch pad at the Sriharikota Space Center. 5/29/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-103 (5060). In 1997, India plans to place a 1,500/2,500 kg satellite into orbit using the GSLV. Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 3/20/95-3/26/95,

158 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

p. 8 (5051). Flight International, 3/29/94-4/4/95, All India Radio Network (Delhi), 4/27/95; in FBIS- oxygen and hydrogen propellents to produce p. 28 (4975). EAS-095, 4/27/95 (5156). a cryogenic engine that will be “similar to the Russian one but not the same.” 3/6/95 4/28/95 Raj Chengappa, India Today (Delhi), 6/30/95, pp. ISRO chairman Krishnaswamy Kastur- India completes formation of the 333 Mis- 128-129; in FBIS-NES-95-124, 6/30/95 (5196). irangan states that India’s air-breathing sile Group and inducts “high quality” offic- rocket technology developments “have not ers into the unit. Based in Hyderabad, 333 6/95 achieved very much.” This is due partially Missile Group is comprised of 12 Privthi The special materials plant of India’s Nuclear to the financial and scientific requirements launchers divided into three subunits of four Fuel Complex near Hyderabad produces a of ISRO’s PSLV and GSLV programs, which launchers. The group is expected to join special niobium, hafnium, and titanium al- drew resources away from other programs. India’s Western Command for potential op- loy for use in India’s space program. The In 1992, two 3 m long model ABR-200 ram- erations against Pakistan and has been as- alloy, which is particularly useful because jet vehicles were flight tested at the ISRO’s signed “conventional monolith warheads.” of its high temperature strength, ductility Shriharikota Range, reaching velocities of Pravin Sawhney, Asian Age (Delhi), 4/29/95, p. 1; and weldability, was imported previously Mach 2.3. The air-breathing rocket project in FBIS-NES-95-083, 4/29/95 (5195). from the U.S. The U.S. is the only other is headed by J.D.A. Surbaramanyam at the manufacturer of this particular alloy. Vikram Sarabhai Space Center in 5/16/95 Hindu, 6/17/95, p. 17 (5207). Thiruvananthapuram, southern India. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao tells parlia- Vivek Raghuvanshi, Space News, 3/20/95-3/26/95, ment that India will deploy the 150 km-range p. 9 (5030). Prithvi missile along the Indo/Pakistani INDIA WITH AUSTRALIA border. 4/95 The Independent, 5/17/95 (5200). 5/21/95 The Indian Armament Research and Devel- Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans opment Establishment’s Pinaka MLRS is 5/18/95 tells a news conference that India’s deploy- currently undergoing trials. India’s Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. conducts ment of Privthi missiles is a destabilizing International Defense Review, 4/95, p. 18 (5155). the first test flight of an indigenous engine factor in the region. Evans said that India’s Atul Aneja, Hindu, 5/20/95, p. 9 (5223). designed for the Lakshya Unmanned Aerial missile programs are a threat because they Vehicle (UAV). It is unclear whether the can trigger reciprocal arms build-ups by 4/8/95 engine is a turbofan or turbojet model. India is said to have deployed its short-range Flight International, 5/31/95-6/6/95, p. 18 (5154). other countries in the region. Radio Pakistan Network (Islamabad), 5/21/95; in Prithvi missile near Hyderabad. The Prithvi FBIS-NES-95-099, 5/21/95 (5208). can carry chemical or nuclear warheads, 6/95 although the systems deployed are believed India’s new Pinacha [Pinaka] MLRS has to be conventionally-armed. Production of reached the prototype stage. It features 12 INDIA WITH FRANCE the Prithvi is currently halted because of 214 mm caliber launch tubes mounted on U.S. pressure. Tatra 815 Kolos cross-country trucks. All Agence France Presse, 4/8/95; in Executive News 12 launch tubes can be fired in staggered 6/95 Service, 4/9/95 (5036). salvoes within 40 seconds. The 5 m long, France indicates that it is willing to sell In- 275 kg Pinacha rockets can be fired to a dia naval missiles and vessels that have been 4/10/95 range of 45 km and carry a 100 kg blast/ supplied to New Delhi hitherto only by Bharat Electronics Ltd.’s managing direc- fragmentation warhead. A battery consists Russia. These items include submarines and tor and chairman Janardan Baxi says that of six Tatra launchers. ship-launched surface-to-air and anti-ship the company has developed India’s first-ever Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/10/95, p. 13 (5191). In- missiles. indigenous civilian/military GPS receiver ternational Defense Review, 4/95, p.18 (5155). Atul Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Contracts, 6/95, pp. 1- systems. Aneja, Hindu, 5/20/95, p. 9 (5223). 2 (5130). Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. 25 (5037). 6/95 4/26/95 After a series of managerial changes in the INDIA WITH ISRAEL The SAM is test-fired successfully wake of the 1994 ISRO spy scandal, ISRO’s from the Interim Test Range at Chandipur- Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) Late 3/95 on-Sea. This is the eighth in a series of sets out to produce indigenous cryogenic Commander General trials for the missile. The Akash is an in- engines to power India’s future GSLV. Un- Herzel Budinger plans to visit India to dis- digenous missile system under development der the directorship of G. Madhavan Nair, cuss the possible sale of Israeli unmanned by India’s Defense Research and Develop- former head of India’s PSLV project, devel- aerial vehicles and a variety of military aero- ment Organization (DRDO). opment efforts are aimed at using liquid space equipment. Flight International, 3/22/95-3/28/95, p. 13 (4963).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 159 Missile Developments

INDIA WITH PAKISTAN asked the U.S. to help dissuade India from a contract for the upgrade of 125 of India’s producing the Prithvi and that Pakistan MiGBis [as reported]. The upgrade would 4/18/95 “want[s] a zero missile level in the region.” fit the aircraft with a weapons and avionics Pakistani Prime Minister In response to India’s missile program, Pa- package similar to that of the MiG-21-93, says that Indian production of short- and kistan has decided to increase the effective possibly including the Raduga Kh-31 (AS- intermediate-range ballistic missiles will range of its Hatf and Anza missile systems. 17 Krypton) air-to-surface missile. The Nation (Islamabad), 5/31/95, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS- Alexander Velovich, Flight International, 6/95, p. have severe repercussions on efforts aimed NES-95-105, 5/31/95 (5197). 22 (5153). at reducing reliance on weapons of mass destruction. PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 4/18/95; in FBIS-NES-95-075, 4/18/95 (4973). INDIA WITH RUSSIA INDIA WITH UNITED STATES

3/22/95 3/31/95 INDIA WITH PAKISTAN AND India announces an agreement with Russia Walter Lachman and Maurice Subilia, CEO UNITED STATES to purchase 12 2S6M Tunguska air defense and President respectively of Fiber Materi- systems, including eight SA-19 missiles. als Inc. and its subsidiary Materials Inter- 4/95 The final contract price will be set in mid- national, are found guilty of violating U.S. On a visit to Washington, Pakistani Prime 4/95 at a meeting in Moscow. export laws for their roles in the shipment Armed Forces Newswire Service, 3/23/95 (4980). Minister Benazir Bhutto pushes the U.S. to of a specially-designed machine control Atul Aneja, Hindu, 4/1/95, p.2 (5121). Russian panel to India’s Defense Research and De- release the F-16 aircraft that Pakistan has Television Network (Moscow), 4/17/95; in FBIS- already paid for. India threatens to resume SOV-95-074, 4/17/95 (5178). International De- velopment Laboratory. Shipped to production of its Prithvi missile if Pakistan fence Review, 5/95, p. 14 (5203). Hyderabad in 4/88, the panel is used to con- receives the F-16s. Pakistan’s response to trol Hot Isostatic Presses (HIPs), which can such a development could be increased pro- 3/6/95 be used to produce carbon-carbon, a key curement of M-11 missiles from China. ISRO chairman Krishnaswamy Kastur- component in manufacturing missile nose Ranit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 4/17/95, irangan states that GSLV flights will begin cones. p. 6; in FBIS-NES-95-075, 4/17/95 (5050). by early 1998 and that the first seven flights Export Control News, 3/31/95, pp. 4-7 (5218). will be powered by Russian cryogenic en- 4/95 gines. Under a renegotiated contract, Rus- Speaking before the U.S. House Foreign sia will now provide India with seven cryo- Relations Subcommittee, U.S. Assistant genic engines instead of four. India is at- Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs tempting to develop an indigenous cryogenic IRAN Robin Raphel says that both India and Paki- engine production capability for future stan could build a small number of nuclear flights of the GSLV. warheads in short order and that each wants Space News, 3/13/95-3/19/95, p. 2 (5032). Space to acquire or develop ballistic missile de- News, 4/17/95-4/23/95, p. 16 (5032). livery systems that are nuclear-capable. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Raphel says the U.S. is concerned about the 4/21/95 possibility of a ballistic missile race in South Russian officials announce that Russia will 3/1/95 Asia. supply India with nine cryogenic rocket According to diplomatic and naval sources Ali Abbas Rizvi, Asian Defence Journal, 4/95, p. boosters for its three-stage GSLV by the year in the Gulf, Iran has loaded Hawk SAMs 87 (5217). 2000. The first booster is slated for deliv- onto pre-deployed launchers on Sirri Island ery by the end of 1996, with subsequent in the Strait of Hormuz. An Iranian source 5/31/95 boosters to be delivered every six months said the deployment, which was part of a Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad Khan thereafter. India’s acquisition of the boost- five-day naval exercise, was in response to Leghari says “Pakistan will do whatever is ers will make it one of five nations with the Israeli threats to bomb the Iranian Bushehr necessary for its security...Pakistan has the capability to launch commercial payloads nuclear facility near Tehran. Gulf diplomats means to protest [protect] itself” against the into geostationary orbit. say recent revelations regarding Iran’s de- Indian Prithvi and other missile systems Interfax (Moscow), 4/21/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/21/95 (5160). ployment of Hawk missiles on Sirri Island which are threatening Pakistan. Leghari were part of a U.S. strategy “to demonize adds that while the Prithvi missile is “Paki- 6/95 the Islamic republic....” According to one stan specific,” India’s Agni missile will also European diplomatic source, it is unlikely The Indian Defense Ministry and Russian target the Middle East, the Far East, and that Iran will use the Hawks to interdict Gulf manufacturer Mikoyan attempt to conclude China. Leghari also says that Pakistan has oil shipping, as the U.S. has asserted, be-

160 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments cause they are anti-air not anti-ship missiles. IRAN WITH FRANCE the development of long-range ballistic mis- Following the deployment of Hawk missiles siles. is said to be developing a 600 on Sirri Island, Iran now has missiles sta- 3/23/95 -range SSM and has allegedly offered tioned on both sides of the only deep-water A close associate of French Interior Minis- $31 million for material and know-how that channel in the Gulf, through which more ter Charles Pasqua, Jean-Charles Marchiani, Iran has garnered from the DPRK, the PRC, than 20 per cent of the world’s oil is shipped. is reported to have helped ship arms that and Western sources. Youssef Azmeh, Reuter, 3/1/95 (5226). Times, 4/1/95; in International Security Digest, 4/ were “probably air to ground missiles” to 95 (5228). Iran on or near 10/11/94. It is alleged that 3/5/95 the arms were transshipped through Alge- Iran is reported to have conducted its first ria and Cyprus. full-scale military maneuvers incorporating David Buchan, Financial Times, 3/23/95, p. 2 IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA its recently acquired Kilo-class diesel-elec- (5222). tric submarines. The maneuvers follow U.S. 4/5/95 assertions that Iran has deployed Hawk anti- In an unclassified follow-on report to the aircraft missiles on the Sirri Island and at IRAN WITH GERMANY Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the other locations in the Gulf. Iran is also CIA states that “We have good reason to reported to have deployed Chinese ‘Silk- 3/95 believe that North Korea has recently trans- worm’ and Ukrainian-supplied ‘Sunburst’ Fifty German scientists are reported to be ferred at least four Scud Transporter-Erec- [sic] missiles on Sirri Island and elsewhere working in the Iranian civil and military tor-Launchers (TELs) to Iran.” The trans- in the Strait of Hormuz. aviation sectors, including Iran’s ballistic fer is believed to have doubled the number James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/95, p. 5 of TELs in the Iranian inventory, estimated (5224). missile programs. Intelligence Newsletter, 3/16/95, p. 7 (5219). in 1994 to be about 10 by the Tel Aviv- based Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies and 5/22/95 about six by London’s International Insti- Iran begins a five-day maneuver of its ‘Falaq- tute for Strategic Studies. Transferred in IRAN WITH ISRAEL AND UKRAINE 3’ missile forces. The maneuvers incorpo- late 1994, the TELs can launch Scud-B and rate elements of the Islamic Republican -C missiles but not the No-dong-1. Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards 5/95 Tony Capaccio, Defense Week, 5/1/95, pp. 1, 14 Corps in the Strait of Hormuz. On the first Israel denounces Ukraine’s sale of eight SS- (5184). day of the exercise the two units are reported N-22 ‘Sunburst’ [sic] anti-ship cruise mis- to have successfully operated each other’s siles to Iran. Ukraine is reported to have equipment. sold the cruise missiles to Iran for $450,000 IRAN WITH PAKISTAN IRNA (Tehran), 5/23/95; in FBIS-NES-95-100, 5/ each after it failed to sell the missiles to the 23/95 (5223). U.S. Agence France Presse International News, 5/14/95; 5/3/95 6/20/95 in International Security Digest, 5/95 (5229). Chief of the Awami Qiyat Party and former First Deputy Commander of the Islamic Pakistani Army Commander in Chief Gen- Revolution Guard Corps Brigadier General 5/95 eral Mirza Aslam Beg (ret.) states that the Rahim Safavi says the second phase of the Ukrainian Ambassador Ivan Maydan rejects Pakistani government has cancelled 11 pro- ‘Ashura’ maneuvers included Katyusha Israeli accusations that his country is sell- duction agreements with Iran under U.S. MLRS systems, SSMs, ASMs, and anti-ship ing anti-ship missiles to Iran. Maydan says pressure. Khabrain (Islamabad), 5/5/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES- missiles. that Tehran and Kiev are cooperating on 95-090, 5/5/95 (5210). IRNA (Tehran), 6/20/95; in FBIS-NES-95-119, 6/ political, economic, and cultural matters and 20/95 (5225). that he hopes for increased ties between the two countries. IRNA (Tehran), 5/17/95; in FBIS-NEW-95-096, 5/ IRAN WITH PAKISTAN AND PRC IRAN WITH AZERBAIJAN 17/95 (5111). 6/95 6/95 A CIA report indicates that China recently Azerbaijan sells six Kub air defense missile IRAN WITH LIBYA transferred missile system components to launchers to Iran. Due to their poor condi- Iran and Pakistan in possible violation of tion, Iran is forced to cannibalize them to 4/95 the MTCR. If a violation has occurred, the make three serviceable launchers. According to Western intelligence agencies, U.S. would be required to impose sanctions, Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/6/95, p. Iran and Libya have agreed to cooperate on say U.S. officials. The CIA report states 3; in JPRS-UMA-95-025, 6/6/95 (5104). that over the past 12 months China has de-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 161 Missile Developments livered dozens, if not hundreds, of comput- saying the Defense News story “goes beyond and Development Facility at Mosul has been erized machine tools and missile guidance what our current information would sup- expanded substantially beyond its pre-Gulf systems, giving Iran the ability to increase port.” War dimensions. New information also in- its North Korean accuracy and R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/17/95, p. A14 dicates that Iraq still possesses 12 Frog-7 to build its own Scud-type missiles. Since (5221). launchers and 120 Luna (FROG) missiles 3/95, China is also believed to have trans- belonging to Kuwait. ferred parts to Pakistan that could be used 6/20/95 James Bruce and Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence in M-11 missiles. A Chinese Foreign Min- Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Chen Weekly, 5/6/95, p. 4 (5150). istry spokesman said China was abiding by Jian denies a 6/19/95 Defense News report its commitment to the MTCR and that the that China sold missile technology to Iran CIA report was “groundless.” in contravention of the MTCR. An internal IRAQ WITH EGYPT AND SUDAN Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 6/22/95, pp. A1, CIA report is said to detail the missile trans- A7 (5139). fers. 4/95 Thomas Beal, UPI (Beijing); in Executive News Service, 6/20/95 (5251). In early 1/91 the Sudanese government re- portedly received missile systems from Iraq IRAN WITH PAKISTAN AND RUSSIA and targeted them against sites in Egypt, IRAN WITH RUSSIA including the Aswan High Dam. Sudan was 4/17/95 allied with Iraq during the Gulf War of 1991. Two Russian scientists admit that they col- 4/95 Aleksandr Ivanov, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), laborated by electronic mail with Iran and Russian officials decline to comment on the 4/18/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/18/95 (5205). Pakistan on nuclear- and missile-related is- possible sale of an “ultrasophisticated” sub- sues. It is also reported that the DPRK at- marine to Iran. Western military analysts tempted to entice over 100 Russian missile claim the submarine is equipped with the IRAQ WITH UNITED NATIONS experts to work on upgrading Scud-C mis- Igla anti-aircraft missile system. Stanislav Kucher and Dmitriy Kulik, Komsomolskaya siles. Pravda (Moscow), 4/29/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- 2/21/95 Alan Cooperman and Kyrell Belianov, US News & 083, 4/29/95 (5113). General Wafiq Samra’i, the former head of World Report, 4/17/95, pp. 45, 48 (5253). Iraqi intelligence who defected to the West, 5/95 writes a letter to UNSCOM Chief Rolf Russia’s need for hard currency makes an Ekeus claiming that Iraq is still hiding long- RAN WITH I PRC arms deal with Iran probable despite a po- range missiles and chemical and biological tentially adverse U.S. reaction, according weapons. Ekeus describes the U.N. long- 4/95 to reports from Moscow. The deal may in- term monitoring effort as satisfactory, al- China apparently helped Iran develop the clude S-300-PMU-1 SAM systems, though there is some concern about Iraq’s Oghab (Eagle) missile and a Scud-B mis- Tunguska anti-aircraft systems, and project- biological weapons. In 1994, Samra’i sile production line. 12318 missile launchers. claimed Iraq was hiding possibly 10 TEL Pamela Pohling Brown, Strategic Digest, 4/95, pp. Igor Korotchenko, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), systems and up to 80 Scud-B and al-Hussein 493-494 (5012). 5/12/95, p. 2 (5071). missiles. Leon Barkho, Reuter, 2/22/95; in Executive News 6/16/95 Service (5046). U.S. officials say China has cancelled a forthcoming meeting at which the U.S. had 3/13/95 planned to address concerns that China IRAQ The U.N. Security Council decides to con- might have transferred sensitive ballistic tinue sanctions against Iraq after the U.S. missile technology to Iran. According to proved that it had rebuilt factories capable U.S. sources, China might be providing Iran of producing missiles in contravention of with materials, equipment, and know-how existing U.N. resolutions. Robert Corzine, Financial Times, 3/14/95, p. 4 to produce medium-range ballistic missiles. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS A U.S. official explains that China’s assis- (4955). tance to Iran might be in the realm of short- 5/95 range rockets not covered by the MTCR. A 6/19/95 U.S. satellite imagery from late 1994 and Defense News article claims that the U.S. Iraq says it will cooperate fully with 1995 show significant reconstruction has has strong evidence that the Chinese UNSCOM officials by surrendering docu- taken place at several important Iraqi indus- transfered medium-range ballistic missile ments pertaining to its biological weapons trial sites. The al-Kindi Missile Research technology. A U.S. official refutes this, materials only if the U.N. closes its investi-

