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Home , Antonovich, Johannes de Sacrobosco, Muwaqqit, Purbach (crater), Simplicius of Cilicia, Sosigenes of Alexandria

Table of Entries

Names preceded by an article or preposition are alphabetized by the next word in the name.There are two exceptions: One is the Dutch “Van,” “Van de,” “Van den,” and “Van der.” Another is “Warren De La Rue” (alphabetized under D). ( names are alphabetized under the shortened version of the name.)

�Abbās Wasīm Efendi �Alī ibn �īsā al-Asṭurlābī Abbe, Cleveland �Alī ibn Khalaf: Abū al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmar al-Ṣaydalānī Abbo of [Abbon de] Fleury �Alī ibn Khalaf ibn Aḥmar Akhīr [Akhiyar] Abbot, Charles Greeley Alighieri, Dante Abbott, Francis Allen, Clabon Walter �Abd al-Wājid: Badr al-Dīn �Abd al-Wājid [Wāḥid] ibn Aller, Lawrence Hugh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥanafī Alvarez, Luis Walter Abetti, Amājūr Family Abetti, Giorgio Ambartsumian, Victor Amazaspovitch Abharī: Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍḍal ibn �Umar ibn al-Mufaḍḍal al- Amici, Giovanni Battista Samarqandī al-Abharī �Ᾱmilī: Bahā al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al-�Āmilī Abney, William de Wiveleslie Ammonius Abū al-Ṣalt: Umayya ibn �Abd al-�Azīz ibn Abī al-Ṣalt al-Dānī al- of Clazomenae Andalusī of Miletus Albuzale Anaximenes of Miletus Abū al-�Uqūl: Abū al-�Uqūl Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ṭabarī Andalò di Negro of Genoa Abū Ma�shar Ja�far ibn Muḥammad ibn �Umar al-Balkhi Anderson, Carl David Albumasar Anderson, John August Acyuta Piṣāraṭi Anderson, Thomas David Ādami: Abū �Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad al-Ādami Andoyer, Marie-Henri Adams, John Couch André, M. Charles Adams, Walter Sydney Ångström, Anders Jonas Adel, Arthur Anthelme, Voituret Adelard of Bath Antoniadi, Eugéne Michael Adhémar, Joseph-Alphonse Apian, Peter Aeschylus Petrus Apianus Aḥmad Mukhtār: Ghāzī Aḥmad Mukhtār Pasha Ainslie, Maurice Anderson Appleton, Edward Victor Airy, George Biddell Aquinas, Thomas Aitken, Robert Grant Arago, Dominique-François-Jean Albert the Great Albertus Magnus of Albrecht, Sebastian Archenhold, Friedrich Simon Alcuin Alchvine of Tarentum Ealhwine Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August Flaccus Argoli, Andrea Alden, Harold Lee Alexander, Arthur Francis O’Donel Alexander, Stephen Aristyllus Alfonsi, Petrus Arrhenius, Svante August Alfonso X Āryabhaṭa I Alfonso el Sabio Āryabhaṭa the Elder Alfonso the Learned Āryabhaṭa II Alfonso the Wise Āryabhaṭa the Younger Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta � � Asada, Goryu Alī al-: Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Muṣṭafā ibn Alī al-Qusṭanṭīnī Yasuaki al-Rūmī al-Ḥanafī al-Muwaqqit Ascham [Askham], xxiv Table of Entries

