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The Flavor Puzzle · The Flavor Puzzle Wolfgang Altmannshofer [email protected] Colloquium Aspen Center for Physics June 26, 2014 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 1 / 40 The Search for the Fundamental What is the world made of? What holds it together? Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 2 / 40 The Standard Model of Particle Physics particlefever.com The Basic Building Blocks of Matter bla Q = 0 bla Q = −1 bla bla 2 Q = 3 1 Q = − 3 bla Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 4 / 40 Interactions of Quarks and Leptons what makes a quark a quark, what makes a lepton a lepton? the gauge interactions! but: the gauge interactions are identical for the 3 generations/flavors Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 5 / 40 What distinguishes the three generations/flavors of quarks and leptons? Enter Higgs Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 7 / 40 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 8 / 40 Flavor and the Proliferation of Parameters gauge sector describes the gauge interactions of the quarks and leptons parametrized by 3 gauge couplings g1, g2, g3 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 9 / 40 Flavor and the Proliferation of Parameters gauge sector Higgs sector breaks electro-weak describes the gauge symmetry and interactions of the gives mass to the quarks and leptons W ± and Z bosons parametrized by 2 free parameters 3 gauge couplings Higgs mass g1, g2, g3 Higgs vev Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 9 / 40 Flavor and the Proliferation of Parameters gauge sector Higgs sector flavor sector breaks electro-weak leads to masses and describes the gauge symmetry and mixings of the interactions of the gives mass to the quarks and leptons quarks and leptons W ± and Z bosons 22 free parameters parametrized by 2 free parameters to describe the masses 3 gauge couplings Higgs mass and mixings of the quarks g1, g2, g3 Higgs vev and leptons the flavor sector is the most puzzling part of the Standard Model Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 9 / 40 Quark and Lepton Masses m 100 t 2 10 c mb mΤ GeV 1 mc in 0.1 mΜ ms masses 0.01 md particle 103 mu me 104 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 10 / 40 Quark and Lepton Masses 100 mt 10 m 1 b mΤ mc 0.1 m 2 Μ ms c 0.01 3 md 10 mu me GeV 104 in 105 106 107 masses 108 109 Ν3 Ν2 Ν1 1010 particle 1011 1012 1013 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 10 / 40 Distinct Decay Pattern of the Quarks in the SM in the Standard Model there are no direct transitions within up-type or down-type quarks → GIM mechanism → (Glashow, Iliopoulos, Maiani) no flavor changing neutral currents (FCNCs) at tree level Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 11 / 40 Distinct Decay Pattern of the Quarks in the SM in the Standard Model there are no direct transitions within up-type or down-type quarks → GIM mechanism → (Glashow, Iliopoulos, Maiani) no flavor changing neutral currents (FCNCs) at tree level transitions among the generations are mediated by the W ± bosons and their relative strength is parametrized by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix Vud Vus Vub VCKM = Vcd Vcs Vcb Vtd Vts Vtb Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 11 / 40 Testing the CKM Picture of Flavor Violation CKM matrix is the only source of quark flavor violation in the Standard Model depends on only 4 parameters λ, A, ρ¯, η¯ measuring many flavor transitions allows to over-constrain the 4 CKM parameters and to test the CKM picture of quark flavor violation Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 12 / 40 Testing the CKM Picture of Flavor Violation CKM matrix is the only source BaBar @ SLAC 1999- 2008 of quark flavor violation in the Standard Model depends on only 4 parameters λ, A, ρ¯, η¯ measuring many flavor transitions allows to over-constrain the 4 CKM parameters and to test the CKM picture of quark flavor violation such tests were carried out at the B factories BaBar and Belle Belle@KEK 1999- 2010 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 12 / 40 Testing the CKM Picture of Flavor Violation CKM matrix is the only source of quark flavor violation in the Standard Model depends on only 4 parameters λ, A, ρ¯, η¯ measuring many flavor transitions allows to over-constrain the 4 CKM parameters and to test the CKM picture of quark flavor violation the B factories produced such tests were carried out more than 1 billion BB¯ pairs at the B factories and studied their properties and decays BaBar and Belle Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 12 / 40 A Consistent Description of All Data Within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties, the CKM matrix gives a consistent description of all observed