162 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments gation of Iraq’s chemical weapons and long- targetting capability, is now available for each after it failed to sell the missiles to the range ballistic missile programs. Head of export. U.S. UNSCOM Rolf Ekeus states that he is con- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/17/95, p. 6 (5133). Agence France Presse International News, 5/14/95; vinced that Iraq no longer has any “signifi- in International Security Digest, 5/95 (5229). cant capabilities” in the areas of chemical 6/95 weapons and ballistic missiles. Israel’s Silver displays its new Darter 5/95 Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 6/20/95; in Executive News front-line combat unmanned air vehicle Ukrainian Ambassador Ivan Maydan rejects Service, 6/20/95 (5190). (UAV) as well as its new Colibri operator Israeli accusations that his country is sell- trainer UAV at the . The ing anti-ship missiles to Iran. Maydan says Darter, which has a length and wingspan that Tehran and Kiev are cooperating on slightly under 4 m, has a 90 km (50 nm) political, economic, and cultural matters and mission radius and a flight duration of up that he hopes for increased ties between the ISRAEL to 10 hours. It is launched by a vehicle- two countries. mounted bungee launcher and is recovered IRNA (Tehran), 5/17/95; in FBIS-NEW-95-096, 5/ 17/95 (5111). by parachute. The Colibri was designed to train UAV operators in all areas of unmanned flight. Silver Arrow also announces the de- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS velopment of the Hermes-750, an upgraded ISRAEL WITH UNITED KINGDOM version of its Hermes-450. The Hermes, 2/20/95 which is scheduled to fly in 1/96, has a 750 4/95 The Israel Aircraft Industries’ (IAI) Heron kg maximum take-off weight and a flight Senior officials from the U.K. Ministry of long-endurance unmanned air vehicle (UAV) duration exceeding 30 hours. Defence are briefed on the Israeli Arrow reaches a 32,000 ft altitude during a test- Flight International, 6/14/95-6/20/95, p.12 (5231). system and Rafael’s -4 short-range flight. infrared-guided missile during a visit to Is- Flight International, 3/1/95-3/7/95, p. 13 (4958). rael. Israel offers a limited number of Py- ISRAEL WITH AUSTRALIA thon-4s for the RAF’s front-line aircraft 3/95 pending the RAF’s deployment of British Israel’s Rafael Armament Development 4/23/95 Aerospace’s Advanced Short-Range Air-to- Authority is reported to have flight tested a Australian Defense Minister Robert Ray vis- Air Missile (ASRAAM) around the year turbofan-powered variant of its Popeye stand- its Israel and discusses the possible purchase 2000. off missile. Douglas Barrie, Flight International, 4/26/95-5/2/ of the Israeli Aircraft Industries/Rafael 95, p. 5 (4968). Flight International, 3/1/95-3/7/95, p. 12 (4957). Barak-1 point-defense missile systems for the Australian Navy’s FFG-7 frigates. 6/95 4/95 Flight International, 4/26/95-5/2/95, p. 14 (5088). Israel begins development of a 2,000 km Silver Arrow, Israel’s manufacturer of un- manned air vehicles (UAV), purchases an extended-range variant of its 1,500 km-range ISRAEL WITH INDIA -2 IRBM, after launching the Offeq- 80 percent share of its U.K. engine supplier, Alvis UAV Engines. Alvis’ 741 engine pow- 3 satellite into orbit using the Jericho-based Late 3/95 Shavit SLV. ers both the Hermes and Darter UAVs. Israeli Air Force Commander General Flight International, 6/7/95-6/13/95, p. 32 (5043). Flight International, 4/19/95-4/25/95, p. 4 (4959). Herzel Budinger plans to visit India to dis- cuss the possible sale of Israeli unmanned 6/95 aerial vehicles and a variety of military aero- ISRAEL WITH UNITED STATES Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) will begin space equipment. flight-testing the Elta designed ELM2022- Flight International, 3/22/95-3/28/95, p. 13 (4963). U maritime surveillance radar aboard its 3/95 Heron unmanned air vehicle (UAV). The The U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organi- radar has a multi-target-track-while-scan zation (BMDO) plans to award a follow-on ISRAEL WITH IRAN AND UKRAINE capability for up to 32 targets and a 120 km contract to Israel’s Wales company to deter- (64 nm) detection range for small ships. mine whether Israel’s Boost-phased Inter- Flight International, 6/7/95-6/13/95, p. 22 (5045). 5/95 cept System (IBIS) will meet U.S. Theater Israel denounces Ukraine’s sale of eight SS- Missile Defense (TMD) requirements by 6/95 N-22 ‘Sunburst’ [sic] anti-ship cruise mis- modifying and simulating preliminary IBIS TAAS officials announce that their siles to Iran. Ukraine is reported to have results. anti-radar missile, which has autonomous sold the cruise missiles to Iran for $450,000 International Defense Review, 3/95, p. 17 (4962).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 163 Missile Developments

6/95 Unnamed senior sources from Israel’s de- fense establishment say that if Israel with- JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN draws from the Golan Heights, it should be compensated with U.S. funding for the manufacture and deployment of operational Arrow missiles. It is reported that the Ar- row missile is necessary to counter Syria’s JAPAN WITH PRC KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA Scud-C missiles, which would come down in a “barrage” if Damascus launched a sur- Spring 1995 4/95 prise offensive. Syria is reported to have Japan expresses concern about China’s test Kazakhstan begins decommissioning mis- 62 launchers and hundreds of surface-to- of the Dong Feng-31 ICBM from a mobile sile silos that once housed Soviet SS-18 surface missiles. missile launcher. The chairman of the Japa- ICBMs. Destruction of the silos will be Qobi Marenko, Channel 2 Television Network nese Defense Agency Joint Staff Council, completed by Russia’s Strategic Missile (Jerusalem), 6/21/95 (5131). General Tetsuya Nishimoto, says he intends Forces, in accordance with a bilateral agree- to press China to increase the transparency ment between Kazakhstan and Russia. of its nuclear and missile development pro- Fedor Ignatov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/24/95; in grams. FBIS-SOV-95-078, 4/24/95 (5167). Neville de Silva, Hong Kong Standard (Hong Kong), ITALY 6/3/96, p. 8; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 6/3/95 (5089). 4/24/95 Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/31/95, p. 1; in FBIS- The Russian Strategic Missile Forces’ press CHI-95-105 (5147). center announces that the withdrawal of 104 SS-18 ICBMs from Kazakhstan to Russia is complete. The missile withdrawal is in ac- ITALY WITH BRAZIL JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES cordance with Kazakhstani agreements to eliminate nuclear missiles from its territory 3/95 3/25/95 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Italy’s Alenia Sistemi Navali wins a $160 Commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet Rear NTV Television (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-SOV- Admiral Archie Clemens urges the Japanese 95-091, 4/25/95 (5025). Doug Clarke, Omri Daily million Brazilian contract to supply and Digest, 5/29/95 (5041). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/ equip 6 Niteroi navy frigates with 6 Defense Agency to purchase additional Ae- 95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (5117). Albatros-Aspide SAM systems. gis destroyers for incorporation into a pro- Andrew Hill, Financial Times, 3/14/95, p. 9 (4964). posed joint U.S.-Japan theater missile de- 5/95 fense (TMD) system. Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 4/3/95, p. 3 (5091). Kazakhstani Defense Minister Army Gen- eral Sagadat Nurmagambetov observes the ITALY WITH FRANCE AND UNITED ARAB 4/1/95 destruction of an ICBM silo on a visit to a EMIRATES regiment of the Russian Strategic Missile The Japanese Defense Agency (JDA) cre- Forces in Derzhanvinsk, north Kazakhstan. ates the Ballistic Missile Defense Study According to the terms of the START I 3/18/95 Office. The new office will work with the Treaty, the division is dismantling its launch The UAE is reported to be considering pro- U.S. BMDO and the U.S. Pacific Command site prior to being deactivated. curement of the MM-40 Exocet and Otomat to determine the threat posed by ballistic (France/Italy) missiles for its coastal defense Anatoliy Ladin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 5/19/ missiles, such as North Korea’s No-dong- 95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-098, 5/19/95 (5105). system. 1. Japanese officials emphasize that the new Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). program does not represent a commitment KAZAKHSTAN WITH UNITED STATES to fielding a TMD system. It is reported that the JDA is divided internally between 4/5/95 those wanting a system to counter threats U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry and those who are concerned about spend- meets Kazakhstan President Nursultan ing money on a potentially ineffective sys- Nazarbayev to explore potential joint ven- tem. Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 4/3/95, p. 3 (5091). ture defense projects and to discuss interna- Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), 3/17/95, p.3 (5126). tional and regional security issues. Perry announces that four U.S. companies will invest more than $21 million to convert Kazakhstani defense industries. This will

164 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments include conversion of the Gidromash enter- red seekers. prise from the production of missile sys- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/15/95, p.6 (5040). tems to the production of pressure valves MISSILE TECHNOLOGY and containers for cryogenic materials. 4/95 CONTROL REGIME Sovety Kazakhstana (Almaty), 4/7/95, p.1; in FBIS- Kuwait is interested in buying an unspeci- SOV-070, 4/7/95 (4983). Krasnaya Zvezda (Mos- fied number of Russian S-300 ‘Grumble’ DEVELOPMENTS cow), 4/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-068, 4/7/95 (4983). missile systems. Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence System, 4/8/95 (5112).

2/95 KUWAIT The head of Brazil’s Strategic Affairs Sec- retariat Ambassador Ronaldo Sardemberg LIBYA has informed U.S. Ambassador Melvin Levitsky of Brazil’s intention to join the MTCR. Brazil has expressed interest in joining the MTCR since early 1994 and es- UWAIT WITH RANCE K F tablished norms for national export controls LIBYA WITH IRAN in 12/94. 3/95 Leandro Fortes, Jornal Do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), Aerospatiale is trying to sell its MM-15 2/7/95, p. 4, in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, p. 6. 4/95 Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. 6 (5145). surface-to-surface missile to Kuwait as part According to Western intelligence agencies, of the weapons package in the sale of eight Iran and Libya have agreed to cooperate on 4/95 fast patrol boats. the development of long-range ballistic mis- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 6 (4969). Bahrain seeks to acquire AMRAAM mis- siles. Libya is said to be developing a 600 siles to upgrade its F-16 fighter aircraft’s mile-range SSM and has allegedly offered 3/27/95 standoff requirement. Bahrain also seeks $31 million for material and know-how that to obtain the U.S. Army Tactical Missile France’s Ministry of Defense signs a 2.5 Iran has garnered from the DPRK, the PRC, billion franc ($503 million) contract to pro- System for its existing MLRS but, accord- and Western sources. ing to a Pentagon official, the U.S. is re- vide eight 250-ton missile-carrying patrol Times, 4/1/95; in International Security Digest, 4/ boats to Kuwait as replacements for naval 95 (5228). stricted from transferring this system under craft destroyed during the Gulf War. Ku- the MTCR. wait is expected to eventually upgrade the Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 4/17/95, pp. 1, 45 (5048). boats’ weapons systems, and France is still offering its MM-15 surface-to-surface mis- 4/95 siles. MALAYSIA Andrew Jack, Financial Times, 3/28/95, p. 2, The Russian enterprise STC Complex and (4966). the Australian Space Office initiate a study into the feasibility of launching Russia’s Start 5/95 SLV from Australia, taking into account Kuwait is reported to have placed a $300 their MTCR obligations. The study is ex- MALAYSIA WITH FRANCE million order for U.S. Patriot and French pected to be complete by the third quarter MM-40 missiles. of 1995. Russia could then begin shipping Robin Allen, Financial Times, 5/23/95, p. 5 (5201). 4/95 rockets to Australia in 1997. In 1996, Malaysia will buy two Yarrow frig- Warren Ferster, Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. ates equipped with eight MM-40 Exocets 29 (4982). Warren Ferster, Space News, 4/24/95- 4/30/95, p. 24 (5062). and 16 Seawolf missiles. KUWAIT WITH RUSSIA Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. 37-40 (5056). 4/20/95 3/95 In an interview, Director of the Brazilian Kuwait is reported to have ordered 27 Space Agency Ajax Barros de Melo says that Smerch multiple rocket systems with the Brazil’s commitment to join the MTCR, newly-developed 9M55K1 warhead. The possibly by 10/95, should strengthen its warhead has five submunitions (15 kg each), relationship with the U.S. In particular, De and seeks targets using two-spectrum infra- Melo notes the significance of an anticipated

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 165 Missile Developments memorandum of understanding with the 5/95 6/95 U.S. to facilitate future cooperation on space Some MTCR member states, including the A CIA report indicates that China recently projects. Brazil’s space efforts are focused U.S., the U.K., and Germany, express con- transferred missile system components to on the VLS satellite launcher and develop- cern over Russia’s apparent willingness to Iran and Pakistan in possible violation of ment of the Alcantara launch site for com- export long-range cruise missiles. Russia the MTCR. If a violation has occurred, the mercial launch purposes. Brazil expects that is currently holding discussions with MTCR U.S. would be required to impose sanctions, full MTCR membership will allow it to ac- partners in an effort to become a full mem- say U.S. officials. The CIA report states quire advanced technology which will then ber of the regime as soon as 10/95. While that over the past 12 months China has de- enable it to meet the scheduled 4/96 launch Russian President Yeltsin is said to favor livered dozens, if not hundreds, of comput- date for the new expendable launch vehicle. full membership for Russia, some military erized machine tools and missile guidance Patrick Seitz, Space News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, pp. 3, and defense officials “view the regime with systems, giving Iran the ability to increase 29 (5144). suspicion.” its North Korean Scud missile accuracy and Flight International, 5/24/95-5/30/95, p. 26 (5042). to build its own Scud-type missiles. Since 5/95 3/95, China is also believed to have trans- Argentine Foreign Minister Guido Di Tella 5/15/95 ferred parts to Pakistan that could be used says that suspension of the Condor missile A U.S. Congress Office of Technology As- in M-11 missiles. A Chinese Foreign Min- project and the accession of his country to sessment report recommends caution to U.S. istry spokesman said China was abiding by the MTCR, together with other arms con- companies and government agencies want- its commitment to the MTCR and that the trol policies, elevates Argentina to an ex- ing to form joint enterprises with Russian CIA report was “groundless.” emplary position in the international com- partners. The report says that continued Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 6/22/95, pp. A1, munity. Russian adherence to MTCR Guidelines A7 (5139). Susana Merlo, Ambito Financiero (Buenos Aires), 5/17/95, p. 16; in FBIS-LAT-95-098, 5/17/95 should be an important consideration in any (5006). cooperation with Russia. 6/2/95 Ben Ionnatta, Space News, 5/22/95-5/28/95, p. 17 Brazil has a potential nuclear delivery arse- (5166). 5/95 nal which includes land-based Sonda rock- ets, as well as tactical warheads mounted The Clinton administration determines that on ground-based SS-300 missiles and on Russia recently transferred advanced mis- Barracuda sea-launched missiles. An ICBM sile technology to Brazil but indicates in a 5/28/95 with a range of over 3,000 km could also be secret memo to Congress that it will waive China’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen built by converting the Veiculo Lancador sanctions. According to a Clinton adminis- Guofang announces that Beijing is to post- de Satelites (VLS) SLV, which is still under tration official, the decision to waive sanc- pone consultations with the U.S. on the development by the Instituto de Aeronautica tions over the sale of carbon fiber, which is MTCR in response to the U.S. decision to a Espaco. The three-stage, solid-fuel VLS used in building rocket motor cases, comes allow Taiwan’s President Lee Teng-hui to is based on the Sonda 4 sounding rocket after a Russian promise to stop sales to Bra- visit. Shen adds that China is also post- and stands 19 m high with four strap-on zil. A Brazilian official says that Brazil’s poning the 6/95 visit of the Director of the motors. The VLS is capable of placing a 2/94 [as published] promise to adhere to U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament 200 kg payload into a 750 km, 25-degree MTCR guidelines applies only to the sale Agency and the 7/95 visit of the Deputy orbit, or a 500 km sun-synchronous orbit. and not to the purchase of missile technol- Assistant Secretary of State for Politico- The VLS is scheduled for its first launch in ogy. U.S. officials say the decision to waive Military Affairs. Xinhua (Beijing), 5/28/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-103, 6/96. Although its development has been sanctions is part of an effort to encourage 5/28/95 (4994). Steven Mufson, International Her- slowed by MTCR restrictions, Brazil is said Brazil to become a full MTCR member. ald Tribune, 5/29/95 (5008). to have obtained advanced technology, in- Other U.S. officials are quoted as saying the cluding micro-electronics, from Russia and waiver could trigger instability in South 6/95 elsewhere via the black market. Construc- America, prompting Argentina to renew its At the 7/95 MTCR conference, Canada will tion of a nuclear submarine in Rio de Janeiro Condor program. A Washington-based non- resurrect its two-year-old proposal to ban will be completed by the year 2000. The proliferation expert says the lack of com- all ballistic missiles with ranges of 300- total number of Brazilian vehicles capable mercial demand for Argentine and Brazil- 5,500 km, despite lack of support from the of carrying nuclear warheads may rise to ian space launch vehicles may lead to an U.S. The plan does not seek to replace the several hundred in the future, possibly to increased risk of the technology being trans- MTCR. Cruise missiles would not be in- include several cruise missiles. ferred to ballistic missile programs. cluded in the proposed ban. Nilolay Kuchin, Novoye Vremya (Moscow), 5/95; R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/8/95, pp. A23, International Defense Review, 6/95, p. 5 (5077). in FBIS-LAT-95-106, 6/2/95 (5017). Time Furniss, A27 (5146). Warren Ferster, Space News, 6/12/ Flight International, 6/21/95-6/27/95, p. 50 (5235). 95-6/18/95, p. 12 (5234).

