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Usage of Funerary Symbols in Masuji Ibuse's Black Rain

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Usage of Funerary Symbols in Masuji Ibuse's Black Rain USAGE OF FUNERARY SYMBOLS IN MASUJI IBUSE’S BLACK RAIN AND KENZABURO OE’S THE SILENT CRY NDERITU JAMES MAINA C50/CE/14396/2009 A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LITERATURE OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY, 2017. April 2017 DECLARATION I declare that this project is my own original work and that it has not been presented for a degree or any other award in any other university. _____________________________ Date _________________ Nderitu James Maina C50/CE/14396/2009 This research project was submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors: _______________________________ Date ____________________ Dr. J.K.S Makokha Literature Department Kenyatta University ______________________________ Date ____________________ Dr. John Mugubi Department of Theatre Arts and Film Technology Kenyatta University ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research work was largely enabled through the unwavering guidance and counsel of my beloved supervisors, Dr. J.K.S. Makokha and Dr. John Mugubi. I will forever remain indebted to you for the time you took off your busy schedules to go through my work and guide me accordingly. Special tribute goes to all the lecturers who took their time to teach my colleagues and I during the entire period of this masters programme; Dr. Mbugua wa Mungai, Dr. Wallace Mbugua, Dr. Kisa Amateshe and Dr. Oyoo Weche, among others. I wish to extend my acknowledgements to all my lecturers at Makerere University for inspiring me to pursue even higher levels of education. These are; Mr. James Taabu Mbusimba (JTB), Dr. Waibi Walubi, Dr. Susan Kiguli, Prof. Sr. Dominica Dipio, Ms. Nambi Rebecca, Mr. Peter Mugume, Mr. Benon Tugume, Ms. Violet Nakabugo and Mrs. Mary Nabukenya among others. I am indebted to all my colleagues during the period of this study. Deserving special mention are Dorcas Warutumo and Francis Giathi Kimani with whom we spent long hours in the Kenyatta University Literature Resource Centre and Kenyatta University Post Modern Library doing our research and ensuring that we do not despair even when things seemed hard. It is indeed the strength and inspiration we drew from each other that enabled this. For the critique of my work, colleague, Ndiang’ui Ndung’u, thanks. I wish to thank my step mothers, Elita Mudola Nderitu and Consolata Nyaguthii Nderitu, posthumously, for lighting up the fire of determination within me. May you rest in peace. In the same spirit I thank all the members of the expansive Nderitu family. Special acknowledgement goes to Esther Mwihaki Maina, the newest member of this expansive family. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my beloved parents: Daniel Nderitu Waiganjo and Esther Mwihaki Karoki who supported my studies morally and materially. iv Operational Definition of Terms Funerary symbols- objects, characters or signs which appear or which are simply taken as being representatives of the actual physical death, unhappiness, gloom or suffering in a piece of art or in a given community. Radiation Disease – a form of illness that followed the dropping of atomic bomb. The disease was gotten from coming into direct contact with substances of the contents of the bomb or coming into physical contact with the victims of the atomic bomb among other ways. In the selected texts the disease is characterized by abscesses. Other terms used to refer to the same disease are radiation illness and radiation infection. Death- the termination or extinction of something, for example life, joy or simply absence of the effect of something. In this study, physical death may not necessarily mean death and may not be an end in itself. Nirvana- a state of completion as regards joy and happiness. Also great pleasure Seppuku- Japanese ritualistic suicide Kimono - a Japanese traditional cloth Semiosis- the process of meaning-making Symbolic- a mode in which the signifier does not resemble the signified but which is arbitrary or purely conventional- so that the relationship must be learnt v ABSTRACT This research work is based on the study of the primary texts; Masuji Ibuse’s Black Rain (1970) and Kenzaburo Oe’s The Silent Cry (1967). It seeks to examine how the funerary symbols appear, are employed and their significance in the two selected novels. The research also looks at the influence that funerary symbols have on plot, characterization and themes in the texts. A writer uses one form of communication over another in his or her work for a reason. An interrogation of available scholarship on Japanese writers indicates that the area covered by this research has not been exhausted. It is hoped that this study and its findings contribute in addressing this research paucity and invokes further research. The research design used in this study is descriptive. Since this is a library based research, the primary texts were read alongside other critical works deemed relevant for the findings of the research. The results from the primary data were then analyzed to arrive at the final findings. This study was conducted within the guidelines of two theoretical frameworks: Semiotics Literary theory and Psychoanalytic literary theory. Semiotics literary approach is instrumental when it comes to analyzing the communication modes embraced by the two authors. Psychoanalysis is useful in analyzing the funerary symbols employed by the selected authors. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. .iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................iv OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................................. ....v ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction and Background to the study .................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research questions ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Objectives of the study .................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Research assumptions ................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Justification and significance of the study .................................................................... 5 1.7 Scope and delimitations ................................................................................................ 5 1.8 Theoretical framework .................................................................................................. 6 1.9 Literature review ......................................................................................................... 10 1.10 Research methodology .............................................................................................. 17 1.11 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 17 1.12 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………..…...18 CHAPTER TWO FUNERARY SYMBOLS IN KENZABURO OE’S THE SILENT CRY (1967) AND MASUJI IBUSE’S BLACK RAIN (1970) ............................................................................. 19 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Characters ................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 War ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.4 Funerary symbols emanating from superstitions ....................................................... 47 2.5 Effects of war as funerary symbols ............................................................................. 53 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 61 vii CHAPTER THREE FUNERARY SYMBOLS, SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL REALITIES 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 62 3.2 Organization and social set-up ................................................................................... 63 3.3 Political realities .......................................................................................................... 68 3.4 Cultural values and realities ....................................................................................... 70 3.5 Spiritual realities ......................................................................................................... 74 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER FOUR THE AESTHETIC AND STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNERARY SYMBOLS IN MASUJI IBUSE’S BLACK RAIN (1970) AND KENZABURO OE’S THE SILENT CRY (1967) ....................................................................................................................................
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