Ashbrook, Joseph Beals, Carlyle Smith Ashraf: al-Malik al-Ashraf (Mumahhid al-Dīn) �Umar ibn Yūsuf Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond ibn �Umar ibn �Alī ibn Rasūl Bečvář, Antonín Aston, Francis William Bede Atkinson, Robert d’Escourt Beer, Wilhelm Augustine of Behaim, Martin Aurelianus Augustinus Martin of Bohemia Autolycus Belopolsky, Aristarkh Apollonovich Auwers, Arthur Julius Georg Friedrich von Ben Solomon: Judah ben Solomon ha-Kohen Auzout, Adrien Bennot, Maude Verona Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Bergstrand, Östen Babcock, Harold Delos Berman, Louis Babcock, Welcome Bernard of Le Treille Babinet, Jacques Bernardus de Trilia Bache, Alexander Dallas Bernoulli, Daniel Backhouse, Thomas William Bernoulli, Jacob [Jacques, James] Backlund, Jöns Oskar Bernoulli, Johann III Bacon, Francis Berossus Bacon, Roger Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Bailey, Solon Irving Bethe, Hans Albrecht Baillaud, Edouard-Benjamin Bevis [Bevans], John Bailly, Jean-Sylvain Beyer, Max Baily, Francis Bhāskara I Bainbridge, John Bhāskara II Baize, Paul-Achille-Ariel Bianchini, Francesco Baker, James Gilbert , Francisco Baldwin, Ralph Belknap Bickerton, Alexander William Ball, Robert Stawell Biela, Wilhelm Freiherr von Balmer, Johann Jakob Biermann, Ludwig Franz Benedikt Banachiewicz, Thaddeus Bigourdan, Camille Guillaume Banneker, Benjamin Billy, Jacques de Banū Mūsā Biot, Edouard-Constant Bär, Nicholaus Reymers Biot, Jean-Baptiste Raimarus Ursus Birjandī: �Abd al-�Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al-Birjandī Barbier, Daniel Birkeland, Kristian Olaf Bernhard Barhebraeus: Gregory Abū al-Faraj Birkhoff, George David Grīḡōriyōs Bar �Eḇrāyā Birmingham, John Grīḡōriyōs Bar �Eḇroyo Birt, William Radcliff Bar Ḥiyya: Abraham bar Ḥiyya Savasorda Bīrūnī: Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī Barker, Thomas Biṭrūjī: Nūr al-Dīn Abū Isḥāq [Abū Ja�far] Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf Barnard, Edward Emerson al-Biṭrūjī Barnothy, Jeno M. Alpetragius Barnothy Forro, Madeleine Bjerknes, Vilhelm Frimann Koren Barozzi, Francesco Blaauw, Adriaan Franciscus Barocius Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart Barringer, Daniel Moreau Baron Blackett of Chelsea Bartholin, Erasmus Blagg, Mary Adela Bartholomaeus Anglicus Blazhko, Sergei Nikolaevich Bartsch, Jakob Bliss, Nathaniel Bartschius Bobrovnikoff, Nicholas Theodore Bates, David Robert Bochart de Saron [Bochart-Saron], Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard Bateson, Frank Maine Bode, Johann Elert � Battānī: Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Battānī Boëthius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus al-Ḥarrānī al-Ṣābi’ Boguslawsky, Palon [Palm] Heinrich Ludwig von Albategnius [Albatenius] Bohlin, Karl Petrus Teodor Baxendell, Joseph Bohr, Niels Henrik David Bayer, Johann Bok, Bart Jan Table of Entries xxv

Bond, George Phillips Campani, Giuseppe Bond, William Cranch Borda, Jean-Charles de Campbell, Borelli, Giovanni Francesco Antonio Alfonso Campbell, William Wallace Boskovic, Rudjer [Roger] J. Camus, Charles-Étienne-Louis Boss, Benjamin Cannon, Annie Jump Boss, Lewis Capella, Martianus (Felix) Mineus [Minneius, Minneus] Bouguer, Pierre Capra, Baldassarre Boulliau, Ismaël Cardano, Girolamo Bour, Edmond Carlini, Francesco Bouvard, Alexis Carpenter, James Bowditch, Nathaniel Carrington, Richard Christopher Bowen, Ira Sprague Cassegrain, Laurent Bower, Ernest Clare Cassini de Thury, César-François Boyer, Charles Cassini III Bradley, James Cassini, Giovanni Domenico [Jean-Dominique] Bradwardine, Thomas Cassini I Brahe, Tycho [Tyge] Ottsen Cassini, Jacques Brahmagupta Cassini II Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm Cassini, Jean-Dominique Brashear, John Alfred Cassini IV Bredikhin, Fyodor Aleksandrovich Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius Bredon, Simon Castelli, Benedetto (Antonio) Bremiker, Carl Cauchy, Augustin-Louis Brenner, Leo Cavalieri, Bonaventura (Francesco) Gopčević, Spiridion Cavendish, Henry Brinkley, John Cayley, Arthur Brisbane, Thomas Makdougall Celoria, Giovanni Brooks, William Robert Celsius, Anders Brorsen, Theodor Johann Christian Ambders Cerulli, Vincenzo Brouwer, Dirk Cesi, Federico Brown, Ernest William Chacornac, Jean Brown, Robert Hanbury Chalcidius Hanbury Brown, Robert Challis, James Brück, Hermann Alexander Chalonge, Daniel Brudzewski, Albertus de Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder Albertus Blar de Brudzewo Chandler, Seth Carlo, Jr. Albert Brudzewski Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Bruhns, Karl [Carl] Christian Chant, Clarence Brünnow, Franz Friedrich Ernst Chapman, Sydney Bruno, Giordano Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean-Baptiste Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Charlier, Carl Vilhelm Ludvig Buot [Buhot], Jacques Charlois, Auguste Burckhardt, Johann Karl [Jean-Charles] Chaucer, Geoffrey Bürgi, Jost [Joost, Jobst] Chauvenet, William Buridan, John Chemla-Lameche, Felix Burnham, Sherburne Wesley Lamech, Felix Burrau, Carl Chen Kui Būzjānī: Abū al-Wafā’ Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā Chen Zhuo al-Būzjānī Ch’en Cho Byrd, Mary Emma Chiaramonti, Scipione Chioniades, Gregor [George] Cacciatore, Niccolò Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich Calandrelli, Giuseppe Cholgi: Maḥmūd Shāh Cholgi Calandrelli, Ignazio Khaljī: Maḥmūd Shāh Khaljī Calcagnini, Celio Christiansen, Wilbur Norman of Cyzikus Christie, William Henry Mahoney Kãllippow Christmann, Jacob xxvi Table of Entries