166 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

6/14/95 6/95 Tom Wheeler, director for multilateral af- U.S. officials confirm that six No-dong-1 fairs in the South African Department of NORTH ATLANTIC missiles mounted on TELs have entered ser- Foreign Affairs, says intends TREATY ORGANIZATION vice in North Korea since 2/95. to join the MTCR. Paul Beaver, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/24/95, p. 22 Jeff Erlich and Theresa Hitchens, Defense News, 6/ (5183). 19/95-6/25/95, p. 26 (5236). 6/18/95 6/16/95 An unidentified source in the Japanese gov- NTERNAL EVELOPMENTS U.S. officials say China has cancelled a I D ernment, citing U.S. government informa- forthcoming meeting at which the U.S. had tion, says a U.S. reconnaissance satellite planned to address concerns that China 2/28/95 covering North Korea had spotted cranes and might have transferred sensitive ballistic As part of its “southern strategy” to address trucks transporting missiles for a test-launch missile technology to Iran. According to instability in North Africa and the Middle likely to take place at the end of 6/95. U.S. sources, China might be providing Iran East, NATO ambassadors commit to dis- Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), 6/19/95, p. 1; in FBIS- with materials, equipment, and know-how cussions with representatives from Egypt, EAS-95-117, 6/19/95 (5182). to produce medium-range ballistic missiles. Israel, , Tunisia, and Mauritania. A U.S. official explains that China’s assis- The talks will focus on missile prolifera- tance to Iran might be in the realm of short- tion and Islamic fundamentalism. They are NORTH KOREA WITH IRAN range rockets not covered by the MTCR. A aimed at closer ties, the exchange of infor- Defense News article claims that the U.S. mation and, perhaps, broader security co- 4/5/95 has strong evidence that the Chinese operation. In an unclassified follow-on report to the transfered medium-range ballistic missile Lionel Barber and Bernard Gray, Financial Times, 2/9/95, p. 1 (4740). Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the technology. A U.S. official refutes this, CIA stated that “We have good reason to saying the Defense News story “goes beyond 4/95 believe that North Korea has recently trans- what our current information would sup- ferred at least four Scud Transporter-Erec- NATO’s national armaments directors meet port.” tor-Launchers (TELs) to Iran.” The trans- to establish a study group to identify ways R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/17/95, p. A14 fer is believed to have doubled the number (5221). in which the alliance’s air defenses can be of TELs in the Iranian inventory, estimated improved, particularly against missiles. The in 1994 to be about 10 by the Tel Aviv- need to prevent missile attacks from ranges 6/20/95 based Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies and Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Chen of up to 1,800 is emphasized. Armed Forces Newswire, 4/12/95 (5095). about six by London’s International Insti- Jian denies a 6/19/95 Defense News report tute for Strategic Studies. Transferred in that China sold missile technology to Iran late 1994, the TELs can launch Scud-B and in contravention of the MTCR. An internal -C missiles but not the No-dong-1. CIA report is said to detail the missile trans- Tony Capaccio, Defense Week, 5/1/95, pp. 1, 14 fers. (5184). Thomas Beal, UPI (Beijing); in Executive News NORTH KOREA Service, 6/20/95 (5251).

NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES 6/22/95 Pakistan says that it has not received any 3/13/95 shipments of M-11 missile components from INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS China and that the U.S. has not produced The U.S. Embassy releases a statement from Under Secretary for Arms Control and In- any evidence to the contrary. Pakistan also 4/95 denies that it has violated the MTCR. ternational Security Lynn Davis which says Japanese government spokesman Kozo that the U.S. will not normalize relations Xinhua (Beijing), 6/22/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-121, Igarashi announces that North Korea tested 6/22/95 (5198). with North Korea until it stops exporting several anti-ship missiles over the Sea of missiles to countries such as Iran and Syria. Japan in late 3/95. The missiles are appar- Yonhap (Seoul), 3/13/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-048, 3/ ently based on the Chinese 13/95, (5174). antiship missiles. Igarashi notes, “We un- derstand they were fired as part of a routine 6/95 practice.” [U.S. Ambassador-at-Large] Robert Gallucci Reuter, 4/7/95; Executive News Service, 4/7/95 says that the U.S. intends to negotiate North (5175).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 167 Missile Developments

Korea’s cessation of ballistic missile produc- 4/95 Asia. tion and export. Gallucci also says: “The Pakistan recently purchased SM-39 subma- Ali Abbas Rizvi, Asian Defence Journal, 4/95, p. 87 (5217). longest range missiles under development rine-launched Exocets, and maintains air- now are in the 4,000 to 5,000 kilometer launched AM-39. range. These missiles are not only for force Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. 5/31/95 projection in Northeast Asia, we believe, 37-40 (5056). Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad Khan but also for export.” Leghari says “Pakistan will do whatever is Yonhap (Seoul), 6/16/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-116, 6/ 6/95 necessary for its security...Pakistan has the 16/95 (5252). France sells Pakistan three more Agosta means to protest [protect] itself” against the submarines armed with Exocet SM-39 anti- Indian Prithvi and other missile systems ship missiles. which are threatening Pakistan. Leghari Rahul Bedi, Jane’s Defence Contracts, 6/95, pp. 1- adds that while the Prithvi missile is “Paki- 2 (5130). stan specific,” India’s Agni missile will also PAKISTAN target the Middle East, the Far East and China. Leghari also says that Pakistan has PAKISTAN WITH INDIA asked the U.S. to help dissuade India from producing the Prithvi and that Pakistan 4/18/95 “want[s] a zero missile level in the region.” INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto In response to the Indian missile program, says that Indian production of short- and Pakistan has decided to increase the effec- 3/95 intermediate-range ballistic missiles will tive range of its Hatf and Anza missile sys- The Pakistani Air Force’s principal duties have severe repercussions on efforts aimed tems. at reducing reliance on weapons of mass The Nation (Islamabad), 5/31/95, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS- include striking India’s SSM launchers and NES-95-105, 5/31/95 (5197). providing tactical air support to both naval destruction. and ground forces. It is also reported that PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 4/18/95; in FBIS-NES-95-075, 4/18/95 (4973). Pakistan possesses two Agosta class subma- AKISTAN WITH RAN rines equipped with Sub-. P I Brian Cloughley, International Defense Review, 3/ 95, pp. 72-78 (5035). PAKISTAN WITH INDIA AND 5/3/95 UNITED STATES Chief of the Awami Qiyat Party and former 5/95 Pakistani Army Commander in Chief Gen- According to U.S. sources, Pakistan’s Space 4/95 eral Mirza Aslam Beg (ret.) states that the and Upper Atmosphere Research Commis- On a visit to Washington, Pakistani Prime Pakistani government has cancelled 11 pro- sion (SUPARCO) is attempting to acquire Minister Benazir Bhutto pushes the U.S. to duction agreements with Iran under U.S. sensitive equipment and materials related to release the F-16 aircraft that Pakistan has pressure. the production of ballistic missiles. Paki- Khabrain (Islamabad), 5/5/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES- already paid for. India threatens to resume 95-090, 5/5/95 (5210). stan has been working secretly on a new production of its Prithvi missile if Pakistan SSM with a 600 km range and is planning receives the F-16s. Pakistan’s response to new variants of the Khatf-2 [Hatf-2] mis- such a development could be increased pur- AKISTAN WITH RAN AND sile. chases of M-11 missiles from China. P I PRC Foreign Report, 5/18/95 (5233). Foreign Report, Ranit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 4/17/95, 5/18/95, in International Security Digest, 5/95 p. 6; in FBIS-NES-95-075, 4/17/95 (5050). (5202). 6/95 A CIA report indicates that China has re- 4/95 5/3/95 cently transferred missile components to Iran Speaking before the U.S. House Foreign and Pakistan in possible violation of the Chief of the Awami Qiyat Party and former Relations Subcommittee, U.S. Assistant MTCR. If a violation has occurred, the Pakistani Army Commander in Chief Gen- Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs U.S. would be required to impose sanctions, eral Mirza Aslam Beg (Ret.) states that the Robin Raphel says that both India and Paki- say U.S. officials. The CIA report states Pakistani government has ceased production stan could build a small number of nuclear that over the past 12 months China has de- of the M-11 missile. Khabrain (Islamabad), 5/5/95, p. 10; in FBIS-NES- warheads in short order and that each wants livered dozens, if not hundreds, of comput- 95-090, 5/5/95 (5210). to acquire or develop ballistic missile de- erized machine tools and missile guidance livery systems that are nuclear-capable. systems, giving Iran the ability to increase PAKISTAN WITH FRANCE Raphel says the U.S. is concerned about the its North Korean Scud missile accuracy and possibility of a ballistic missile race in South to build its own Scud-type missiles. Since

168 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

3/95, China is also believed to have trans- PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES weapons, could vary from 25 billion yuan ferred parts to Pakistan that could be used to over 50 billion yuan, including 870-2,610 in M-11 missiles. A Chinese Foreign Min- 4/28/95 million yuan for 1,000 to 3,000 missiles. istry spokesman said China was abiding by Richard A. Bitzinger, International Defense Review, The U.S. Department of State refuses to 2/95; in Strategic Digest, 4/95, pp. 488-492 (5014). its commitment to the MTCR and that the comment on allegations that a Pakistani CIA report was “groundless.” army officer had been arrested for selling Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 6/22/95, pp. A1, 3/95 information on Pakistan’s missile program A7 (5139). China reveals the prototype of a gun simi- to the U.S. The charge is considered to be lar to the Iraqi supergun designed by Gerald politically sensitive for the Pakistani gov- Bull, who may have designed this weapon ernment because information passed to the AKISTAN WITH RAN AND USSIA for China. The gun, which has a calibre P I R U.S. could be given to Israel, which has an length of 258.82, may be the first in a se- alleged working relationship with India’s ries of super cannons designed either for 4/17/95 intelligence service. Two Russian scientists admitt that they col- DAWN (Karachi), 4/30/95, p. 20; in FBIS-NES- incorporation into China’s arsenal or for laborated by electronic mail with Iran and 95-083, 4/30/95 (5211). export. Jane’s Intelligence Review Pointer, 3/95, p. 5 (4995). Pakistan on nuclear- and missile-related is- Statesman (Calcutta); in Asian Recorder, 2/26/95- sues. It is also reported that the DPRK at- 3/4/95, p. 24609 (4995). tempted to entice over 100 Russian missile experts to work on upgrading Scud-C mis- PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF 3/95 siles. Positional survival maneuvers conducted by Alan Cooperman and Kyrell Belianov, US News & CHINA World Report, 4/17/95, pp. 45, 48 (5253). the Second Artillery will increase the sur- vivability of China’s tactical missile units in the event of a nuclear war. Li Guozheng, Zhang Jiajun, and Wu Xudong, PAKISTAN WITH PRC AND Jiefangjun Bao (Beijing), 3/9/95, p. 3; in FBIS- UNITED STATES CHI-95-079, 3/9/95 (5004). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 6/22/95 3/14/95 2/95 The Chinese Air Force plans to equip its Pakistan says that it has not received any China will deploy a second-generation bal- shipments of M-11 missile components from modern aircraft with nuclear-tipped air-to- listic missile submarine (SSBN) after 2000; surface cruise missiles and to develop a new China and that the U.S. has not produced a total of three SSBNs will be needed to any evidence to the contrary. Pakistan also SAM. It is also reported that the Chinese maintain at least one on continuous patrol. Navy will commission a SSBN with 16 mis- denies that it has violated the MTCR. China has one Xia class (Type 092) SSBN Xinhua (Beijing), 6/22/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-121, sile launchers. 6/22/95 (5198). equipped with 12 CSS-N-3 single nuclear V. Stefashin, Zarubezhnoye Voyennoye Obozreniye warhead ballistic missiles. The follow-on (Moscow), pp. 11-13; in JPRS-UMA-95-011, 3/ CSS-NX-4 currently under development 14/95 (5018). will probably be MIRV capable. PAKISTAN WITH SOUTH AFRICA Ian Kemp, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 3/95, p. 1 5/95 (5011). According to the Aerodynamics Research 6/95 Center of the Commission of Science, Tech- According to a U.S. government official, the 2/95 nology, and Industry for National Defense, South African company Kentron is trying Western analysts report that China’s official China is Asia’s largest aerodynamics re- to sell H-2 and H-3 air-launched standoff defense budget is lower than actual defense search base, with advanced testing capabili- weapons to Pakistan. A number of U.S. expenditure because official figures exclude, ties including 40 aeronautic and astronau- government agencies say South Africa is either partially or completely, areas such as tic wind tunnels for testing guided missiles, developing standoff weapons, unmanned research and development, procurement, carrier rockets, aircraft, and satellites. aerial vehicles and stealth detection tech- arms sales, and non-military earnings. The Yu Zhengdao and Xi Qixin, Xinhua (Beijing), 5/ nology for sale overseas. South African U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament 25/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 5/25/95 (4997). aerospace officials have only confirmed that Agency (ACDA) estimates that the value of they have flown “a second generation stand- China’s arms exports during the 1980s av- 5/17/95 off weapon.” eraged $1.5 billion each year. It is esti- China’s underground nuclear test in 5/15/ Paul Mann, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/ mated that PLA procurement costs for do- 95 apparently confirms that the Chinese 26/95, p. 19 (5239). mestically-built items, including nuclear nuclear weapons program is focusing on the miniaturization of nuclear warheads for use

