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Measurement of the Branching Fraction for Neutral Kaon(Long) Decaying to Muon-Electron-Positron Andrew J

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Measurement of the Branching Fraction for Neutral Kaon(Long) Decaying to Muon-Electron-Positron Andrew J W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2004 Measurement of the branching fraction for neutral kaon(long) decaying to muon-electron-positron andrew J. Norman College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Norman, andrew J., "Measurement of the branching fraction for neutral kaon(long) decaying to muon- electron-positron" (2004). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623447. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-fzvr-xe97 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MEASUREMENT OF THE BRANCHING FRACTION FOR A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Physics The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Andrew J. Norman 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Andrew J.iNorman Approved, January 2004 John Kane / '/ / i I /V / Morton Eckhause Robert Welsh Christopher Carone Jose Goity Hampton University 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To James and Mary Norman ‘L’essentiel est invisible pour les yeux.” - Antoine de Saint-Exupery 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................. x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xviii ABSTRACT ....................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................ 2 2 Theory and P henomenology ........................ 5 2.1 The Standard M odel .............................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Weak Flavor Changing C urrents ................................................. 10 2.1.2 GIM Mechanism ........................................................................... 12 2.1.3 CKM Mixing ..................................................................................13 2.1.4 Unitarity B ound .......................................................................... 17 2.2 The K M e s o n ............................................................................................. 20 2.3 Weak Eigenstates and Basic Symmetries .............................................23 2.4 CP Violation ............................................................................................. 27 2.4.1 Indirect and Direct CP Violation ................................................29 2.4.2 Measurement of e ' / e .....................................................................32 3 The Phenomenology of and the Decay —>• 36 3.1 Dispersive Amplitude and 7 *7 * ..................................................... 36 3.2 Vector Meson Dominance Model (V D M ) .............................................39 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.3 QCD model of 42 3.4 x P T model of 47 3.5 CP violation and 50 A K l - ^ fi+l^-e+e- at E871 . 53 4.1 Motivation for —> iJL^iTe^e~ at E 8 7 1 ............................................. 53 4.2 Prior Measurements of K% —>• [i^jjre'^e'............................................ 56 4.3 Event Signature for K£ ii^ix~e^e~ at E 8 7 1 ...................................57 4.3.1 Decay V e r te x ................................................................................. 60 4.3.2 Tracking Stubs .............................................................................. 60 4.4 Physics B ackgrounds ................................................................................ 62 4.4.1 62 4.4.2 iP£ —>• 7r+7T~7 ..................................................................................6 8 4.4.3 7T+7r“7r° ..................................................................................73 4.4.4 K£ —> 7r'^7T“e+e‘“ ...........................................................................74 4.4.5 Kez and Pileup ........................................................................75 5 Experim ent E871 D e t e c t o r................................................................. 79 5.1 E871 Detector System ............................................................................. 79 5.2 Kaon Production T a r g e t ..........................................................................84 5.3 Neutral Beam CoU im ation .......................................................................85 5.4 Decay T a n k .................................................................................................8 6 5.5 Spectrometer ............................................................................................. 89 5.6 Straw Drift Chambers ............................................................................. 91 5.7 Spectrometer M agnets ............................................................................. 95 5.8 Neutral Beam S t o p ....................................................................................96 5.9 Helium Balloons ........................................................................................ 101 5.10 Drift C h am b ers......................................................................................... 102 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.11 Trigger Scintillation C ounters ............................................................... 103 5.12 Threshold Cerenkov Counter ...................................................................109 5.13 Lead Glass Array ( P E G ) ......................................................................... 116 5.14 The Muon Hodoscope................................................................................119 5.15 Muon Range S tack ...................................................................................123 5.16 Muon Range F in d er ...................................................................................127 6 Hardware Trigger and Data Acquisition ....................... 133 6.1 Overview ......................................................................................................133 6.2 Level 0 Trigger ......................................................................................... 134 6.3 Level 1 Trigger ......................................................................................... 137 6.4 Level 3 Trigger ......................................................................................... 139 7 Monte Carlo M odeling...............................................................................144 7.1 Monte Carlo Simulations ......................................................................... 144 7.1.1 Geant S im ulation ..........................................................................145 7.1.2 E871 Detector Simulation ..........................................................146 7.2 Blind A nalysis .............................................................................................147 7.3 Monte Carlo G oals ................................................................................... 149 7.3.1 Event C haracteristics ................................................................... 149 7.3.2 Detector A cceptances ................................................................... 151 7.3.3 Physics Background .......................................................................152 7.4 Kaon M o d elin g ......................................................................................... 155 7.4.1 Kaon M om entum .......................................................................... 156 7.4.2 Kaon D e c a y ....................................................................................158 7.4.3 Multiple Coulomb Scattering ...................................................... 160 7.5 Monte Carlo Form F a c to rs .......................................................................163 7.5.1 Four Body Decay Kinematics ................................................... 163 VI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7.5.2 Vector Meson Dominance Model Form F a cto r ........................165 7.5.3 QCD Form F acto r ..........................................................................166 7.5.4 x P T Form f a c to r ..........................................................................169 8 Vertex and Stub A n a ly s is ........................................................................ 172 8.1 Event Reconstruction .............................................................................. 172 8.1.1 Invariant Mass ............................................................................
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