Chrysippus of Soloi Rainaldi, Carlo Pellegrino , Marcus Tullius Dārandawī: Muḥammad ibn �Umar ibn �Uthmān al-Dārandawī Clairaut, Alexis-Claude al-Ḥanafī Clark Family Darquier de Pellepoix, Clausen, Thomas Darwin, George Howard Clavius, Christoph Daśabala Clemence, Gerald Maurice Davis, Charles Henry Davis Locanthi, Dorothy N. Cleostratus of Tenedos Locanthi, Dorothy N. Clerke, Agnes Mary Davis, Raymond Jr. Coblentz, William Weber Dawes, William Cole, Humphrey Dawes, William Rutter Comas Solá, José Dawson, Bernhard Common, Andrew Ainslie De La Rue, Warren Compton, Arthur Holly Dee, John Comrie, Leslie John Delambre, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Comstock, George Cary Delaunay, Charles-Eugène Comte, Auguste (Isidore-Auguste-Marie-François-Xavier) Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas Condamine, Charles-Marie de la Delporte, Eugène-Joseph Dembowski, Ercole [Hercules] Cooper, Edward Joshua of Abdera Copeland, Ralph Denning, William Frederick Copernicus [Coppernig, Copernik], Nicolaus [Nicholas] Derham, William Koppernigk, Nicolaus [Nicholas] Descartes, René Cornu, Marie Alfred , Henri-Alexandre Cosmas Indicopleustes Deutsch, Armin Joseph Cosserat, Eugène-Maurice-Pierre Dick, Thomas Cotes, Roger Dicke, Robert Henry Couderc, Paul Digges, Leonard Cousins, Alan William James Digges, Thomas Cowell, Philip Herbert Dinakara Cowling, Thomas George Dingle, Herbert Crabtree, William Craig, John Dionis du Séjour, Achille-Pierre Critchfield, Charles Louis Dionysius Exiguus Croll, James Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Crommelin, Andrew Claude de la Cherois Divini, Eustachio Crosthwait, Joseph Dixon, Jeremiah Cuffey, James Dollond, John Cunitz [Cunitia, Cunitiae], Maria Dollond, Peter Kunicia, Maria Dombrovskij [Dombrovsky, Dombrovski], Curtis, Heber Doust Viktor Alekseyevich Curtiss, Ralph Hamilton Donati, Giovan Battista Curtz, Albert Donner, Anders Severin Cysat, Johann Baptist Doppelmayer [Doppelmayr], Johann Gabriel Doppler, Johann Christian d’Agelet, Joseph Dörffel, Georg Samuel d’Ailly, Pierre Dôsitheus of Pêlousion Petrus de Alliaco Douglass, Andrew Ellicott Peter of Ailli Draper, Henry d’Alembert [Dalembert], Jean-Le-Rond Draper, John William d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis [Ludwig] Dreyer, John Louis Emil d’Aurillac, Gerbert Dudits [Dudith, Duditus], András [Andreas] Pope Sylvester II Dufay, Jean d’Azambuja, Lucien Dugan, Raymond Smith Daly, Reginald Aldworth Dunash ibn Tamim Damoiseau, Marie-Charles-Théodore de Duncan, John Charles Danjon, André-Louis Dunér, Nils Christoffer Danti, Egnatio Dungal of Saint Denis Table of Entries xxvii