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 169 Missile Developments on tactical missiles. 6/7/95 has strong evidence that the Chinese Le Monde, 5/17/95 (5016). Liberation, 5/16/95 China has completed a joint drill of the in- transfered medium-range ballistic missile (5016). digenous Long March-3B and Long March- technology. A U.S. official refutes this, 3C rockets at the Xichang Satellite Launch- saying the Defense News story “goes beyond 5/29/95 ing Center. The primary purpose of the what our current information would sup- China test-launches a mobile Dong Feng- rockets is to place satellites into “trans-earth port.” 31 ballistic missile in the Xinjiang region. synchronous orbit.” In 1995, the Long R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/17/95, p. A14 (5221). The solid-fuel, three-stage missile can be March-3B will launch a communications fired from a special transporter which gives satellite for an international communications China a second-strike capability. The DF- enterprise. In late 1996 or early 1997, the 6/20/95 31 also brings Europe within China’s strike rocket will also launch the Apstar-IIR for Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Chen distance. In 11/94, Jane’s Strategic Weap- the Asia-Pacific Jian denies a 6/19/95 Defense News report ons Systems reported that the DF-31 has an Corporation. that China sold missile technology to Iran 8,000 km range, a 250 kt payload and will Nan Yan and Liu Linzhong, Xinhua (Beijing), 6/7/ in contravention of the MTCR. An internal be operational by 1996. Despite other re- 95; in FBIS-CHI-95-116, 6/7/95 (5013). CIA report is said to detail the missile trans- ports to the contrary, Jane’s Defence Weekly fers. reports that the DF-31 is liquid-fueled. The Thomas Beal, UPI (Beijing); in Executive News Service, 6/20/95 (5251). DF-31 is said to mark a qualitative improve- PRC WITH GERMANY ment over China’s silo-based, liquid-fueled ICBMs and IRBMs. A warhead for the 5/5/95 PRC WITH IRAN AND PAKISTAN missile is expected to be ready by 1996. It Vice-President of China Great Wall Indus- is also reported that China has one Xia-class try Liu Zhixiong, and President of the Sat- SSBN with 12 solid-fueled, two-stage CSS- ellite Systems division of Daimler-Benz 6/95 N-3 SLBMs and one two-megaton warhead. Peter Denker sign a contract to launch the A CIA report indicates that China has re- China has at least 15 silo-based, liquid-fuel Nahuel-1 satellite on China’s Long March- cently transferred missile components to Iran DF-4 and -5 ICBMs with 15,000 km ranges 3C rocket in 1997. The agreement brings and Pakistan in possible violation of the and 90 IRBMs in its arsenal. Defense ana- to seven China’s total number of outstand- MTCR. If a violation has occurred, the lysts acknowledge the possibility that China ing launch contracts for GTO satellites. U.S. would be required to impose sanctions, may field the Dong Feng-31 on its nuclear Tim Furniss, Flight International, 5/17/95-5/23/95, say U.S. officials. The CIA report states submarines. Sources at the Japanese De- p. 18 (4991). that over the past 12 months China has de- fense Agency indicate that China is also livered dozens, if not hundreds, of comput- developing a submarine-launched ballistic erized machine tools and missile guidance missile, the Julang 2, with similar capabili- PRC WITH IRAN systems, giving Iran the ability to increase ties. According to reports, China is work- its North Korean Scud missile accuracy and ing to miniaturize warheads for the Julang- 4/95 to build its own Scud-type missiles. Since 2. China helped Iran develop the Oghab (Eagle) 3/95, China is also believed to have trans- Tony Walker, Financial Times, 6/1/95, p. 14 (5019). ferred parts to Pakistan that could be used Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/17/95, p. 11 (5003). missile and a Scud-B missile production in M-11 missiles. A Chinese Foreign Min- Neville de Silva, Hong Kong Standard (Hong Kong), line. 6/3/96, p. 8; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 6/3/95 (5089). Pamela Pohling Brown, Strategic Digest, 4/95, pp. istry spokesman said China was abiding by Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/31/95, p. 1; in FBIS- 493-494 (5012). its commitment to the MTCR and that the CHI-95-105 (5147). CIA report was “groundless.” 6/16/95 Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 6/22/95, pp. A1, A7 (5139). 6/1/95 U.S. officials say China has cancelled a Chinese Foreign Ministry official Chen Jian forthcoming meeting at which the U.S. had says that he is “not aware” that a Chinese planned to address concerns that China ICBM has been launched as reported by a might have transferred sensitive ballistic PRC WITH JAPAN Japanese newspaper. Chen also states that missile technology to Iran. According to China has the right to develop its military U.S. sources, China might be providing Iran Spring 1995 for the purpose of self-defense and criticizes with materials, equipment, and know-how Japan expresses concern about China’s test a reported U.S.-Russian plan to cooperate to produce medium-range ballistic missiles. of the Dong Feng-31 ICBM from a mobile on theater ballistic missile defense. A U.S. official explains that China’s assis- missile launcher. Chairman of Japan’s De- Kyodo (Tokyo), 6/1/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-105, 6/1/ fence Agency’s Joint Staff Council General 95 (5054). tance to Iran might be in the realm of short- range rockets not covered by the MTCR. A Tetsuya Nishimoto says he intends to press Defense News article claims that the U.S. China to increase the transparency of its

170 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments nuclear and missile development programs. 3/7/95 3/95 Neville de Silva, Hong Kong Standard (Hong Kong), Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwanese According to arms transfer specialist Ken- 6/3/96, p. 8; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 6/3/95 (5089). Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/31/95, p. 1; in FBIS- Army Lee Chen-lin announces a five-day neth Timmerman, the U.S. Commerce CHI-95-105 (5147). military exercise close to the PRC but de- Department’s 1994 approval of the Garret nies that it is is in response to Beijing’s 1/ Engine Co.’s sale of gas turbine engines to 95 redeployment of M series surface-to-sur- China could help the Chinese improve their face missiles from Jiangxi province to Fujian cruise missiles. According to Timmerman, PRC WITH PAKISTAN AND province. Lee speculates that the PRC’s the goods were approved for export despite UNITED STATES deployment of missiles close to Taiwan a declared military end-use. The U.S. Com- might only have been an exercise. merce Department decided that the sale did 6/22/95 Yao Chu-chi, Reuter, 3/7/95; in Executive News not violate U.S. export control laws because Pakistan denies that it has received any M- Service, 3/7/95 (5127). the engines would be shipped without the 11 missile components from China and says Full Authority Digital Engine Control the U.S. has not produced any evidence to 5/29/95 (FADEC) system and would therefore be the contrary. Pakistan also denies it has China tests its Dong Feng-31 ICBM. Un- “brainless.” A subsequent deal between violated the MTCR. named Taiwanese defense officials say they China and the U.K.’s Lucas Aerospace, in Xinhua (Beijing), 6/22/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-121, are not concerned about the test; they also 6/22/95 (5198). which digital engine controls for the K-8 claim that the weapon’s role is primarily as jet trainer are to be transferred, clears the a nuclear deterrent and that because of its way for China to design its own long-range 8,000 km (5,000 mile) range, the Dong cruise missile based on the Garret engine. WITH USSIA PRC R Feng-31’s main targets would be the west- Timmerman first published his observations ern U.S. and continental Europe. Taipei is in the 3/95 issue of The American Specta- 4/95 said to be more concerned about the threat tor. Russia will provide China with appropriate posed by the PRC’s short-range M-class Security Affairs, 3/95-4/95, p. 4 (5140). technological assistance for its program to missiles which can target Taiwan directly. launch a manned space-vehicle by the year Agence France Presse (Hong Kong), 6/1/95; in 4/95 FBIS-CHI-95-105, 6/1/95 (5128). 2002. Chinese officials say their government will Flight International, 4/19/95-4/25/95, p. 25 (5027). pay all claims stemming from the 1/26/95 failed launch of a Long March-2E rocket at 5/95 PRC WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The Russian military officers are in China to rocket was due to place a Hughes HS 601 maintain and provide training for China’s 3/18/95 satellite, owned by the Hong Kong-based S-300 SAMs. The UAE decides to acquire the Chinese Asia-Pacific Telecommunications Co., into Vladimir Skosyrev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 5/16/95, HY-2 missile to fulfill its coastal defense orbit. The failed launch was similar to a p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-094, 5/16/95 (5009). requirement. 12/92 failure which also involved a Long Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ March-2E vehicle and has never been ex- 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). plained. PRC WITH TAIWAN Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 4/3/95-4/9/95, p. 4 (5143). 2/24/95 PRC WITH UNITED STATES Taiwan’s Chief of General Staff Jiu Ho-Chien 4/17/95 says that China has moved its second artil- 1/30/95 Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen and lery division from Jiangxi province to Fujian China and the U.S. finalize a seven-year U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher province in order to bring Taiwan into the agreement on commercial space launches. agree to cooperate to further nuclear non- coverage of its M-9 guided missiles. Under the agreement China is authorized to proliferation objectives. In talks on Sino- UPI, 3/2/95; in Executive News Service, 3/2/95 conduct 11 international space launches to U.S. relations, Qian and Christopher also (4996). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 4 (4996). geo-synchronous orbit through 12/31/01, reaffirm their commitment to their “Joint but can increase this number if market de- Declaration on the Issue of the Prolifera- 3/2/95 mand rises. China agrees to keep its launch tion of Guided Missiles” of 10/4/94, and Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen prices comparable with similar services of- agree to initiate specialist meetings on the Guofang denies that China has moved troops fered in the West. control of missile technology. They also to the coast near Taiwan. Statesman (Calcutta) 2/26/95- 3/4/95; in Asian Re- reiterate the importance of extending the UPI, 3/2/95; in Executive News Service, 3/2/95 corder (5007). NPT, express their support for the frame- (4996). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 4 (4996). work agreement between the U.S. and the

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 171 Missile Developments

DPRK, and pledge to cooperate further in surface missiles. the peaceful use of nuclear energy in accor- Manila Standard, 6/5/95, p. 2; in FBIS-EAS-95- dance with the Sino-U.S. nuclear coopera- 109, 6/5/95 (5122). RUSSIA tion agreement of 1985. Gao Jian, Xinhua (Beijing), 4/18/95; in FBIS-CHI- 95-075, 4/18/95 (4992). POLAND 5/95 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS During a Pentagon wargame intended to forecast future Chinese and U.S. military 1/95 capabilities, the U.S. loses, due partly to An official with the Makeyev State Missile new precision-guided, long-range cruise Center, Mr. Velichko, says that the Zyb and missiles that China is currently developing INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Volna SLBMs could be converted to launch with technology from U.S. Allied Signal, “special rescue units.” Velichko says that Inc. China’s production of more accurate 4/28/95 the Center is also “prepared to offer a series long-range ballistic missiles and Han-class The Polish Navy launches a new missile of Volna rockets on the [international launch] nuclear submarines is expected to lead to a carrier, the “Orp Gorm.” According to Lieu- market,” which would increase the frequency marked shift in global power. tenant Janusz Walczak, this may be the last of experiments conducted in outer space. Al Santoli, Washington Times, 3/28/95, p. A17 ship the navy buys before the turn of the (4993). Velichko suggests that Russian SLBMs could century. also be used to defend earth against comets PAP (Warsaw), 4/28/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-085-A, 5/28/95 4/28/95 (5072). and asteroids. Vladimir Gubarev, Segodnya (Moscow), 1/25/95, China’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen p. 9; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, pp. 28-31 Guofang announces that Beijing is to post- 5/95 (5114). pone consultations with the U.S. on the Chief of Staff of the Polish Air Forces and MTCR in response to the U.S. decision to Air Defense (WLOP) Brigadier General 2/95 allow Taiwan’s President Lee Teng-hui to Henryk Pietrzak says that missile troops and Commander-in-Chief of Russia’s Strategic visit. Shen adds that China is also post- aircraft are the principal components of Missile Forces (SMF) Colonel General Igor poning the 6/95 visit of the Director of the Poland’s air defense system. The PZR Neva Sergeyev says Russia’s “gigantic nuclear U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament missile, which successfully completed test- missiles are not destroyed out of love for Agency and the 7/95 visit of the Deputy ing in 1994, will be modernized to reduce peace,” but in order to get newer, more Assistant Secretary of State for Politico- its launching and reloading time. The me- “promising,” and more mobile missiles. Military Affairs. dium-range Volkov missile will be phased Russia dismantled 32 SS-18s in 1993 and Xinhua (Beijing), 5/28/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-103, out. WLOP intends to acquire a mobile, 5/28/95 (4994). Steven Mufson, International Her- 36 in 1994, instead of the required 44 a ald Tribune, 5/29/95 (5008). Economist, 6/3/95, p. medium-range missile that is resistant to year. A lack of funds for new equipment is 4 (5209). jamming, similar to the U.S. Patriot or Rus- apparently causing delays. In a separate sian S-300 missiles. interview, Sergeyev says that the SMF have Jozef Gomolka, Przeglad Wojsk Lotniczych I Obrony retained command and control over missiles Powietraznej (Warsaw), 3/95, No. 3, pp. I-X; in FBIS-EEU-95-099, 5/23/95 (5064). in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Sergeyev says that Ukraine has returned 420 warheads to Russia and that POLAND WITH HUNGARY Kazakhstan has returned 632, with 266 still to come. Russia plans to deploy Topol-M2 4/28/95 missiles in silos left vacant by decommis- Polish Prime Minister Jozef Olesky and sioned SS-18s. According to Sergeyev, National Defense Minister Zbigniew INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Russia has had to develop its own complete Okonski meet with Hungarian Defense Min- missile production cycle to compensate for ister Gyorgy Keleti and agree to host exer- 5/95 the loss of 40 percent of its defense enter- cises involving a Hungarian air defense mis- prises following the breakup of the Soviet Commander of the Philippine Navy Rear sile unit later in 1995. Poland also raises Admiral Pio P. Carranza outlines a 15-year, Union. the possibility of purchasing electronics S. Schellenberg and S. Hutchinson, Tango (Berlin), 137.2 billion peso modernization plan. from Hungary for use in its UAVs. 2/9/95, pp. 39-40; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95 Under the plan 70 new ships will be pur- PAP (Warsaw), 4/28/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-085-A, (5057). Gennadiy Miranovich and Aleksandr chased, 15 of which will be equipped, in 4/28/95 (5106). Dolinin, Kraznaya Zvezda (Moscow), 2/8/95, p. 2; the first phase, with short-range surface-to- in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95 (5173).

172 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

2/28/95 3/28/95 are not significant because the missile has Russian Prime Minister V. Chernomyrdin The first launch of the five-stage, solid-fuel been in service for years. signs into law a statute requiring certifica- Start-2 space booster is aborted 10 minutes John Downing and Peter Felstead, Jane’s Intelli- gence Review Pointer, 5/95, pp. 1-2 (5129). tion of all “enterprises and organizations after lift-off from Russia’s Plesetsk which develop and/or produce arms mili- cosmodrome. The booster, which was car- tary equipment and ammunition and their rying three satellites, exploded over the Sea 4/95 main components, completing articles and of . Chief of the State Investiga- Deputy Director of the Federal Service of materials.” Manufacturers must apply for tion Commission Yuriy Yashin says the abor- Russia for Currency and Export Control and the five-year certification. Among others, tive launch was a result of the premature Executive Secretary of the Russian Federal the requirement affects developers and pro- shutdown of the fourth stage engine, which Commission for Export Control ducers of “missile-artillery armament and resulted in the failed activation of the fifth (Eksportkontrol) Rustam Safaraliyev [as means of servicing and using them...[and stage. published] says Russia “must play a much p]roducts of special chemistry, including Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), 3/30/95, greater role in regulating exports of dual- missile propellants, explosives, powders....” p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-061, 3/30/95 (5179). use materials, equipment and technologies.” The primary purpose of the certification Safaraliyev states this must be done in ways program is to protect the Russian defense 3/30/95 that optimally harmonize openness in sector and to prevent foreign persons or A 200-car train carrying ammunition and Russia’s economy and the needs of national entities from gaining control of Russian arms “missiles” explodes at an ammunition depot security and compliance with international industries through the stock market. near the Chinese border village of Taly, obligations regarding the nonproliferation Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 3/18/95, p. 4; in southwest of . The cause of the of weapons of mass destruction.” Safaraliyev JPRS-UMA-95-016, 4/18/95 (5238). explosion is unknown, but it has been re- adds that membership in international ex- ported that other such explosions have been port control regimes is in Russia’s national 3/95 used as cover for soldiers stealing weapons. interest but only if such cooperation is based Reports indicate that the Plesetsk Richard Beeston, Times (London), 3/31/95 (5098). on equal partnership. Cosmodrome will supplant Baikonur as Rustam Safaraliyev, Delovoy Mir (Moscow), 4/29/ 95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-097-S, 4/29/95 (5186). Russia’s principal military space launch fa- 4/95 cility within two to four years. Testing of the new Roket and development Valentin Shishlevskly, Asian Defence Journal, 3/ of the Angara and Rus are in progress in 4/8/95 95, p. 97 (5118). efforts to improve Russia’s family of space Managers at Russia’s Votkinsk missile pro- launch vehicles and enable Russia to become duction facility say that the aborted Start 3/95 more competitive in the international com- rocket carrier exploded because its flight President Yeltsin expresses support for the mercial launch market. trajectory had been calculated incorrectly, Russian military’s plan to convert a former Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-072, which resulted in the failure of the fifth missile complex in the Amur Region into a 4/8/95 (4985). stage. The Start rocket is a five-stage SLV military space-launch base. The new converted from a three-stage SS-25 Topol ‘Svobodny’ Cosmodrome is expected to cost 4/95 ICBM. Russia plans to replace seven of its $2 billion. The head of the regional administration in aging strategic missiles with the solid-fuel, Valentin Shishlevskly, Asian Defence Journal, 3/ Chelyabinsk Vadim Solovev says he hopes silo-based Topol by the end of the century. 95, p. 98 (5177). that a “serious discussion of the further de- Votkinsk is also developing a mobile-based velopment of the Russian nuclear missile variant of the Topol missile. 3/95 complex” will take place during Russian Vladimir Polozhentsev, Russian Public Television Russia is reported to have commenced pro- First Channel Network (Moscow), 4/8/95; in FBIS- Prime Minister Chernomyrdin’s visit to the SOV-95-077, 4/8/95 (5023). duction on its new Smerch warhead, the Makeyev State Missile Center. 9M55K1 (or MOTIV). Fitted onto a stan- Gennadiy Yezhov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/26/95; in dard Splav 300 mm rocket, the 9M55K1 is FBIS-Sov-95-081, 4/26/95 (5029). 4/11/95 a five-munition warhead containing five 15 Russian Defense Minister General Pavel kg top-attack submunitions. The 4/95 Grachev visits a SMF unit in Irkutsk. submunitions each have a two-spectrum Reports emerge regarding the new, extremely Grachev emphasizes that the SMF contin- infra-red seeker and, once ejected, descend high-speed Shkval (Squall) unguided under- ues to play a lead role in stabilizing the glo- by parachute. Russian officials say the war- water missile. The missile allows targets bal political situation. Preparations and head is being produced for the Russian army little chance to perform avoidance maneu- training are underway to ensure that testing and for Kuwait, which has 27 Smerch sys- vers and could possibly carry a tactical of the Topol-M (SS-25) ICBM can be car- tems on order. nuclear warhead. An advisor at Russia’s ried out as early as 5/95 from the Kapustin Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/15/95, p.6 (5040). Institute of Defense Research Aton Surikov Yar test facility. Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 4/13/95, p. 1; in FBIS- confirms Shkval’s existence but says reports SOV-95-071, 4/13/95 (4987).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 173 Missile Developments

