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The High-Mountain Pastures of the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan)

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The High-Mountain Pastures of the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan) The high-mountain pastures of the Eastern Pamirs (Tajikistan) An evaluation of the ecological basis and the pasture potential Die Hochgebirgsweiden im Ostpamir (Tadschikistan) - Eine Studie zur Ermittlung der ökologischen Grundlagen und des Weidepotenzials Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. vorgelegt von Kim André Vanselow aus Flensburg Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissen- schaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 3. Februar 2011 Vorsitzender der Promotionskommision: Prof. Dr. Rainer Fink Erstberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Cyrus Samimi Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Michael Richter 2 “In 1952, I saw the Pamirs for the first time, and I realised that everything before had been just a prelude.” Okmir Agakhanjanz, Na Pamire - Sapiski Geobotanika (On the Pamirs - Chronicles of a Geobotanist, Moscow 1980) 3 4 Abstract Aim: The breakup of the Soviet Union and the associated independence of Tajikistan in 1991 resulted in significant structural changes in the political and socio-economic framework of this area. Specifically the Eastern Pamirs, a peripheral and ecologically disadvantaged region in the outermost east of Tajikistan, was heavily dependent on the economical integration and the structure of subsidies within the USSR. The production of meat, and therefore animal husbandry, was the region’s principal duty within the framework of the Soviet state-directed economy, with vital goods and energy sources being imported. The allocation of pastureland was subject to a management plan with up to four seasonal pasture camps, particularly the use of remotely located pastures was supported. Today, shortages of financial and transportation resources, as well as energy supply, could possibly lead to a concentration of livestock numbers on pastures in the vicinity of the permanent settlements. Furthermore, under the new con- ditions of market economy, the size of herds are strongly dependent on the prosperity of the owner, which leads to further spatial concentration of livestock. The majority of the herdsmen change their pasture camps only twice a year, which results in extended grazing periods on particular pastures. All in all, this leads to an overexploitation of forage resources, at least in locally limited areas. Therefore, the question posed here is whether or not a sustainable carrying capacity of the pasture areas is ensured. The overall aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the pasture potential of the Eastern Pamirs of Tajikistan using the example of two subdistricts, Alichur and Kona Kurghan. This comprises several subsidiary studies on topics which are used to determine pasture potential. Firstly, information about vegetation and its distribution needed to be gathered, therefore an investigation of the determining environmental factors was necessary. Next, the availabilty of phytomass was explored, and finally the forage quality was considered, including information about important pasture types and/or plants as well as their nutritive value for the pasturing animals. Methods: Based on phytosociological recordings and hierachical cluster analysis, different vegetation classes were identified. Subsequently, the interrelation between vegetation distri- bution and environmental, as well as spectral variables, based on remote sensing data, were analysed using NMDS-ordination in combination with variable fitting. Variables that highly correlated with the ordination space were used as predictor variables in a random forest model, in order to model the distribution and extent of the different vegetation classes. Furthermore, phytomass amount was assessed by a point-intercept method that was calibrated by clipping and weighing phytomass on test plots. Finally, forage quality was assessed based on five strategies: examination of available literature; interviews with herders, animal observations, sample collection and nutritive value evaluation according to the Weender-van Soest-analysis, calculation of digestible nutrients and metabolisable energy. Results: In total, seven different vegetation classes could be defined. “Spring turfs” and “alpine mats” predominantly consist of sedges that show high vegetation coverage and an 5 Abstract absence of dwarf shrubs and hard cushions. On the contrary, “scree vegetation” indicates the lowest cover values. The four remaining classes can be summarised as dwarf shrub dominated vegetation, with Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (teresken) being the prevailing species. The groups differ according to total coverage and the occurrence of hard cushions, and were named “deserts”, “dwarf shrub deserts” and “dwarf