Dunham, Theodore, Jr. Fauth, Philipp Johann Heinrich Dunthorne, Richard , Hervé Dürer, Albrecht Fazārī: Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Dymond, Joseph Federer, Charles Anthony, Jr. Dyson, Frank Watson Feild, John Dziewulski, Wladyslaw Fényi, Gyula Finck, Julius Easton, Cornelis Ferguson, James Eckert, Wallace John Fernel, Jean-François Ecphantus Ferraro, Vincenzo Consolato Antonino Eddington, Arthur Stanley Ferrel, William Edlén, Bengt Fesenkov, Vasilii Grigorevich Eichstad, Lorenz Fèvre, Jean le Laurentius Eichstadius Finé, Oronce Eimmart, George Christoph Orontius Finaeus Einhard Finlay, William Henry Einstein, Albert Finsen, William S. Elger, Thomas Gwyn Empy Fisher, Osmond Elkin, William Lewis Fisher, Willard James Ellerman, Ferdinand FitzGerald, George Francis Ellery, Robert Lewis John Fixlmillner, Placidus Ellicott, Andrew Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis Ellison, Mervyn Archdall Flammarion, Nicolas Camille Elvey, Christian Thomas Flamsteed, John Emden, Robert Flaugergues, Honoré of Acragas Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens Encke, Johann Franz Focas, John Henry Engel, Johannes Fontana, Francesco Angelus Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier [Bouyer] de Engelhard, Nicolaus Forbush, Scott Ellsworth Ensor, George Edmund Ford, Clinton Banker Ephorus Foucault, Jean-Bernard-Léon of Samos Fouchy, Jean-Paul of Cyrene Fouchy, Grandjean de Erro, Luis Enrique Fowler, Alfred Esclangon, Ernest-Benjamin Fowler, Ralph Howard Espin, Thomas Henry Espinall Compton Fowler, William Alfred Fox, Philip Fracastoro, Girolamo Eudoxus Franklin-Adams, John Euler, Leonhard Franks, William Sadler Eutocius Franz, Julius Heinrich G. Evans, David Stanley Fraunhofer, Joseph von Evans, John Wainright Freundlich, Erwin Evershed, John Finlay-Freundlich, Erwin Evershed, Mary Acworth Orr Friedman, Herbert Friedmann, Alexander Alexandrovich Fabricius, David Frisi, Paolo Fabricius, Johann Frisius, Gemma Reinerus Goldsmid, Johann Regnerus Fabry, Marie-Paul-Auguste-Charles Fromondus, Libertus Fallows, Fearon Frost, Edwin Brant Fārābī: Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Fu An Tarkhān al-Fārābī Furness, Caroline Ellen Alfarabius Fusoris, Jean [Johanne] Farghānī: Abū al-�Abbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī Gaillot, Jean-Baptiste-Aimable Fārisī: Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr al-Fārisī Galilei, Galileo Fath, Edward Arthur Galle, Johann Gottfried xxviii Table of Entries