4/18/95 heavy Angara booster. The Angara has liq- Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (5117). Chairman of Russia’s State Committee on uid oxygen tanks installed outside of each the Defense Industry Viktor Glukikh states propulsion section and will be more power- that an increase in armaments and military ful than a Proton booster. The Angara hardware exports is needed to save Russia’s booster should be launched in 2000. The RUSSIA WITH BRAZIL AND ailing arms industry. Glukikh cites Russia’s new booster’s design will allow flexibility UNITED STATES sale of S-300B missile systems to the U.S. in configuration by mixing equipment. as an example of how money from arms sales Angara will be launched from the Plesetsk 5/95 can facilitate an improvement in the pro- launch site, which will reduce Russia’s de- The Clinton administration determines that duction effectiveness of a Russian arms en- pendence on the in Russia recently transferred advanced mis- terprise. Kazakhstan. Russia also displays the two- sile technology to Brazil but indicates in a Interfax (Moscow), 4/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-077, stage, liquid-fueled Borurlak booster, which secret memo to Congress that it will waive 4/18/95 (5022). was mounted under a Tupolev Tu-160 Black- sanctions. According to a Clinton adminis- jack bomber. The Borurlak is being de- tration official, the decision to waive sanc- 5/95 signed by the Raduga (Rainbow) Military tions over the sale of carbon fiber, which is First Deputy Commander in Chief of the design Bureau. used in building rocket motor cases, comes SMF Colonel General Nikolay Solovtsov Craig Covault, Aviation Week & Space Technology, after a Russian promise to stop sales to Bra- 6/19/95, pp. 26-27 (5059). says that the SMF currently accounts for zil. A Brazilian official says that Brazil’s two-thirds of Russia’s strategic nuclear de- 2/94 [as published] promise to adhere to livery vehicles. 6/8/95 MTCR guidelines applies only to the sale Tamara Semenova, Rossiyskiye Vesti (Moscow), 5/ Russian military space forces successfully 20/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-099, 5/20/95 (5172). and not to the purchase of missile technol- test-launch an 18-year-old SS-18 ICBM ogy. U.S. officials say the decision to waive from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The mis- 5/95 sanctions is part of an effort to encourage sile lands in the Kamchatka testing range. Brazil to become a full MTCR member. The Russian Army will be equipped with a Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-11, Other U.S. officials are quoted as saying the new eight-axle MAZ-79-221 TEL to trans- 6/8/95 (4981). waiver could trigger instability in South port and launch strategic missiles. The new America, prompting Argentina to renew its TEL has the turning radius of a normal truck Condor program. A Washington-based non- because each axle is steered independently. RUSSIA WITH AUSTRALIA Alexsandr Ilin, Russian Public Television First Chan- proliferation expert says the lack of com- nel Network (Moscow), 5/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- mercial demand for Argentine and Brazil- 105, 5/28/95 (5021). 4/95 ian space launch vehicles may lead to an The Russian enterprise STC Complex and increased risk of the technology being trans- 5/30/95 the Australian Space Office initiate a study ferred to ballistic missile programs. Major-General Yuriy Kononov, commander into the feasibility of launching Russia’s Start R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/8/95, pp. A23, SLV from Australia, taking into account A27 (5146). Warren Ferster, Space News, 6/12/95- of the SMF’s Taman Division, says gas and 6/18/95, p. 12 (5234). power suppliers to the Saratov region mis- Moscow’s MTCR obligations. The study sile facility threatened to cut off power if is expected to be complete by the third quar- the division did not pay its energy debt of ter of 1995. Russia could begin shipping USSIA WITH ULGARIA AND KRAINE 400 million rubles. The threats were made rockets to Australia in 1997. R B U Warren Ferster, Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. during a visit of an U.S. START I inspec- 29 (4982). Warren Ferster, Space News, 4/24/95- tion team. Although the threat was not ful- 4/30/95, p. 24 (5062). 6/95 filled, power had been cut off to the Central The Bulgarian Ministry of Defense buys ST- Command Post of the SMF in the fall of 68 radars from Ukraine after being told, incorrectly, that they were compatible with 1994. Head of the Main Staff of the Strate- RUSSIA WITH BELARUS gic Missile Troops Colonel General Viktor Bulgaria’s new Russian S-300 PMU air de- fense missile system. When the radars fail Yesin says the debt for electricity is cur- 5/26/95 rently 1.879 billion rubles and continues to to work with the missile system, Bulgaria The head of Russia’s Strategic Missile grow. is forced to replace them with alternative Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/30/95; in Troops Staff, Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, models from Russia. FBIS-SOV-95-104, 5/30/95 (5187). says 18 ICBMs remaining in Belarus will Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/6/95, p. be transferred to Russia by the end of 1995. 3; in JPRS-UMA-95-025, 6/6/95 (5104). 6/95 Yesin states that Russia maintains opera- The Khrunichev State Research and Produc- tional control over the missiles. Doug Clarke, Omri Daily Digest, 5/29/95 (5041). tion Center displays the design for its new

174 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

RUSSIA WITH CROATIA 3/6/95 5/95 ISRO chairman Krishnaswamy Kastur- According to a Russian analyst, Russia’s 5/95 irangan states that GSLV flights will begin need for hard currency makes an arms deal Croatia has acquired Russian S-300 SAMs by early 1998 and that the first seven flights with Iran probable despite a potentially ad- for medium and high altitude defense. will be powered by Russian cryogenic en- verse U.S. reaction. The deal may include Zoran Lukic and Nik Kotej, Telegraf (Belgrade), 5/ gines. Under a renegotiated contract, Rus- S-300-PMU-1 SAM systems, Tunguska anti- 24/95, pp. 41-43; in FBIS-EEU-95-106, 5/24/95 sia will now provide India with seven cryo- aircraft systems, and project-12318 missile (5068). genic engines instead of four. India is at- launchers. tempting to develop an indigenous cryogenic Igor Korotchenko, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), engine production capability for future 5/12/95, p. 2 (5071). RUSSIA WITH GERMANY flights of the GSLV. Space News, 3/13/95-3/19/95, p. 2 (5032). Space 6/95 News, 4/17/95-4/23/95, p. 16 (5032). RUSSIA WITH IRAN AND PAKISTAN Russia’s Khrunichev State Research and Pro- duction Center and Germany’s Daimler Benz 4/21/95 4/17/95 (DASA) initiate the ‘Rockot’ project, which Russian officials announce that Russia will Two Russian scientists admit that they col- will use an SS-19 ICBM attached to a new supply India with nine cryogenic rocket laborated by electronic mail with Iran and ‘Breeze’ upper stage to boost 1,800 kg pay- boosters for its three-stage GSLV by the year Pakistan on nuclear and missile related is- loads into low/medium earth orbits. Fi- 2000. The first booster is slated for deliv- sues. It is also reported that the DPRK at- nanced by an innovative debt refinancing ery by the end of 1996, with subsequent tempted to entice more than 100 Russian package, the project seeks to begin launch- boosters to be delivered every six months missile experts to work on upgrading Scud- ing from Plesetsk in 1997. thereafter. India’s acquisition of the boost- C missiles. Craig Covault, Aviation Week & Space Technology, ers will make it one of five nations capable Alan Cooperman and Kyrell Belianov, US News & 6/19/95, pp. 26-27 (5059). of launching commercial payloads into geo- World Report, 4/17/95, pp. 45, 48 (5253). stationary orbit. Interfax (Moscow), 4/21/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/21/95 (5160). RUSSIA WITH HUNGARY RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN 6/95 5/95 The Indian Defense Ministry and Russian 4/95 Russia begins talks with the Hungarian manufacturer Mikoyan attempt to conclude Kazakhstan begins decommissioning mis- Defense Ministry to determine the weapons a contract for the upgrade of 125 of India’s sile silos that once housed Soviet SS-18 that Hungary will purchase to reduce its MiGBis [as reported]. The upgrade would ICBMs. Destruction of the silos will be $300 million debt. Hungarian Defense fit the aircraft with a weapons and avionics completed by Russia’s Strategic Missile Ministry spokesman Lajo Erdelyi says Hun- package similar to that of the MiG-21-93, Forces, in accordance with a bilateral agree- gary would like to purchase “long-range possibly including the Raduga Kh-31 (AS- ment between Kazakhstan and Russia. Fedor Ignatov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/24/95; in missile launchers.” 17 Krypton) air-to-surface missile. Attila Lenart, Nepszava (Budapest), 4/27/95, p.3; FBIS-SOV-95-078, 4/24/95 (5167). Alexander Velovich, Flight International, 6/95, p. in FBIS-EEU-95-082, 4/27/95 (5083). Nepsza- 22 (5153). badsag (Budapest), 6/27/95, p. 1; in FBIS-EEU- 4/24/95 95-124, 6/27/95 (5136). The Russian Strategic Missile Forces’ press center announces that the withdrawal of 104 RUSSIA WITH IRAN Russian SS-18 ICBMs from Kazakhstan to RUSSIA WITH INDIA Russia is complete. The missile withdrawal 4/95 is in accordance with Kazakhstan’s agree- 3/22/95 Russian officials decline to comment on the ment to eliminate nuclear missiles from its India announces an agreement with Russia possible sale of an “ultrasophisticated” sub- territory following the breakup of the So- to purchase 12 2S6M Tunguska air defense marine to Iran. Western military analysts viet Union. systems, including eight SA-19 missiles. claim the submarine is equipped with the NTV (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 4/ The final contract price will be set in mid- Igla anti-aircraft missile system. 25/95 (5025). Doug Clarke, Omri Daily Digest, 5/ 29/95 (5041). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS- 4/95 at a meeting in Moscow. Stanislav Kucher and Dmitriy Kulik, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 4/29/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (5117). Armed Forces Newswire Service, 3/23/95 (4980). 083, 4/29/95 (5113). Atul Aneja, Hindu, 4/1/95, p.2 (5121). Russian Television Network (Moscow), 4/17/95; in FBIS- SOV-95-074, 4/17/95 (5178). International De- fence Review, 5/95, p. 14 (5203).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 175 Missile Developments

5/95 engineers work more effectively with West- Robert S. Norris and William M. Arkin, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 3/95-4/95, pp. 78-79 (5079). Kazakhstan Defense Minister Army General ern organizations. Sagadat Nurmagambetov observes the de- Aviation Week and Space Technology, 6/26/95, p. 5/26/95 20 (5120). struction of an ICBM silo on a visit to a Head of Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops regiment of the Russian Strategic Missile Colonel General Viktor Yesin says that Rus- Forces in Derzhanvinsk, north Kazakhstan. sia maintains “operational control” of 93 According to the terms of the START I RUSSIA WITH PRC ICBMs in Ukraine. Yesin says the warheads Treaty, the division is dismantling its launch on the Ukrainian missiles will be destroyed site prior to being deactivated. 5/95 by 6/96. Doug Clarke, Omri Daily Digest, 5/29/95 (5041). Anatoliy Ladin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 5/19/ Russian military officers are in China to Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-098, 5/19/95 (5105). maintain and provide training for China’s 5/26/95 (5117). S-300 SAMs. Vladimir Skosyrev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 5/16/95, RUSSIA WITH KUWAIT p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-094, 5/16/95 (5009). RUSSIA WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AND UNITED STATES 3/95 RUSSIA WITH SOUTH AFRICA Russia is reported to have commenced pro- 4/95 duction on its new Smerch warhead, the Russia offers the UAE three S-300V (SA- 9M55K1 (or MOTIV). Fitted onto a stan- 4/95 10/12) air defense systems in exchange for dard Splav 300 mm rocket, the 9M55K1 is The head of Russian presidential security, cancellation of $500 million in debt. Gen- a five-munition warhead containing five 15 General Korzhakov, criticizes the lack of eral Director of the Russian Arms Export kg top-attack submunitions. The controls over Russian arms exports in a con- Agency Rosvoorouzhenie Alexander submunitions each have a two-spectrum fidential report to President Boris Yeltsin. Kotelkin believes, on a technical basis alone, infra-red seeker and, once ejected, descend The report states that Russian aerospace the Russian proposal will beat Raytheon’s by parachute. Russian officials say the war- companies have attempted to sell versions counter-offer. Emphasizing their head is being produced for the Russian army of the RD33 engine and R739 air-to-air interoperability with a GCC-wide air de- and for Kuwait, which has 27 Smerch sys- missiles to South Africa “under the protec- fense network, Raytheon is offering 10 Pa- tems on order. tion of senior government officials.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/15/95, p.6 (5040). Le Figaro (Paris), 4/7/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- triot launchers for $1 billion. 068, 4/7/95 (4984). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/1/95, p. 10 (5052).

4/25/95 USSIA WITH UWAIT AND NITED R K U UAE Military Chief of Staff Muhammad RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA AND ARAB EMIRATES bin-Zayid al-Nuhayyan enters negotiations UNITED STATES with top Russian officials regarding possible 4/95 acquisition of missile and land-based air The UAE and Kuwait are interested in buy- 5/95 defense systems. It is speculated that the ing an unspecified number of Russian S- South Korea is reported to remain interested Soviet and Russian practice of selling obso- 300 ‘Grumble’ systems. in acquiring unspecified Russian weapon lete Warsaw Pact weaponry to Abu Dhabi Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence System, 4/8/95 systems, despite being pressured by the U.S. as “new” equipment is also discussed. (5112). to buy Patriot as opposed to Russian S-300 NTV (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-080, 4/ missile systems. 25/95 (5204). Aleksandr Koretskiy, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 5/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-094, 5/16/95 (5124). RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM 6/95 RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE Energomash, Chemical Automation Design 4/95 Bureau (CADB) and the Russian Space The head of Russian presidential security, Agency team up with Societe Europeenne 3/95 General Korzhakov, criticizes the lack of de Propulsion, a multinational aerospace In 1994, Ukraine removed approximately controls over Russian arms exports in a con- consortium working on Ariane 4/5 propul- 700 nuclear warheads from SS-24 and SS- fidential report to President Boris Yeltsin. sion, to test-fire two advanced Russian cryo- 19 ICBMS belonging to the 46th Missile The report says that Volentech allegedly sold genic RD-0120 rocket engines. The project Division at Pervomaysk and transported 360 Toungouz rocket launchers to the British is intended to help Russian managers and warheads to Russia. secret service.

176 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

Le Figaro (Paris), 4/7/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- sidering Russia’s request to renegotiate the (PAC-2) and Russian SV-300 missiles. The 068, 4/7/95 (4984). Russian-U.S. space-launch accord reached exercises could cost up to $5 million. in 9/93. The request follows a 1/27/95 deal Robert Holzer, Defense News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. between the U.S. and China which gave 12 (5058). Christopher Bellamy, The Independent, 5/23/95 (5058). RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES Beijing more freedom than Moscow in de- termining the price and quantity of its west- 5/95 3/95 ern payload launches. Thiokol is awarded a U.S. Defense Nuclear In 4/95 or 5/95, Aerojet of Sacramento, CA, Space News, 4/17/95-4/23/95, p. 16 (4988). Agency contract to convert liquid propel- intends to import two Russian liquid-fueled lant from Russian ICBMs into chemicals NK-33 rocket engines for testing, prior to 4/95 suitable for commercial applications. offering them as replacements for U.S. rock- The U.S. is developing a Mach 3 Harpoon- Thiokol will provide the Russian govern- ets. 2 missile to defeat anti-missile defenses, and ment with the equipment, materials, train- Susan Dowd, Space News, 3/6/95-3/12/95, p. 2 has bought a Russian target derivative of (5070). the supersonic Zvezda Kh-31A for anti-ship ing, and support necessary for the environ- missile simulation tests. mentally sound disposal of unsymmetrical 3/95 Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) liquid rocket Logistical and financial problems are re- 37-40 (5056). propellant. Two U.S. companies and the ported to plague the implementation of Russian stock company, Askond, will also START verification activities. Apart from 4/95 participate. Jane’s Defence Contracts, 5/95, p. 12 (5115). the difficulties experienced in transporting During the 1995 IDEX exhibition in Abu and accommodating U.S. inspection teams Dhabi, Russian officials say they would be and their Russian escorts to sites through- interested in selling the S-300 ‘Grumble’ 5/95 out Russia, treaty-required recordings of system to the U.S., but only if several bat- Russian-made rocket engines are offered for telemetric data from SLBM launches have teries were included in such a deal. competition in a U.S. contract to upgrade been impossible to obtain because Russia Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. expendable launch vehicles. The two en- 12 (5112). cannot repair its recording instruments. gines are the liquid-fueled RD-180 devel- Some experts believe START implementa- oped by NPO Energomash and the NK-33 tion may require billions, possibly trillions 4/14/95 developed by the Samara State Scientific and of rubles. Although intended to help re- A spokesman from Rosvooruzheniye an- Production Enterprise. nounces that Russia will sell a mobile S- Warren Ferster, Space News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. 12 duce Russia’s strategic missiles, Nunn-Lugar (5116). funding does not give the Russians what they 300 V SAM system to the U.S. for $60 mil- really want, “equipment for the hydraulic lion. Marcus Warren, The Daily Telegraph, 4/15/95 5/10/95 removal of solid fuel charges of the rockets (5069). Christopher Foss and Barbara Starr, Jane’s U.S. President and Russian being eliminated.” Defence Weekly, 4/29/95 (5085) Gennadiy Obolenskiy, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), President Boris Yeltsin agree on a joint state- 3/23/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-062, 3/23/95 (5168). ment of principles on the development of 5/95 “tactical” ABM systems. It is reported that 3/3/95 Russia’s Zvezda design bureau joins the because Russia’s Start-2 satellite launch U.S.’s McDonnell Douglas Aerospace to U.S. missile inspectors conduct their first rocket ditched into the ocean after follow- supply the U.S. Navy with four Russian M- surprise inspection of Russian missile fa- ing a ballistic trajectory on 3/29/95, the U.S. 31 ramjet-powered, supersonic, sea-skim- cilities under the START I agreement. Ac- Department of Defense has decided that all ming aerial target vehicles for FY 1995-96. cording to a U.S. embassy spokesman, one future Start rockets will be included under The U.S. Navy will use the M-31s to simu- of the three teams visited Kostroma to in- the START I agreement’s quota of carrier late anti-ship cruise missile threats. If tests spect a SS-24 ICBM site. Although the lo- rockets. are successful, as many as three to 20 addi- Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/11/95, cation of the other two inspection teams was tional M-31s could be supplied in FY 1997. p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 5/11/95 (5026). not given, the U.S. spokesman says that all Flight International, 5/24/95-5/30/95, p. 26 (5020). 55 Russian missile sites will be inspected 5/15/95 in the next 120 days. Russian inspectors 5/95 A U.S. Congress Office of Technology As- will arrive in the U.S. on 3/4/95. Reuter, 3/3/95; in Executive News Service, 3/3/95 The U.S. and Russia will hold a series of sessment report recommends caution to U.S. (5242). joint missile defense exercises commencing companies and government agencies want- with command post exercises in 1996 and ing to form joint enterprises with Russian 4/95 1997, and culminating with a field exercise partners. The report says that continued U.S. officials announce that they are con- in Russia in 1997. The field exercise will Russian adherence to MTCR guidelines involve U.S. Patriot Advance Capability should be an important consideration in any