shrub cushion steppes”. The latter class was fur- ther subdivided into two types (wormwood and teresken) on the basis of the occurence of Artemisia leucotricha. Furthermore, eleven variables that showed the highest fit with the or- dination space were selected as predictor variables to model vegetation distribution. These are: altitude, slope, vertical distance to isobaths, UTM easting, UTM northing, Normalised Differ- ence Vegetation Index (NDVI), NDVI texture, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), SAVI texture, RapidEye Band 5 and RapidEye Band 1 texture. A random forest model was used to model the distribution of the seven introduced vegetation classes as well as the classes “water” and “snow and ice”. The total model accuracy, based on out-of-the-bag validation, accounts for 77.4 %. The assessment of phytomass amounts indicated lowest values for “deserts”. “Dwarf shrub cushion steppes (wormwood-type)” show the highest phytomass production, however, the major part is linked to Acantholimon diapensioides cushions with a low nutritive value. Highest nutritive values of more than 10 MJ/kg dry matter were analysed for Stipa caucasica subsp. glareosa, Dracocephalum paulsenii, most sedge-dominated spring turfs, Festuca spec., Hordeum brevisubulatum subsp. turkestanicum, Carex stenophylla, Dracocephalum hetero- phyllum and Oxytropis microphylla. However, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides was identified to be the most important pasture plant, particularly in winter. The most valuable summer fodder plants are the local Stipa species followed by Dracocephalum paulsenii. Furthermore, Carex-Kobresia- spring turfs and plants of the genera Oxytropis and Astragalus, as well as Smelowskia calycina, are important as forage. Synthesis: Based on the results form this work, in combination with livestock numbers and the distribution of the pasture camps (both provided by Tobias Kraudzun in another work in this project) it can be concluded that the pasture potential of the entire region is sufficient to feed the actual number of pasture animals. However, taking into account limited day ranges of the animals reveals that the carrying capacity of the entire utilised pastureland is at its limits or is already overused. This is particularly true for winter pastures and pastures in the vicinity of permanent settlements, but also, to a lesser extent, for remotely located summer pastures. On the contrary, extensive areas throughout the entire study area, but in particular in remote valleys in the north-west, can be hardly used with the present distribution of the camps. 6 Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Der Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion und die Unabhängigkeit Tadschikistans führten zu gravierenden Veränderungen der politischen und sozio-ökonomischen Rahmenbe- dingungen. Davon in besonderem Maße betroffen ist der Ostpamir, der als peripher gelegener und klimatisch benachteiligter Raum in hohem Maße von den wirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen und Versorgungsstrukturen in der UdSSR abhängig war. Im Rahmen der sowjetischen Plan- wirtschaft galt die Fleischproduktion und damit Viehwirtschaft als die zentrale Aufgabe der Region, Konsumgüter und Energieträger wurden importiert. Die Verteilung der Weideflächen unterlag einem Managementplan mit bis zu vier saisonalen Weidestandorten, die Nutzung zen- trumsferner Weiden wurde gefördert. Heute führen Engpässe an Finanz- und Transportmitteln sowie der Energieversorgung möglicherweise zu einer Konzentration der Viehzahlen auf zen- trumsnahe Weiden. Außerdem sind unter den neuen marktwirtschaftlichen Bedingungen die Herdengrößen stark vom Wohlstand des Eigentümers abhängig, was zu weiterer Konzentration der Viehbestände führt. Darüber hinaus leisten sich die meisten Viehbesitzer nur noch zwei Herdenumzüge pro Jahr, was eine verlängerte Nutzung bestimmter Weideflächen zur Folge hat. Insgesamt führt dies zu einer zumindest lokal begrenzten Übernutzung der Futterressourcen. Es stellt sich daher die Frage ob die nachhaltige Tragfähigkeit der Weidegebiete gewährleistet ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Abschätzung des Weidepotenzials im Ostpamir anhand von Untersuchungen auf dem Weidegebiet der Beispielgemeinden Alichur und Kona Kurgan. Dies führt mehrere untergeordnete Studien mit sich, da das Weidepotenzial verschiedensten Einflussgrößen unterliegt. Zunächst wurden Daten zur Zusammensetzung und Verbreitung der Vegetation erfasst. Einhergehend wurden die zugrunde liegenden Umweltfaktoren untersucht. Darüber hinaus mussten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Phytomasse erhoben werden. Schließlich wurde die Futterqualität der vorhandenen Vegetation analysiert. Dies beinhaltet die Identi- fikation wichtiger Weidetypen und Futterpflanzen sowie deren Futterwert für die jeweiligen Weidetiere. Methoden: Zunächst wurden auf der Basis pflanzensoziologischer
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