Gallucci, Giovanni Paolo Gregory of Tours Gambart, Jean-Félix-Adolphe Grienberger, Christopher Gamow, George [Georgiy] (Antonovich) Grigg, John Gan De Grimaldi, Francesco Maria Gaṇeśa Groombridge, Stephen Gaposchkin, Sergei [Sergej] Illarionovich Grosseteste, Robert Garfinkel, Boris Grotrian, Walter Gascoigne, William Grubb, Howard Gasparis, Annibale de Grubb, Thomas Gassendi, Pierre Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula Gauss, Carl Friedrich Guiducci, Mario Gautier, Jean-Alfred Guillemin, Amédée-Victor Geddes, Murray Guo Shoujing Kuo Shou-ching Gemma, Cornelius Guthnick, Paul Gentil de la Galaisière, Guillaume-Joseph-Hyacinthe Gyldén, Johan August Hugo Jean-Baptiste le Haas, Walter Henry Gerardus Cremonensis Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib: Abū Ja�far Aḥmad ibn �Abd Allāh al-Marwazī Gerasimovich [Gerasimovič], Boris Petrovich Hadley, John Gersonides: Levi ben Gerson Hagen, Johann Georg Gilbert, Grove Karl Hagihara, Yusuke Gilbert [Gilberd], William Hahn, Graf Friedrich von Gildemeister, Johann Hájek z Hájku, Tadeá Giles of Rome Thaddaeus Hagecius Aegidius Romanus ab Hayck, Tadeá Aegidius Colonna [Columna] Nemicus, Tadeá Gill, David Agecio, Tadeá Gillis, James Melville Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar Gingrich, Curvin Henry Halbach, Edward Anthony Ginzburg [Ginsberg], Vitaly Lazarevich Hale, George Ellery Giovanelli, Ronald Gordon Hall, Asaph Glaisher, James Hall, John Scoville Glaisher, James Whitbread Lee Halley, Edmond Godin, Louis Halm, Jacob Karl Ernst Godwin, Francis Hansen, Peter Andreas Gökmen, Mehmed Fatin Hansteen, Christopher Goldberg, Leo Harding, Carl Ludwig Goldschmidt, Hermann Chaim Meyer Haridatta I Goodacre, Walter Harkness, William Goodricke, John Haro Barraza, Guillermo Gore, John Ellard Harper, William Edmund Gorton, Sandford Harriot, Thomas Gothard, Jenõ [Eugen] von Hartmann, Johannes Franz Gould, Benjamin Apthorp Hartwig, Carl Ernst Albrecht Graham, George Hārūn al-Rashīd Grassi, Horatio Hāshimī: �Alī ibn Sulaymān al-Hāshimī Gray, Stephen Hatanaka, Takeo Greaves, John Hay, William Thomson Greaves, William Michael Herbert Heckmann, Otto Hermann Leopold Green, Charles Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Green, Nathaniel Everett Heis, Edward [Eduard, Edouard] Greenstein, Jesse Leonard Helicon of Cyzicus Greenwood, Nicholas Heliodorus of Gregoras, Nicephoros Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Gregory [Gregorie], David Hencke, Karl Ludwig Gregory, James Henderson, Thomas Table of Entries xxix

Henry, Joseph Honda, Minoru Henry of Langenstein Honter, Johannes Henry of Hesse the Elder Hooke, Robert Heinrich von Langenstein Hörbiger, Hanns Henry, Paul Pierre and Prosper-Mathieu Horn d’Arturo, Guido Henyey, Louis George Hornsby, Thomas Heraclides of Heraclea Horrebow, Christian Heraclides of Pontus Horrebow, Peder Nielsen Horrocks [Horrox], Jeremiah of Ephesus Hough, George Washington Heraclitus the Riddler Hough, Sydney Samuel Heraclitus the Obscure Houtermans, Friedrich Georg Herget, Paul Houzeau de Lehaie, Jean-Charles-Hippolyte-Joseph Herman, Robert Hoyle, Fred Hermann the Dalmatian Hubble, Edwin Powell Hermann the Lame Huggins, Margaret Lindsay Murray Reichenau, Hermann von Huggins, William Hermannus Contractus Hulburt, Edward Olson Herrick, Edward Humason, Milton Lassell Herschel, Alexander Stewart Humboldt, Alexander Friedrich Heinrich von Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Humphreys, William Jackson Herschel, John (Jr.) Ḥusayn, Ḥasan and Muḥammad Herschel, John Frederick William Hussey, William Joseph Herschel, (Friedrich) William [Wilhelm] Huth, Johann Sigismund Gottfried Hertzsprung, Ejnar [Einar] Huygens, Christiaan Herzberg, Gerhard Hesiod of Alexandria Hess, Victor Franz [Francis] Hevel, Johannes Ibn Abī al-Fatḥ al-Ṣūfī: Shams al-Dīn Abū �Abd Allāh Muḥammad Hevelius ibn Abī al-Fatḥ al-Ṣūfī Hevelius, Catherina Elisabetha Koopman Abī al-Fatḥ al-Ṣūfī Hey, (James) Stanley Ibn Abī al-Shukr: Muḥyī al-Milla wa-’l-Dīn Yaḥyā Abū �Abdallāh Hicetus ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al-Shukr al-Maghribī Nicetus al-Andalusī [al-Qurṭubī] Higgs, George Daniel Sutton Abī al-Shukr Hildegard of Bingen-am-Rhine Ibn al-A�lam: �Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn Abū al-Qāsim al-�Alawī al-Sharīf Hill, George William al-Ḥusaynī Hiltner, William Albert Ibn Bājja: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Ṣā’igh al-Tujībī Hind, John Russell al-Andalusī al-Saraqusṭī Hinks, Arthur Robert Hiorter, Olof Bājja of Nicaea Ibn al-Bannā’: Abū al-�Abbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn �Uthmān al-Azdī al-Marrākushī Hirayama, Kiyotsugu al-Bannā’ Hire, Philippe de la Ibn Bāṣo: Abū �Alī Al-Ḥusayn ibn Abī Ja�far Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf Ibn Bāṣo Hirst, George Denton Bāṣo Hirzgarter, Matthias Ibn Ezra: Abraham ibn �Ezra Hoek, Martinus Ezra Hoffleit, Ellen Dorrit Ibn al-Hā’im: Abū Muḥammad �Abd al-Ḥaqq al-Ghāfiqī al-Ishbīlī Hoffmeister, Cuno al-Hā’im Hogg, Frank Scott Ibn al-Haytham: Abū �Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan Holden, Edward Singleton Alhazen Höll, Miksa al-Haytham Hell, Maximilian Ibn �Irāq: Abū Naṣr Manṣūr ibn �Alī ibn �Irāq Holmberg, Erik �Irāq Holwarda, Johannes Phocylides [Fokkens] Ibn Isḥāq: Abū al-�Abbās ibn Isḥāq al-Tamīmī al-Tūnisī Homer Isḥāq xxx Table of Entries