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 177 Missile Developments cooperation with Russia. Paul Mann, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/ Ben Ionnatta, Space News, 5/22/95-5/28/95, p. 17 26/95, p. 19 (5239). (5166). SOUTH KOREA

6/95 SOUTH AFRICA WITH RUSSIA Russia’s Krunichev and NPO form a joint venture with U.S. Lockheed Martin 4/95 to merge the launcher capabilities of the The head of Russian presidential security, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Atlas and Proton SLVs. The first commer- General Korzhakov, criticizes the lack of cial Proton launch is scheduled for 3/96. controls over Russian arms exports in a con- Flight International, 6/21/95-6/27/95, p. 27 (5166). 3/28/95 fidential report to President Boris Yeltsin. A South Korean military source announces The report says that Russian aerospace com- 6/95 the successful test launch of the short-range panies have attempted to sell versions of the ‘Chonma’ SAM. 140 Chonma missiles are Between 6/29/95-6/30/95, Russian Prime RD33 engine and R739 air-to-air missiles expected to be deployed from 1998. The Minister Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice Presi- to South Africa “under the protection of se- 30 km-range ‘Chonma’ is manufactured al- dent Gore discuss Russia’s future official nior government officials.” most completely from components produced membership in the MTCR. Le Figaro (Paris), 4/7/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- indigenously in South Korea, although its Aleksandr Kudakayev, Segodnya (Moscow), 6/27/ 068, 4/7/95 (4984). 95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-123, 6/27/95 (5170). guidance system was provided by foreign contractors. Yonhap (Seoul), 3/28/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-059, 3/ SOUTH AFRICA WITH AND 28/95 (5108). Reuter, 3/8/95 (5108). UNITED KINGDOM SOUTH AFRICA 4/95 SOUTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA AND South Africa intends to introduce four new UNITED STATES corvettes into service by 1991, if Parliament releases the necessary funds. The ships may 5/95 be built either at Spain’s Bazan or the U.K.’s INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS South Korea is reported to remain interested Yarrow Shipyards, and will be equipped with in unspecified Russian weapon systems de- eight Scorpion SSMs, torpedoes, and a me- spite pressure from the U.S. to buy Patriot 4/95 dium helicopter. A SAM system is also South African missile manufacturer Kentron rather than Russian S-300 missile systems. under development for use on the ships. Aleksandr Koretskiy, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), begins to test fire its ramjet-powered SAHV Ian Kemp, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/29/95, p. 34 5/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-094, 5/16/95 (5124). SAM for an unnamed foreign buyer. The (5096). ramjet would increase the range of this im- aging, infra-red seeker-equipped missile to SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES more than 30 KM (16 nm). SOUTH AFRICA WITH UNITED KINGDOM Flight International, 4/5/95-4/11/95, p. 20 (5094). 3/95 6/95 South Korea awards a $5 million contract to Speaking at the Le Bourget Paris Air Show, AAI of Hunt Valley, Maryland, to jointly SOUTH AFRICA WITH PAKISTAN Kentron officials say they will offer their produce two prototype unmanned aerial ve- ramjet technology to meet the U.K.’s hicle (UAV) systems with Daewoo Corpo- 6/95 SR(A)1239 future medium-range air-to-air ration. The UAVs are expected to be used According to a U.S. government official, the missile requirement. in spy missions over North Korean military South African company Kentron is trying Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/17/95, p. 5 (5246). facilities, including multiple launch rocket to sell H-2 and H-3 air-launched standoff sites. weapons to Pakistan. A number of U.S. Barbara Opall, Defense News, 3/20/95-3/26/95, p. government agencies say South Africa is 36 (5107). developing standoff weapons, unmanned aerial vehicles, and stealth detection tech- 4/95 nology for sale overseas. South African South Korea imported 48 Patriot missile aerospace officials have only confirmed that launching ramps and 192 warheads from the they have flown “a second generation stand- U.S. in 1994. The missiles are deployed “at off weapon.” front areas along the Military Demarcation

178 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

Line.” at Israel are Syrian. The remainder belong TAIWAN WITH FRANCE Korean Central Broadcasting Network (Pyongyang), to Egypt, Iran, and Libya. It is predicted 4/7/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-069, 4/7/95 (5109). that this number could double over the next 4/18/95 decade. Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwanese Navy Agence France Presse International News, 3/12/95; in DFAX Summaries, 3/14/95 (4965). Ku Chung-Lien says that the first of six Lafayette-class missile frigates will be de- SUDAN 5/95 livered by France in 8/95 or 9/95 and will be re-identified as the Kang Ting-class frig- Dr. Dani Shoham, a researcher at the Cen- ate. ter for Strategic Studies at Bar Ilan Univer- CNA (Taipei), 4/18/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-075, 4/ sity, claims that Syria’s production and 18/95 (4961). Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipei), 6/3/ stockpile of chemical weapons eclipses that 95; in FBIS-CHI-95-107, 6/3/95 (5125). SUDAN WITH EGYPT AND IRAQ of any other country in the Middle East. Shoham says that Syria has between 100- 4/95 200 chemical warheads for its Scud-B and TAIWAN WITH PRC In early 1/91, the Sudanese government re- Scud-C missiles and may be involved with portedly received missile systems from Iraq Iran, North Korea, and China in producing 2/24/95 and targeted them against sites in Egypt, chemical warheads for the M-9 missile. Taiwan’s Chief of General Staff Jiu Ho-Chien including the Aswan High Dam. Sudan was Syria has apparently improved its inventory says that China has moved its second artil- allied with Iraq during the Gulf War of 1991. of delivery systems to include surface-to- lery division from Jiangxi province to Fujian Aleksandr Ivanov, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), surface missiles with ranges of 300, 500, province in order to bring Taiwan into cov- 4/18/95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/18/95 (5205). and 1,000 km. erage of its M-9 guided missiles. Gay Bekhor, Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 5/26/95, p. A3 UPI, 3/2/95; in Executive News Service, 3/2/95 (5152). (4996). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 4 (4996).

6/95 3/2/95 SWEDEN Syria is reported to have 62 launchers and Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Shen hundreds of surface-to-surface missiles. Guofang denies that China has moved troops Qobi Marenko, Channel 2 Television Network (Jerusalem), 6/21/95 (5131). to the coast near Taiwan. UPI, 3/2/95; in Executive News Service, 3/2/95 (4996). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 4 (4996). SWEDEN WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AND UNITED STATES 3/7/95 TAIWAN Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwanese 3/18/95 Army Lee Chen-lin announces a five-day The UAE is considering acquisition of the military exercise close to the PRC but de- U.S./Swedish Hellfire coastal defense sys- nies that it is is in response to Beijing’s 1/ tem. 95 redeployment of M series surface-to-sur- Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ face missiles from Jiangxi province to Fujian NTERNAL EVELOPMENTS 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). I D province. Lee speculates that the PRC’s deployment of missiles close to Taiwan 5/12/95 might only have been an exercise. As part of its annual “Shen Chien 35” exer- Yao Chu-chi, Reuter, 3/7/95; in Executive News cise, the Taiwanese Army test fires a newly Service, 3/7/95 (5127). SYRIA modified Hawk anti-aircraft missile, suc- cessfully hitting one target. A second launch 5/29/95 is aborted. China tests its Dong Feng-31 ICBM over a Lien-Ho Pao (Taipei), 5/13/95, p.2; in FBIS-CHI- range of 2,000 km (1,250 miles). Unnamed 95-099, 5/13/95 (5080). Taiwanese defense officials say they are not concerned about the test and claim that the INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS weapon’s role is primarily as a nuclear de- terrent and that because of its 8,000 km 3/95 (5,000 mile) range, the Dong Feng-31’s According to a senior Israeli Army officer, main targets would be the western U.S. and most of the 1,000 ballistic missiles targeted

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 179 Missile Developments continental Europe. Taipei is said to be more Building plant in Dnepropetrovsk says se- concerned about the threat posed by the curity is lax due to a lack of funds. Speak- PRC’s short-range M-class missiles which ing about the recent theft of 420 gilded jacks can target Taiwan directly. from the facility’s missile testing equipment, Agence France Presse (Hong Kong), 6/1/95; in Valentin Kravchenko says “thefts in the sec- FBIS-CHI-95-105, 6/1/95 (5128). tions are committed almost every day.” Interfax (Moscow), 6/21/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-120, 6/21/95 (5162). TURKEY WITH UNITED STATES TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES 4/95 KRAINE WITH ULGARIA 5/12/95 The U.S. Department of Defense notifies U B Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwan- Congress that Turkey will purchase 16 ese Army Lieutenant General Chang Kuang- McDonnell Douglas Harpoon anti-ship mis- 6/95 chin says that three batteries of the most siles for $28 million. The Bulgarian Ministry of Defense buys ST- recent variant of the Patriot missile ordered Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. 4 (4960). Flight 68 radars from Ukraine after being told, from Raytheon in 6/94 will be delivered in International, 4/5/95-4/11/95, p. 22 (4960). incorrectly, that they would be compatible 7/97. Chang says preliminary testing of the with Bulgaria’s new Russia S-300 ‘Grumble’ Tienkung-2 (Skybow) and the updated ver- PMU air defense missile systems. When sion of the indigenously developed the radars fail to work with the missile sys- Tienkung-1 medium-range SAM have been tems, Bulgaria is forced to replace them with completed. UKRAINE alternative models from Russia. Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipai), 5/13/95; in FBIS- Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/6/95, p. CHI-95-093, 5/13/95 (5080). Flight International, 3; in JPRS-UMA-95-025, 6/6/95 (5104). 4/26/95-5/2/95, p. 16, (5134).

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS UKRAINE WITH EGYPT AND RUSSIA 1/26/95 The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense says that 6/95 destruction of ICBM silos will commence Ukraine’s Security Service Administration this summer. Ukrainian Defense Minister (SBU) says that a Russian citizen, Valeriy Valeriy Sharov prefers to dismantle the silo Baytter, has been arrested for attempting to structure and fill the lower section with con- steal classified information on the technical crete, rather than exploding the silo com- specifications of missiles from the INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS plex. Pivdenmash facility in Dnepropetrovsk. In Uniar (Kiev), 1/26/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/ 1994, Baytter apparently sent an assistant 3/95 95, p. 49 (5038). to Pivdenmash to do the same thing, but he As part of a readiness demonstration, the was also apprehended. Baytter says he was Thai Navy launches a C-801 guided missile 5/95 contracted by an Egyptian “entrepreneur”, from its Chinese-built Chao Phraya-class The Mykolayiv Shipbuilding Research and although the SBU believes the Egyptian is frigate, HMS Kra Buri, successfully destroy- Design Center in Ukraine begins prelimi- in the service of an Arab intelligence agency. ing its target. nary design work on a Black Sea-based Volodymyr Zemlyanyy, Uryadovyy Kuryer (Kiev), Siam Rat (Bangkok), 4/1/95, p. 3; in FBIS-EAS- rocket launching facility. Converted solid- 6/20/95, p. 12; in FBIS-SOV-95-120, 6/20/95 95-063, 4/1/95 (5086). (5169). fuel SS-24 ICBMs are being considered for use as carrier rockets aboard the floating launch pad. Mykolayiv Chief Designer Serhiy Kryvko says launches could begin UKRAINE WITH IRAN AND ISRAEL in 1998. Anatoliy Khorunzhyy and Taras Smakula, Post- 5/95 Postup (Lvov), 5/12/95-5/18/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV- Israel denounces Ukraine’s sale of eight SS- 95-099, 5/23/95 (5159). N-22 ‘Sunburst’ [sic] anti-ship cruise mis- siles to Iran. Ukraine is reported to have 6/95 sold the cruise missiles to Iran for $450,000 The deputy chief engineer of Ukraine’s mis- each after it failed to sell the missiles to the sile test facility at the Southern Machine U.S.

180 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

Agence France Presse International News, 5/14/95; UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES ous partner that does not use words lightly.” in International Security Digest, 5/95 (5229). Commenting on Ukraine’s possible involve- 1/95 ment in international space programs, Ukrai- 5/95 Former intelligence chief of the U.S. De- nian Parliamentary Speaker Oleksandr Ukrainian Ambassador Ivan Maydan rejects partment of Defense Lieutenant General (ret) Moroz says that Ukraine has the necessary Israeli accusations that his country is sell- Leonard Perroots was able to purchase “top infrastructure for a space program and that ing anti-ship missiles to Iran. Maydan says secret” Russian ship-to-ship Moskit missiles “Ukrainian access to space launches would that Tehran and Kiev are cooperating on from Ukraine. Perroots went initially to boost the conversion process.” political, economic, and cultural matters and Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, Russia to make the purchase but was turned that he hopes for increased ties between the 3/31/95 (4989). Radio Ukraine World Service down. (Kiev), 4/2/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, 4/2/95 (4989). two countries. Military Parade, 1/99-2/95, pp. 10-11 (5164). IRNA (Tehran), 5/17/95; in FBIS-NEW-95-096, 5/ 17/95 (5111). 5/95 2/95 In 7/95, the U.S. will provide Ukraine with On a recent visit to the U.S., Ukrainian a draft version of a U.S.-Ukraine space- President Leonid Kuchma discussed a pos- UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP launch accord. A final round of discussions sible $700 billion [sic] grant to ASSO- will probably take place in the fall of 1995. UNITI for the “Ariadna” space program. Space News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. 2 (4986). Warren 4/1/95 Zenon Starchenko, Khreshchatyk (Kiev), 1/20/95, Ferster and Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 5/22/ The U.S. invites Ukraine to participate in p. 2; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, pp. 50-51 95-5/28/95, p. 3 (5241). joint space ventures, including the proposed (5065). project to launch Ukrainian rockets from a converted, mobile off- 3/31/95 shore . The joint venture in- In exchange for Kiev’s promise to adhere to cludes of the U.S., Kvaerner A/S of MTCR guidelines, U.S. Secretary of Defense UNITED ARAB EMIRATES , SC Energia of Russia, and William Perry agrees to allow Ukraine to Ukraine’s NPO Yushnoye. Boeing is the offer its space-launch services for commer- project’s primary system integrator and cial U.S. payloads. In discussions with marketer, and will provide the principal Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma and share of the estimated $400 to $500 million Ukrainian defense officials, Perry agreed not UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH FRANCE required to finance the project. to build a “monitoring fence” around a de- Warren Ferster and Peter B. de Selding, Space News, funct SS-24 production complex in 3/95 4/10/95-4/16/95, pp. 1, 20 (5171). Warren Ferster, Pavlograd. Perry says that the decommis- Space News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, pp. 1, 29 (5185). The French company Aerospatiale has sold sioning of Ukraine’s 176 SS-24 and SS-19 over 6,000 missiles to the UAE in the last ICBMs is proceeding ahead of schedule, and KRAINE WITH USSIA decade, including AM-39 Exocet air-to-sur- U R that Ukraine should be a non-nuclear state face missiles and MM-40 anti-ship missiles. in about 18 months. The U.S. plans to give Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ 3/95 Ukraine an additional $20 million for mis- 95, p. 46 (4978). In 1994, Ukraine removed approximately sile disarmament. Ukraine is attempting to 700 nuclear warheads from SS-24 and SS- convert its production capability from 19 ICBMS belonging to the 46th Missile ICBMs to SLVs. Perry says that Ukraine’s UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH FRANCE Division at Pervomaysk and transported 360 project to sell SS-24 missiles as converted AND ITALY warheads to Russia. space launch boosters needs to be discussed Robert S. Norris and William M. Arkin, Bulletin of further because it could pose a potential the Atomic Scientists, 3/95-4/95, pp. 78-79 (5079). proliferation threat. 3/18/95 Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 4/1/95, p. A2 (5031). The UAE is said to be considering acquisi- 5/26/95 tion of the MM-40 Exocet and Otomat Head of Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops 4/2/95 (France/Italy) missiles for its coastal defense Colonel-General Viktor Yesin says that Rus- U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry tells system. sia maintains “operational control” of 93 Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ a press conference, “Ukraine works consis- 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). ICBMs in Ukraine. Yesin says the warheads tently for the cause of disarmament and on the Ukrainian missiles will be destroyed peace. Being present at the process of tak- by 6/96. ing an SS-19 strategic nuclear missile off Doug Clarke, Omri Daily Digest, 5/29/95 (5041). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, combat duty at the Prevomaisk Division, I 5/26/95 (5117). again satisfied myself that Ukraine is a seri-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 181 Missile Developments