flavor changing phenomena Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 13 / 40 A Consistent Description of All Data Within the experimental and theoretical uncertainties, the CKM matrix gives a consistent description of all observed flavor changing phenomena Nobel Prize 2008 for Makoto Toshihide Kobayashi Maskawa Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 13 / 40 Quark Mixing Hierarchy the measured CKM elements 1 ÈVudÈ ÈVcsÈ ÈVtbÈ show a very hierarchical pattern 1 λ λ3 |V |≃ λ 1 λ2 , λ ≃ 0.2 3 2 ÈVusÈ ÈVcdÈ λ λ 1 0.1 elements ÈVcbÈ ÈVtsÈ CKM 0.01 ÈVtdÈ ÈVubÈ 103 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 14 / 40 Flavor Mixing in the Lepton Sector since the observation of neutrino oscillations, we know that there is also mixing in the lepton sector as in the quark sector, no FCNCs lepton flavor mixing is parametrized by the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa- Sakata (PMNS) matrix U11 U12 U13 UPMNS = U21 U22 U23 U31 U32 U33 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 15 / 40 Status of Lepton Mixing unlike the CKM elements, the PMNS elements do not ÈU11È ÈU23È ÈU33È 1 ÈU12È show a hierarchical pattern ÈU22È ÈU32È is the PMNS matrix ÈU21È ÈU31È tri-bimaximal? 0.1 È È 2 1 elements U 0 13 3 3 |U|≃ 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 1 PMNS 6 3 2 0.01 or is it anarchic? O(0.6) O(0.6) O(0.6) |U|≃ O(0.6) O(0.6) O(0.6) O(0.6) O(0.6) O(0.6) 103 Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 16 / 40 The Standard Model Flavor Puzzle The Standard Model gives an accurate description of all flavor transitions measured up to now, but it does not explain its mysteries ◮ Why are there three generations of quarks and leptons? ◮ What is the origin of the hierarchies in the fermion spectrum? ◮ What is the origin of the hierarchies in the quark mixing? ◮ (Why) is lepton mixing anarchic? Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 17 / 40 Hierarchies from Symmetries (Froggatt, Nielsen ’79) fermion masses are forbidden by flavor symmetries and arise only after spontaneous breaking of the symmetry ϕ6 h¯t t hu¯ u R L M6 R L mass and mixing hierarchies given by powers of the “spurion” ϕ /M n mu ϕ mt ∼ M Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 18 / 40 Hierarchies without Symmetries: Geometry (Arkani-Hamed, Schmaltz ’99) fermions are localized on different positions in an extra dimension hierarchies from exponentially small wave-function overlap between left-handed and right-handed fermions m u e−∆ mt ∼ Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 19 / 40 Hierarchies without Symmetries: Loops (Weinberg ’72) light fermion masses arise only from quantum effects g˜ cR cL light fermions do not couple to the higgs directly c˜R c˜L ˜tR ˜tL couplings are loop-induced by flavor violating new particles Hu mass and mixing hierarchies from “loop factors” n mu 1 2 mt ∼ 16π (works remarkably well in high scale SUSY: WA, Frugiuele, Harnik in preparation) Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 20 / 40 In addition to the flavor puzzle, the Standard Model leaves many questions unanswered ◮ Dark Matter ◮ Dark Energy ◮ Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry ◮ Grand Unification ◮ Hierarchy Problem ◮ ... The Hierarchy Problem What gives mass to the Higgs itself? 2 2 2 2 The Higgs mass parameter m = m(0) + ∆m (125GeV) ∼ is not forbidden by any symmetry of the Standard Model 1) can be added by hand 2) not protected from 2) quantum corrections Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 22 / 40 The Hierarchy Problem What gives mass to the Higgs itself? 2 2 2 2 The Higgs mass parameter m = m(0) + ∆m (125GeV) ∼ is not forbidden by any symmetry of the Standard Model quantum corrections to the Higgs mass are 1) can be added by hand sensitive to the largest scales 2) not protected from 2) quantum corrections 2 1 2 36 2 ∆m M 10 GeV ∼ 16π2 Planck ≃ fine tuned cancellation between the quantum corrections and the “bare mass” is required Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 22 / 40 The Hierarchy Problem − Canada United States 9,984,670 km2 9,826,675 km2 = 157,995 km2 − Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 22 / 40 The Hierarchy Problem = 1 A˚ 2 − Canada United States 9,984,670 km2 9,826,675 km2 = 157,995 km2 − tuning of the Higgs mass would correspond to the surface area of Canada and the United States differing by approximately the size of an atom! In order to protect the Higgs mass from huge quantum corrections and to avoid finetuning, we expect New Physics at or below the TeV scale not far above the mass of the Higgs Wolfgang Altmannshofer The Flavor Puzzle June 26, 2014 22 / 40 Direct searches for New Physics Directly produce new particles in high energy collisions Direct Searches for New Physics
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