Ibn al-Kammād: Abū Ja�far Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Kammād Don Profeit Tibbon al-Kammād Profatius Ibn Labbān, Kushyār: Kiyā Abū al-Ḥasan Kushyār ibn Labbān Jagannātha Samrāṭ Bashahrī al-Jīlī (Gīlānī) Jaghmīnī: Sharaf al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn �Umar Labbān, Kushyār al-Jaghmīnī al-Khwārizmī Ibn al-Majdī: Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-�Abbās Aḥmad ibn Rajab ibn Jai Singh II Ṭaybughā al-Majdī al-Shāfi�ī Jansky, Karl Guthe al-Majdī Janssen, Pierre Jules César Ibn Mu�ādh: Abū �Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Mu�ādh al-Jayyānī Jarry-Desloges, René Mu�ādh Javelle, Stéphane Ibn al-Raqqām: Abū �Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn �Alī Jawharī: al-�Abbās ibn Sa�īd al-Jawharī ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf al-Mursī al-Andalusī al- Jeans, James Hopwood Tūnisī al-Awsī ibn al-Raqqām Jeaurat, Edme-Sébastien al-Raqqām Jeffreys, Harold Ibn Rushd: Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Jenkins, Louise Freeland ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd Jia Kui John of Gmunden Rushd Krafft, Johann Ibn al-Ṣaffār: Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn �Abd Allāh ibn �Umar John of Holywood al-Ghāfiqī ibn al-Ṣaffār al-Andalusī Johannes de Sacrobosco al-Ṣaffār Sacrobosco Ibn Sahl: Abū Sa�d al-�Alā’ ibn Sahl John of Lignères Sahl Johannes de Lineriis Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ: Najm al-Dīn Abū al-Futūḥ Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad John of [Juan de] Messina ibn al-Sarī Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ John of Muris [Murs] al-Ṣalāḥ Jean de Meurs Ibn al-Samḥ: Abū al-Qāsim Aṣbagh ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Samḥ Jehan de Murs al-Gharnāṭī Johannes de Muris al-Samḥ John [Danko] of Saxony Ibn al-Shāṭir: �Alā’ al-Dīn �Alī ibn Ibrāhīm John of Toledo al-Shāṭir Johnson, Manuel John Ibn Sid: Isaac ibn Sid Jonckheere, Robert Sid Jordan, Ernst Pascual Ibn Sīnā: Abū �Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn �Abdallāh ibn Sīnā Joy, Alfred Harrison � � Jurjānī: Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn Ali al-Ḥusaynī al-Jurjānī Sīnā (al-Sayyid al-Sharīf) Ibn Ṭufayl: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn �Abd al-Malik ibn Jūzjānī: Abū �Ubayd �Abd al-Wāḥid ibn Muḥammad Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭufayl al-Qaysī al-Jūzjānī Abubacer Jyeșţhadeva Ṭufayl Ibn Yūnus: Abū al-Ḥasan �Alī ibn �Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Kaiser, Frederik [Frederick, Friedrich] Yūnus al-Ṣadafī Kaluza, Theodor Franz Eduard Yūnus Kamāl al-Dīn al-Turkmānī: Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Ibrāhīm ibn Sinān ibn Thābit ibn Qurra ibn �Uthmān ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muṣṭafā Ihle, Abraham al-Māridīnī al-Turkmānī al-Ḥanafī Ingalls, Albert Graham Kamalākara Innes, Robert Thorburn Ayton Kanka Ino, Tadataka Kant, Immanuel Irwin, John Henry Barrows Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius Isfizārī: Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar ibn Ismā�īl al-Isfizārī Kāshī: Ghiyāth (al-Milla wa-) al-Dīn Jamshīd ibn Mas�ūd ibn Isḥāq Ibn Ḥunayn: Abū Ya�qūb Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq Maḥmūd al-Kāshī [al-Kāshānī] al-�Ibādī Kauffman, Nicolaus Isidore of Seville Mercator, Nicolaus Isidorus Hispalensis Keckermann, Bartholomew Keeler, James Edward Jābir ibn Aflaḥ: Abū Muḥammad Jābir ibn Aflaḥ Keenan, Philip Childs Jacchia, Luigi Giuseppe Keill, John Jackson, John Kempf, Paul Friedrich Ferdinand Jacob ben Makhir ibn Tibbon Kepler, Johannes Table of Entries xxxi