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH MULTI- UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH COUNTRY GROUP UNITED KINGDOM UNITED KINGDOM 3/18/95 2/95 Though Dubai, part of the UAE, has se- The U.K. blocks the sale of GEC-Marconi’s lected the Chinese HY-2 missile for its al-Hakim missile to the UAE because of a coastal defense requirement, other members possible MTCR violation. of the federation are considering the MM- The Sunday Telegraph, 2/26/95; in International UNITED KINGDOM WITH BRAZIL 40 Exocet, Otomat (France/Italy) and Security Digest, 2/95 (4974). Hellfire (U.S./Sweden) systems. 3/95 Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ 3/95 The U.K. will sell four Broadsword-class 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). The U.K. approves a revised design of GEC- frigates, armed with Seawolf missiles, to Marconi’s PGM-4 long-range air-to-surface Brazil. Deliveries are scheduled for between missile to compete for the UAE’s stand-off 6/95 and 4/97. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH RUSSIA requirement. Despite its funding of the For Your Eyes Only, 3/20/95 (5055). PGM-4’s design and development, the UAE 4/25/95 will also consider other systems such as the UAE Military Chief of Staff Muhammad French Matra Apache, to fulfil this require- UNITED KINGDOM WITH ISRAEL bin-Zayid al-Nuhayyan enters negotiations ment. Flight International, 3/22/95-3/28/95, p. 25 (4967). with top Russian officials regarding possible Carol Reed, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. 13 4/95 acquisition of missile and land-based air (4967). Senior officials from the U.K. Ministry of defense systems. It is speculated that the Defence are briefed on the Israeli Arrow Soviet and Russian practice of selling obso- system and Rafael’s Python-4 short-range lete Warsaw Pact weaponry to Abu Dhabi UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH SWEDEN infrared-guided missile during a visit to Is- as “new” equipment is also discussed. rael. Israel offers a limited number of Py- AND UNITED STATES NTV (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-080, 4/ thon-4s for the RAF’s front-line aircraft 25/95 (5204). pending its deployment of British 3/18/95 Aerospace’s Advanced Short-Range Air-to- The UAE is considering acquisition of the Air Missile (ASRAAM) around the year UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH RUSSIA U.S./Swedish Hellfire coastal defense sys- 2000. AND UNITED STATES tem. Douglas Barrie, Flight International, 4/26/95-5/2/ Jacques de Lestapis, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/18/ 95, p. 5 (4968). 95, pp. 38- 42 (5033). 4/95 Russia offers the UAE three S-300V (SA- 6/95 10/12) air defense systems in exchange for Silver Arrow, Israel’s manufacturer of un- UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WITH cancellation of $500 million in debt. Gen- manned air vehicles (UAV), purchases an UNITED STATES eral Director of the Russian Arms Export 80 percent share of its U.K. engine supplier, Agency Rosvoorouzhenie Alexander Alvis UAV Engines. Alvis’ 741 engine pow- Kotelkin believes, on a technical basis alone, 3/95 ers both the Hermes and Darter UAVs. Flight International, 6/7/95-6/13/95, p. 32 (5043). the Russian proposal will beat Raytheon’s The UAE considers the McDonnell Dou- counter-offer. Emphasizing their glas Harpoon Block 1G and the Aerospatiale interoperability with a GCC-wide air de- MM-40 Block 2 Exocet missiles to equip fense network, Raytheon is offering 10 Pa- its ASW frigates for their long-range SSM UNITED KINGDOM WITH RUSSIA triot launchers for $1 billion. requirement. The Hughes Standard Mis- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/1/95, p. 10 (5052). sile SM-2 Block III and the Eurosam 4/95 ED are being considered for the UAE’s air The head of Russian presidential security, defense requirement. General Korzhakov, criticizes the lack of James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 8 (4977). controls over Russian arms exports in a con- fidential report to President Boris Yeltsin. The report says that Volentech allegedly sold Toungouz rocket launchers to the British secret service. Le Figaro (Paris), 4/7/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- 068, 4/7/95 (4984).

182 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

UNITED KINGDOM WITH SOUTH AFRICA UNITED KINGDOM WITH UNITED STATES 3/13/95 The U.N. Security Council decides to con- 6/95 5/95 tinue sanctions against Iraq after the U.S. Speaking at the Le Bourget Paris Air Show, The U.S. and the U.K. recently completed proved that it had rebuilt factories capable Kentron officials say they will offer their a joint exercise which envisioned a scenario, of producing missiles in contravention of ramjet technology to meet the U.K.’s in 2007, to test the U.K.’s strategy and doc- existing U.N. resolutions. SR(A)1239 future medium-range air-to-air trine for missile defense. The U.K. is spend- Robert Corzine, Financial Times, 3/14/95, p. 4 (4955). missile requirement. ing 5 million pounds on a study of missile Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/17/95, p. 5 (5246). defenses. The review should be complete in approximately 18 months. 6/19/95 Robert Holzer, Defense News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. Iraq says it will cooperate fully with 12 (5058). Christopher Bellamy, The Independent, UNSCOM officials by surrendering docu- UNITED KINGDOM WITH SPAIN AND 5/23/95 (5058). ments pertaining to its biological weapons OUTH FRICA S A materials only if the U.N. closes its investi- gation of chemical and long-range ballistic 4/95 missile programs. Head of UNSCOM Rolf South Africa intends to introduce four new Ekeus states that he is convinced that Iraq corvettes into service by 1991, if parliament UNITED NATIONS no longer has any “significant capabilities” releases the necessary funds. The ships may in the areas of chemical and ballistic weap- be built either at Spain’s Bazan or the U.K.’s ons. Yarrow Shipyards, and will be equipped with Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 6/20/95; in Executive News eight Scorpion SSMs and torpedoes, and a Service, 6/20/95 (5190). medium helicopter. A SAM system is also UNITED NATIONS WITH EGYPT under development for use on the ships. Ian Kemp, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/29/95, p. 34 (5096). 6/95 UNSCOM head Rolf Ekeus meets with UNITED STATES Egyptian Foreign Minister ‘Amr Musa in Cairo to discuss Egypt’s past missile coop- UNITED KINGDOM WITH UNITED ARAB eration with Iraq. The visit is intended to EMIRATES verify information received from Iraq on the joint Egyptian/Iraqi/Argentine Condor II NTERNAL EVELOPMENTS 2/95 missile program and the joint Egyptian/Iraqi I D The U.K. blocks the sale of GEC-Marconi’s chemical weapons program. al-Hakim missile to the UAE because of a Voice of the Iraqi People (Clandestine), 6/7/95; in 9/30/95 possible MTCR violation. FBIS-NES-95-110, 6/7/95 (5194). The U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau Sunday Telegraph, 2/26/95; in International Secu- of Export Administration publishes missile rity Digest, 2/95 (4974). technology control revisions to the U.S. UNITED NATIONS WITH IRAQ Commodity Control List (CCL). 3/95 Federal Register 49798, 9/30/94 (4686). The U.K. approves a revised design of GEC- Marconi’s PGM-4 long-range air-to-surface 2/21/95 The former head of Iraqi intelligence Gen- missile to compete for the UAE’s stand-off UNITED STATES WITH AUSTRALIA requirement. Despite its funding of the eral Wafiq Samra’i, who defected to the PGM-4’s design and development, the UAE West, writes a letter to UNSCOM Chief Rolf Ekeus claiming that Iraq is still hiding long- 5/95 will also consider other systems, such as Australian officials say plans to develop the French Matra Apache, to fulfill this re- range missiles and chemical and biological weapons. Ekeus describes the U.N. long- software as part of a cooperative ground- quirement. based theater missile defense research project Flight International, 3/22/95-3/28/95, p. 25 (4967). term monitoring effort as satisfactory, al- Carol Reed, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. 13 though there is some concern about Iraqi with the U.S. will not violate the ABM (4967). biological weapons. In 1994, Samra’i Treaty and do not reflect a change in claimed Iraq was hiding possibly 10 TEL Australia’s opposition to “Star Wars” re- systems and up to 80 Scud-B and al-Hussein search. The software will be designed to missiles. locate and destroy incoming missiles. Leon Barkho, Reuter, 2/22/95; in Executive News Graeme Dobell, Radio Australia (Melbourne), 5/ Service, 2/22/95 (5046). 19/95 (5082).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 183 Missile Developments

granted Belarus an additional $6 million for is $150 million, twice the figure allotted UNITED STATES WITH AUSTRALIA AND the destruction of dismantled missile launch for 1994. From 1980 to 1995, Brazil in- FRANCE facilities at Krona. There were 81 such vested approximately $300 million in its launch sites in Belarus after the breakup of space launch infrastructure. the former Soviet Union. Patrick Seitz, Space News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, pp. 3, 3/95 Interfax (Moscow), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 29 (5144). Defense News, 4/24/95-4/30/95, p. 6 Australia announces its decision to make a 5/18/95 (5137). (5145). final decision before the end of 1995 re- garding whether to purchase Rafael’s Popeye 6/23/95 or Rockwell’s AGM-130 air-to-surface mis- The U.S. agrees to give Belarus $19 mil- UNITED STATES WITH BRAZIL AND sile. Deliveries of the missiles, which are lion to “monitor the physical protection of RUSSIA to equip the RAAF’s F-111C/Gs and possi- nuclear materials in Sosny, to destroy liq- bly F-18s, could commence by FY 1996- uid rocket fuel and missile launching pads, 5/95 97. and also to destroy the nuclear infrastruc- Flight International, 3/29/95-4/4/95, p. 9 (5087). The Clinton administration determines that ture.” Russia recently transferred advanced mis- Valentin Menshikov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/23/95; sile technology to Brazil but indicates in a UNITED STATES WITH BAHRAIN in FBIS-SOV-95-122, 6/23/95 (5123). secret memo to Congress that it will waive sanctions. According to a Clinton adminis- 1/95 UNITED STATES WITH BRAZIL The U.S. agrees to sell Bahrain a Hawk air tration official, the decision to waive sanc- tions over the sale of carbon fiber, which is defense missile battery. 2/95 Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 4/17/95, pp. 1, 45 used in building rocket motor cases, comes (5048). The head of Brazil’s Strategic Affairs Sec- after a Russian promise to stop sales to Bra- retariat Ambassador Ronaldo Sardemberg zil. A Brazilian official says that Brazil’s 4/95 has informed U.S. Ambassador Melvin 2/94 promise [as reported] to adhere to Bahrain seeks the U.S. Army’s Army Tacti- Levitsky of Brazil’s intention to join the MTCR guidelines applies only to the sale cal Missile System for its existing MLRS MTCR. Brazil began to express interest in and not to the purchase of missile technol- but, according to a Pentagon official, the joining the MTCR in early 1994 and estab- ogy. U.S. officials say the decision to waive U.S. is restricted from transferring this sys- lished norms for national export controls in sanctions is part of an effort to encourage tem under the MTCR. 12/94. Brazil to become a full MTCR member. Leandro Fortes, Jornal Do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro), Philip Finnegan, Defense News, 4/17/95, pp. 1, 45 Other U.S. officials are quoted as saying the 2/7/95, p.4, in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, p.6 (5048). waiver could trigger instability in South America, prompting Argentina to renew its 4/20/95 Condor program. A Washington-based non- In an interview, Director of the Brazilian UNITED STATES WITH BELARUS proliferation expert says the lack of com- Space Agency Ajax Barros de Melo says that mercial demand for Argentine and Brazil- Brazil’s commitment to join the MTCR, 1/95 ian space launch vehicles may lead to an possibly by 10/95, should strengthen its increased risk of the technology being trans- U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense relationship with the U.S. In particular, de Gloria Duffy meets with officials from the ferred to ballistic missile programs. Melo notes the significance of an anticipated R. Jeffrey Smith, Washington Post, 6/8/95, pp. A23, Belarusian government to discuss disarma- memorandum of understanding with the A27 (5146). Warren Ferster, Space News, 6/12/95- ment, defense conversion and housing needs U.S. to facilitate future cooperation on space 6/18/95, p. 12 (5234). for personnel demobilized from the projects. Brazil’s space efforts are focused Belarusian strategic missile forces. Duffy on the VLS satellite launcher and develop- also assures Belarus that Congress will con- ment of the Alcantara launch site for com- UNITED STATES WITH HUNGARY tinue to support U.S. financing for disar- mercial launch purposes. Brazil expects that mament. The U.S. plans to give $6 million full MTCR membership will allow it to ac- 5/2/95 in aid for the destruction of the approxi- quire advanced technology which will then mately 15,000 tons of rocket fuel left be- Hungarian foreign affairs spokesman Gabor enable it to meet the scheduled 4/96 launch Szentivanyi says that Hungary’s defense and hind by Russian troops. date for the new expendable launch vehicle. Belapan (Minsk), 1/25/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, foreign ministries will sign an agreement 2/14/95, p. 48 (5024). The Brazilian booster is a four-stage rocket with the U.S. to demolish Scud tactical mis- capable of placing a 150-kg payload into siles which were decommissioned in the 5/95 orbit. Total funding for Brazil’s space re- early 1990s. search and development program, includ- Belarus First Deputy Foreign Minister MTI (Budapest), 5/2/95; in FBIS-EEU-95-085-A, ing university and environmental projects, 5/2/95 (5060). Valeriy Tsepkalo says that the U.S. has

184 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

UNITED STATES WITH INDIA Indian Prithvi and other missile systems posed joint U.S.-Japan TMD system. which are threatening Pakistan. Leghari Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 4/3/95, p. 3 (5091). 3/31/95 adds that while the Prithvi missile is “Paki- Walter Lachman and Maurice Subilia, CEO stan specific,” India’s Agni missile will also 4/1/95 and President respectively of Fiber Materi- target the Middle East, the Far East and The Japanese Defense Agency (JDA) cre- als Inc. and its subsidiary Materials Inter- China. Leghari also says that Pakistan has ates the Ballistic Missile Defense Study national, are found guilty of violating U.S. asked the U.S. to help dissuade India from Office. The new office will work with the export laws for their roles in the shipment producing the Prithvi and that Pakistan U.S. BMDO and the U.S. Pacific Command of a specially-designed machine control “want[s] a zero missile level in the region.” to determine the threat posed by ballistic panel to India’s Defense Research and De- In response to the Indian missile program, missiles, such as North Korea’s No-dong- velopment Laboratory. Shipped to Pakistan has decided to increase the effec- 1. Japanese officials emphasize that the new Hyderabad in 4/88, the panel is used to con- tive range of its Hatf and Anza missile sys- program does not represent a commitment trol Hot Isostatic Presses (HIPs), which can tems. to fielding a TMD system. It is reported Nation (Islamabad), 5/31/95, pp. 1, 3; in FBIS- that the JDA is divided internally between be used to produce carbon/carbon, a key NES-95-105, 5/31/95 (5197). component in manufacturing missile nose those wanting a system to counter threats cones. and those who are concerned about spend- Export Control News, 3/31/95, pp. 4-7 (5218). ing money on a potentially ineffective sys- UNITED STATES WITH ISRAEL tem. Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 4/3/95, p. 3 (5091). Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), 3/17/95, p.3 (5126). UNITED STATES WITH INDIA AND 3/95 The U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organi- PAKISTAN zation (BMDO) plans to award a follow-on contract to Israel’s Wales company to deter- UNITED STATES WITH KAZAKHSTAN 4/95 mine whether Israel’s Boost-phased Inter- On a visit to Washington, Pakistani Prime cept System (IBIS) will meet U.S. Theater 4/5/95 Minister Benazir Bhutto pushes the U.S. to Missile Defense (TMD) requirements by U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry release the F-16 aircraft that Pakistan has modifying and simulating preliminary IBIS meets Kazakhstan President Nursultan already paid for. India threatens to resume results. Nazarbayev to explore potential joint ven- production of its Prithvi missile if Pakistan International Defense Review. 3/95, p. 17 (4962). ture defense projects and to discuss interna- receives the F-16s. Pakistan’s response to tional and regional security issues. Perry such a development could be increased pur- 6/95 announces that four U.S. companies will chases of M-11 missiles from China. Unnamed senior sources from Israel’s de- invest more than $21 million to convert Ranit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 4/17/95, p. 6; in FBIS-NES-95-075, 4/17/95 (5050). fense establishment say that if Israel with- Kazakhstani defense industries. This will draws from the Golan Heights, it should be include conversion of the Gidromash enter- 4/95 compensated with U.S. funding for the prise from the production of missile sys- Speaking before the U.S. House Foreign manufacture and deployment of operational tems to the production of pressure valves Relations Subcommittee, U.S. Assistant Arrow missiles. It is reported that the Ar- and containers for cryogenic materials. Sovety Kazakhstana (Almaty), 4/7/95, p.1; in FBIS- Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs row missile is necessary to counter Syria’s Scud-C missiles, which would come down SOV-070, 4/7/95 (4983). Krasnaya Zvezda (Mos- Robin Raphel says that both India and Paki- cow), 4/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-068, 4/7/95 stan could build a small number of nuclear in a “barrage” if Damascus launched a sur- (4983). warheads in short order and that each wants prise offensive. Syria is reported to have to acquire or develop ballistic missile de- 62 launchers and hundreds of surface-to- surface missiles. livery systems that are nuclear-capable. NITED TATES WITH ORTH OREA Qobi Marenko, Channel 2 Television Network U S N K Raphel says the U.S. is concerned about the (Jerusalem), 6/21/95 (5131). possibility of a ballistic missile race in South 3/13/95 Asia. The U.S. Embassy releases a statement from Ali Abbas Rizvi, Asian Defence Journal, 4/95, p. 87 (5217). UNITED STATES WITH JAPAN Under Secretary for Arms Control and In- ternational Security Lynn Davis which says 5/31/95 3/25/95 that the U.S. will not normalize relations with North Korea until it stops exporting Pakistani President Farooq Ahmad Khan Commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet Rear Admiral Archie Clemens urges the Japanese missiles to countries such as Iran and Syria. Leghari says “Pakistan will do whatever is Yonhap (Seoul), 3/13/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-048, 3/ necessary for its security...Pakistan has the Defense Agency to purchase additional Ae- 13/95, (5174). means to protest [protect] itself” against the gis destroyers for incorporation into a pro-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 185 Missile Developments

6/95 its launch prices comparable with similar agree to initiate specialist meetings on the [U.S. Ambassador-at-Large] Robert Gallucci services offered in the West. control of missile technology. They also says that the U.S. intends to negotiate North Statesman (Calcutta); in Asian Recorder, 2/26/95- reiterate the importance of extending the 3/4/95 (5007). Korea’s cessation of ballistic missile produc- NPT, express their support for the frame- tion and export. Gallucci also says that “The work agreement between the U.S. and the longest range missiles under development 3/95 DPRK, and pledge to cooperate further in now are in the 4,000 to 5,000 kilometer According to arms transfer specialist Ken- the peaceful use of nuclear energy in accor- range. These missiles are not only for force neth Timmerman the U.S. Commerce dance with the Sino-U.S. nuclear coopera- projection in Northeast Asia, we believe, Department’s 1994 approval of the Garret tion agreement of 1985. but also for export.” Engine Co.’s sale of gas turbine engines to Gao Jian, Xinhua (Beijing), 4/18/95; in FBIS-CHI- Yonhap (Seoul), 6/16/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-116, 6/ China could help the Chinese improve their 95-075, 4/18/95 (4992). 16/95 (5252). cruise missiles. According to Timmerman, the goods were approved for export despite 5/95 UNITED STATES WITH PAKISTAN a declared military end-use. The U.S. Com- During a U.S. Department of Defense merce Department decided that the sale did wargame intended to forecast future Chinese 4/28/95 not violate U.S. export control laws because and U.S. military capabilities, the U.S. loses, The U.S. Department of State refuses to the engines would be shipped without the due partly to new precision-guided, long- comment on allegations that a Pakistani Full Authority Digital Engine Control range cruise missiles that China is currently army officer had been arrested for selling (FADEC) system and would therefore be developing with technology from U.S. Al- information on Pakistan’s missile program “brainless.” A subsequent deal between lied Signal Inc. China’s production of more to the U.S. The charge is considered to be China and the U.K.’s Lucas Aerospace, in accurate long-range ballistic missiles and politically sensitive for the Pakistani gov- which digital engine controls for the K-8 Han-class nuclear submarines is expected ernment because information passed to the jet trainer are to be transferred, clears the to lead to a marked shift in global power. way for China to design its own long-range Al Santoli, Washington Times, 3/28/95, p. A17 U.S. could be given to Israel, which has an (4993). alleged working relationship with India’s cruise missile based on the Garret engine. intelligence service. Timmerman first published his observations DAWN (Karachi), 4/30/95, p. 20; in FBIS-NES-95- in the 3/95 issue of The American Specta- 5/28/95 083, 4/30/95 (5211). tor. China’s foreign ministry spokesman Shen Security Affairs, 3/95-4/95, p. 4 (5140). Guofang announces Beijing is to postpone consultations with the U.S. on the MTCR in response to the U.S. decision to allow UNITED STATES WITH PAKISTAN AND 4/95 PRC Chinese officials say their government will Taiwan’s President Lee Teng-hui to visit. pay all claims stemming from the 1/26/95 Shen adds that China is also postponing the 6/95 visit of the Director of the U.S. Arms 6/22/95 failed launch of a Long March 2E rocket at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The Control and Disarmament Agency and the Pakistan denies that it has received any M- rocket was due to place a Hughes HS 601 7/95 visit of the Deputy Assistant Secretary 11 missile components from China and says satellite, owned by the Hong Kong-based of State for Politico-Military Affairs. the U.S. has not produced any evidence to Asia-Pacific Telecommunications Co., into Xinhua (Beijing), 5/28/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-103, the contrary. Pakistan also denies it has 5/28/95 (4994). Steven Mufson, International Her- orbit. The failed launch was similar to a violated the MTCR. ald Tribune, 5/29/95 (5008). Economist, 6/3/95, p. Xinhua (Beijing), 6/22/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-121, 12/92 failure which also involved a Long 4 (5209). 6/22/95 (5198). March 2E vehicle and has never been ex- plained. 6/95 Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 4/3/95-4/9/95, p. A CIA report indicates that China has re- 4 (5143). UNITED STATES WITH PRC cently transferred missile components to Iran and Pakistan in possible violation of the 4/17/95 MTCR. If a violation has occurred, the 1/30/95 Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen and China and the United States finalize a seven- U.S. would be required to impose sanctions, U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher say U.S. officials. The CIA report states year agreement on commercial space agree to cooperate to further nuclear non- launches. Under the agreement China is that over the past 12 months China has de- proliferation objectives. In talks on Sino- livered dozens, if not hundreds, of comput- authorized to conduct 11 international space U.S. relations, Qian and Christopher also launches to geo-synchronous orbit through erized machine tools and missile guidance reaffirm their commitment to their “Joint systems, giving Iran the ability to increase 12/31/01, but can increase this number if Declaration on the Issue of the Prolifera- market demand rises. China agrees to keep its North Korean Scud missile accuracy and tion of Guided Missiles” of 10/4/94, and to build its own Scud-type missiles. Since

186 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

3/95, China is also believed to have trans- will arrive in the U.S. on 3/4/95. 5/95 ferred of parts to Pakistan that could be used Reuter, 3/3/95 (5242). The U.S. and Russia will hold a series of in M-11 missiles. A Chinese Foreign Min- joint missile defense exercises commencing istry spokesman said China was abiding by 4/95 with command post exercises in 1996 and its commitment to the MTCR and that the U.S. officials announce that they are con- 1997, and culminating with a field exercise CIA report was “groundless.” sidering Russia’s request to renegotiate the in Russia in 1997. The field exercise will Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 6/22/95, pp. A1, Russian-U.S. space-launch accord reached involve U.S. Patriot Advance Capability A7 (5139). in 9/93. The request follows a 1/27/95 deal (PAC-2) and Russian SV-300 missiles. The between the U.S. and China which gave exercises could cost up to $5 million. Beijing more freedom than Moscow in de- Robert Holzer, Defense News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA termining the price and quantity of its west- 12 (5058). Christopher Bellamy, The Independent, 5/23/95 (5058). ern payload launches. 3/95 Space News, 4/17/95-4/23/95, p. 16 (4988). In 4/95 or 5/95, Aerojet of Sacramento, CA, 5/95 intends to import two Russian liquid-fueled 4/95 Thiokol is awarded a U.S. Defense Nuclear NK-33 rocket engines for testing, prior to The U.S. is developing a Mach 3 “Harpoon Agency contract to convert liquid propel- offering them as replacements for U.S. rock- II” missile to defeat anti-missile defenses, lant from Russian ICBMs into chemicals ets. and has bought a Russian target derivative suitable for commercial applications. Susan Dowd, Space News, 3/6/95-3/12/95, p. 2 of the supersonic Zvezda Kh-31A for anti- Thiokol will provide the Russian govern- (5070). ship missile simulation tests. ment with the equipment, materials, train- Stewart Walters, Asian Defense Journal, 4/95, pp. ing, and support necessary for the environ- 3/95 37-40 (5056). mentally sound disposal of unsymmetrical Logistical and financial problems are re- dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) liquid rocket ported to plague the implementation of 4/95 propellant. Two U.S. companies and the START verification activities. Apart from During the 1995 IDEX exhibition in Abu Russian stock company Askond will also the difficulties experienced in transporting Dhabi, Russian officials say they would be participate. and accommodating U.S. inspection teams interested in selling the S-300 ‘Grumble’ Jane’s Defence Contracts, 5/95, p. 12 (5115). and their Russian escorts to sites through- system to the U.S., but only if several bat- out Russia, treaty-required recordings of teries were included in such a deal. 5/95 telemetric data from SLBM launches have Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. Russian-made rocket engines are offered for 12 (5112). been impossible to obtain because Russia competition in a U.S. contract to upgrade cannot repair its recording instruments. expendable launch vehicles. The two en- Some experts believe START implementa- 4/14/95 gines are the liquid-fueled RD-180 devel- tion may require billions, possibly trillions A spokesman from Rosvooruzheniye an- oped by NPO Engergomash, and the NK- of rubles. Although intended to help re- nounces that Russia will sell a mobile S- 33 developed by the Samara State Scientific duce Russia’s strategic missiles, Nunn-Lugar 300 V SAM system to the U.S. for $60 mil- and Production Enterprise. funding does not give the Russians what they lion. Warren Ferster, Space News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. 12 Marcus Warren, The Daily Telegraph, 4/15/95 (5116). really want, “equipment for the hydraulic (5069). Christopher Foss and Barbara Starr, Jane’s removal of solid fuel charges of the rockets Defence Weekly, 4/29/95 (5085) being eliminated.” 5/10/95 Gennadiy Obolenskiy, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian 3/23/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-062, 3/23/95 (5168). 5/95 President Boris Yeltsin agree on a joint state- Russia’s Zvezda design bureau joins the ment of principles on the development of 3/3/95 U.S.’s McDonnell Douglas Aerospace to “tactical” ABM systems. It is reported that supply the U.S. Navy with four Russian M- U.S. missile inspectors conduct their first because Russia’s Start-2 satellite launch 31 ramjet-powered, supersonic, sea-skim- surprise inspection of Russian missile fa- rocket ditched into the ocean after follow- ming aerial target vehicles for FY 1995/96. cilities under the START I agreement. Ac- ing a ballistic trajectory on 3/29/95, the U.S. The U.S. Navy will use the M-31s to simu- cording to a U.S. embassy spokesman, one Department of Defense has decided that all late anti-ship cruise missile threats. If tests of the three teams visited Kostroma to in- future Start rockets will be included under are successful, an additional three to 20 M- spect a SS-24 ICBM site. Although the lo- the START I agreement’s quota of carrier 31s could be supplied in FY 1997. rockets. cation of the other two inspection teams was Flight International, 5/24/95-5/30/95, p. 26 (5020). not given, the U.S. spokesman says that all Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/11/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 5/11/95 (5026). 55 Russian missile sites will be inspected in the next 120 days. Russian inspectors

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 187 Missile Developments

5/15/95 counter-offer. Emphasizing their Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/8/95, p. 4 (4960). Flight International, 4/5/95-4/11/95, p. 22 (4960). A U.S. Congress Office of Technology As- interoperability with a GCC-wide air de- sessment report recommends caution to U.S. fense network, Raytheon is offering 10 Pa- companies and government agencies want- triot launchers for $1 billion. ing to form joint enterprises with Russian Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/1/95, p. 10 (5052). UNITED STATES WITH UKRAINE partners. The report says that continued Russian adherence to MTCR Guidelines 1/95 should be an important consideration in any UNITED STATES WITH SOUTH KOREA Former intelligence chief of the U.S. De- cooperation with Russia. partment of Defense Lieutenant General Ben Ionnatta, Space News, 5/22/95-5/28/95, p. 17 3/95 (Ret) Leonard Perroots was able to purchase (5166). South Korea awards a $5 million contract to “top secret” Russian ship-to-ship Moskit AAI of Hunt Valley, Maryland to jointly missiles from Ukraine. Perroots went ini- 6/95 produce two prototype unmanned aerial ve- tially to Russia to make the purchase but Russia’s Krunichev and NPO Energia form hicle (UAV) systems with Daewoo Corpo- was turned down. a joint venture with U.S. Lockheed Martin ration. The UAVs are expected to be used Military Parade, 1/99-2/95, pp. 10-11 (5164). to merge the launcher capabilities of the in spy missions over North Korean military Atlas and Proton SLVs. The first commer- facilities, including multiple launch rocket 2/95 cial Proton launch is scheduled for 3/96. sites. On a recent visit to the U.S., Ukrainian Flight International, 6/21/95-6/27/95, p. 27 (5166). Barbara Opall, Defense News, 3/20/95, p. 36 (5107). President Leonid Kuchma discussed a pos- sible $700 billion [sic] grant to ASSO- 6/95 4/95 UNITI for the “Ariadna” space program. Between 6/29/95-6/30/95, Russian Prime In 1994, South Korea imported 48 Patriot Zenon Starchenko, Khreshchatyk (Kiev), 1/20/95, Minister Chernomyrdin and U.S. Vice Presi- p. 2; in JPRS-TAC-95-001, 2/14/95, pp. 50-51 missile launching ramps and 192 warheads (5065). dent Gore discuss Russia’s future official form the U.S. The report says the missiles membership of the MTCR. are deployed “at front areas along the Mili- Aleksandr Kudakayev, Segodnya (Moscow), 6/27/ 3/31/95 95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-123, 6/27/95 (5170). tary Demarcation Line.” In exchange for Kiev’s promise to adhere to Korean Central Broadcasting Network (Pyongyang), 4/7/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-069, 4/7/95 (5109). MTCR guidelines, U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry agrees to allow Ukraine to UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA AND offer its space-launch services for commer- cial U.S. payloads. In discussions with SOUTH KOREA UNITED STATES WITH TAIWAN Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma and 5/95 Ukrainian defense officials, Perry agreed not 5/12/95 to build a “monitoring fence” around a de- Having been pressured by the U.S. to buy Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwan- Patriot missiles systems rather than Russian funct SS-24 production complex in ese Army Lieutenant General Chang Kuang- Pavlograd. Perry says that the decommis- S-300s, South Korea is reported to remain chin says that three batteries of the most interested in unspecified Russian weapon sioning of Ukraine’s 176 SS-24 and SS-19 recent variant of the Patriot missile ordered ICBMs is proceeding ahead of schedule, and systems. from Raytheon in 6/94 will be delivered in Aleksandr Koretskiy, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), that Ukraine should be a non-nuclear state 5/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-094, 5/16/95 (5124). 7/97. Chang says preliminary testing of the in about 18 months. The U.S. plans to give Tienkung II (Skybow) and the updated ver- Ukraine an additional $20 million for mis- sion of the indigenously developed Tienkung sile disarmament. Ukraine is attempting to I medium-range SAM have been completed. convert its production capability from UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA AND Benjamin Yeh, CNA (Taipai), 5/13/95; in FBIS- ICBMs to SLVs. Perry says that Ukraine’s UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CHI-95-093, 5/13/95 (5080). Flight International, 4/26/95-5/2/95, p. 16, (5134). project to sell SS-24 missiles as converted space launch boosters needs to be discussed 4/95 further because it could pose a potential Russia offers the UAE three S-300V (SA- proliferation threat. UNITED STATES WITH TURKEY 10/12) air defense systems in exchange for Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 4/1/95, p. A2 (5031). cancellation of $500 million in debt. Gen- eral Director of the Russian Arms Export 4/95 Agency Rosvoorouzhenie Alexander The U.S. Department of Defense notifies Kotelkin believes, on a technical basis alone, Congress that Turkey will purchase 16 the Russian proposal will beat Raytheon’s McDonnell Douglas Harpoon anti-ship mis- siles for $28 million.

188 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Missile Developments

4/2/95 defenses. The review should be complete U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry tells in approximately 18 months. a press conference “Ukraine works consis- Robert Holzer, Defense News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. 12 (5058). Christopher Bellamy, Independent, 5/ tently for the cause of disarmament and 23/95 (5058). peace. Being present at the process of tak- ing an SS-19 strategic nuclear missile off combat duty at the Prevomaisk Division, I again satisfied myself that Ukraine is a seri- ous partner that does not use words lightly.” YEMEN Commenting on Ukraine’s possible involve- ment in international space programs, Ukrai- nian Parliamentary Speaker Oleksandr Moroz says that Ukraine has the necessary infrastructure for a space program and that “Ukrainian access to space launches would 5/27/95 boost the conversion process.” A fire in the Yemeni port city of Aden causes Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, a series of explosions at an ammunition and 3/31/95 (4989). Radio Ukraine World Service missile depot. The fire causes numerous (Kiev), 4/2/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, 4/2/95 (4989). missiles to launch and then fall on several sections of the city. The missiles were not 5/95 armed and so did not explode on impact. In 7/95, the U.S. will provide Ukraine with The cause of the fire remains unclear. a draft version of a U.S.-Ukraine space- Radio Monte Carlo (Paris), 5/27/9; in FBIS-NES- launch accord. A final round of discussions 95-103, 5/27/95 (5243). will probably take place in the fall of 1995. Space News, 5/8/95-5/14/95, p. 2 (4986). Warren Ferster and Peter B. de Selding, Space News, 5/22/ 95-5/28/95, p. 3 (5241). YUGOSLAVIA

UNITED STATES WITH UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

3/95 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS The UAE considers the McDonnell Dou- glas Harpoon Block 1G and the Aerospatiale 2/11/95 MM-40 Block 2 Exocet missiles to equip An explosion at the only solid-propellant its ASW frigates for their long-range SSM factory in Yugoslavia may delay full-scale requirement. The Hughes Standard Mis- rocket production for several months. The sile SM-2 Block III and the Eurosam Aster factory produces propellant for unguided air- ED are being considered for the UAE’s air to-ground rockets and multiple rocket defense requirement. launcher ammunition. James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. 8 Zoran Kusovac, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/4/95, p. (4977). 8 (5076).

5/95 UNITED STATES WITH UNITED KINGDOM The “Krusik” Department for Military Equipment Manufacturing, which produces 5/95 Air Force and Air Defense rocket missiles, The U.S. and the U.K. recently completed is one of the largest suppliers to the Army a joint exercise which envisioned a scenario, of Yugoslavia. in 2007, to test the U.K.’s strategy and doc- Jovan Zaric, Borba (Belgrade), 5/15/95, p. 6; in trine for missile defense. The U.K. is spend- FBIS-EEU-95-099, 5/15/95 (5073). ing 5 million pounds on a study of missile

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