Kerr, Frank John Nicholas of Cusa Keśava Kremer, Gerhard Keyser, Pieter [Petrus] (Theodori) Dirckszoon Gerardus Mercator Khafrī: Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Khafrī Kreutz, Heinrich Carl Friedrich al-Kāshī Krieger, Johann Nepomuk Khaikin, Semyon Emmanuilovich Kron, Gerald Edward Khalīfazāde Ismā�īl: Khalīfazāde Çınarī Ismā�īl Efendi ibn Muṣṭafā Krüger, Karl Nicolaus Adalbert Khalīlī: Shams al-Dīn Abū �Abdallāh Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Kūhī: Abū Sahl Wījan ibn Rustam [Wustam] al-Kūhī al-Khalīlī [al-Qūhī] Kharaqī: Shams al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Kuiper, Gerard Peter al-Kharaqī [al-Khiraqī] Kulik, Leonid Alexyevich Khayyām: Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ �Umar ibn Ibrāhīm Küstner, Karl Friedrich al-Khayyāmī al-Nīshāpūrī Omar Khayyām [Lacaille], Nicolas-Louis de Khāzin: Abū Ja�far Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Khāzin Lacchini, Giovanni Battista al-Khurāsānī Lacroute, Pierre Khāzinī: Abū al-Fatḥ �Abd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (Abū Manṣūr Lagrange, Joseph Louis �Abd al-Raḥmān, Abd al-Raḥmān Manṣūr) Lagrangia, Giuseppe Lodovico Khujandī: Abū Maḥmūd Ḥāmid ibn al-Khiḍr al-Khujandī Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī de la Lande, Joseph-Jérôme [Kidin, Kidenas] Lefrançois de la Lande, Joseph-Jérôme Kienle, Hans Georg Lalla Kiepenheuer, Karl-Otto Lallemand, André Kiess, Carl Clarence Lambert, Johann Heinrich [Jean Henry] Kimura, Hisashi Lamont, John [Johann von] Kindī: Abū Yūsuf Ya�qūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kindī Lampland, Carl Otto King, William Frederick Lanczos, Cornelius Kirch, Christfried Löwy, Kornel Kirch, Christine Lane, Jonathan Homer Kirch, Gottfried Langley, Samuel Pierpont Kirch, Maria Margaretha Winkelman Langren, Michael Florent van Kircher, Athanasius Langrenus Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Lansbergen, Jacob Kirkwood, Daniel Lansbergen, Philip Klein, Hermann Joseph Laplace, Pierre-Simon de Klein, Oskar Benjamin Lārī: Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ṣalāḥ ibn Jalāl al-Sàdī Klinkerfues, Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm al-ʔIbādī al-Anṣārī al-Lārī Klotz, Otto Julius Larmor, Joseph Klumpke Roberts, Dorothea Lassell, William Kneller, Andreas Lau, Hans Emil Cellarius Leadbetter, Charles Knobel, Edward Ball Leavitt, Henrietta Swan Knorre, Viktor Carl Lebedev, Petr Nikolaevich Kobold, Hermann Albert Leclerc, Georges-Louis Köhler, Johann Gottfried Comte de Buffon Kohlschütter, Arnold Ledoux, Paul Kolhörster, Werner Heinrich Julius Gustav Le Doulcet, Philippe Gustave Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich Comte de Pontécoulant Konkoly Thege, Miklós [Nikolaus] Lefrançois, Michel Kopal, Zdenĕk Lefrançois de Lalande, Michel Kopff, August Legendre, Adrien-Marie Kordylewski, Kazimierz Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Korff, Serge Alexander Lemaître, Georges Henri-Joseph-Edouard Kovalsky, Marian Albertovich Leovitius, Cyprianus Voytekhovich, Marian Albertovich Lepaute, Nicole-Reine Kozyrev, Nikolai Alexandrovich Étable de la Brière, Nicole-Reine Krebs, Nicholas Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste Nicholas Cusanus of Miletus Nikolaus von Cusa Leuschner, Armin Otto xxxii Table of Entries

Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich , Anders Johan Loomis, Elias Li Chunfeng Lorentz, Hendrik Liais, Emmanuel-Benjamin Lorenzoni, Giuseppe Liddel, Duncan Lovell, Alfred Charles Bernard Lin, Chia Chiao Lowell, Percival Lindblad, Bertil Lower, William Lindemann, Adolf Friedrich Löwy, Maurice Lindsay, Eric Mervyn Löwey, Moritz Lipsky, Yuri Naumovich Loys de Chéseaux, Jean-Philippe Littrow [Littroff], Johann Joseph (Edler) von Lubieniecki Stanislaw Littrow, Karl Ludwig von Lubienitzley Stanislas Liu Zhuo [Ch’o] (Carus), Titus Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Ludendorff, Friedrich Wilhelm Hans Locke, John Lundmark, Knut Emil Lockyer, Joseph Norman Luther, Karl Theodor Robert Lodge, Oliver Joseph Luyten, Willem Jacob Lohrmann, Wilhelm Gotthelf Lyot, Bernard Lohse, Wilhelm Oswald Lyttleton, Raymond Arthur

If a name within the text appears in bold, there exists an entry on that astronomer elsewhere in the encyclopedia. Table of Entries

Names preceded by an article or preposition are alphabetized by the next word in the name.There are two exceptions: One is the Dutch “Van,” “Van de,” “Van den,” and “Van der.” Another is “Warren De La Rue” (alphabetized under D). (Arabic names are alphabetized under the shortened version of the name.)

Maclaurin, Colin Maury, Antonia Caetana De Paiva Pereira Cailean MacLabhruinn Maury, Matthew Fontaine Maclear, Thomas Maxwell, James Clerk , Ambrosius (Theodosius) Mayall, Margaret Walton Mädler, Johann Heinrich von Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich Magini, Mayer, Christian Mahendra Sūri Mayer, Johann Tobias Maimonides: Abū �Imrān Mūsā [Moses] ibn �Ubayd Allāh Mayer, Julius Robert [Maymūn] al-Qurṭubī Mayr, Simon Mairan, Jean-Jacques Marius Dortous de Mairan, Jean-Jacques McClean, Frank Majrīṭī: Abū al-Qāsim Maslama ibn Aḥmad al-Ḥāsib al-Faraḍī McCrea, William Hunter al-Majrīṭī McIntosh, Ronald Alexander Makaranda McKellar, Andrew Makemson, Maud Worcester McLaughlin, Dean Benjamin Maksutov, Dmitry Dmitrievich McMath, Robert Raynolds Malapert, Charles McVittie, George Cunliffe Malebranche, Nicholas Méchain, Pierre-François-André Malmquist, Karl Gunnar Mee, Arthur Butler Phillips Ma’mūn: Abū al-�Abbās �Abdallāh ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd Megenberg, Konrad [Conrad] von Manfredi, Eustachio Chunradus de Monte Puellarum Manilius [Manlius], Marcus Mellish, John Edward Mallius, Marcus Melotte, Philibert Jacques Maraldi, Giacomo Filippo Maraldi I Maraldi, Giovanni Domenico [Jean-Dominique] Menzel, Donald Howard Maraldi II Merrill, Paul Willard Markarian, Beniamin Egishevich Mersenne, Marin Markgraf, Georg Messier, Charles Markov, Andrei Andreevich Metcalf, Joel Hastings Markowitz, William Metochites [Metoxites], Theodore [Theodoros, Theoleptos] Marrākushī: Sharaf al-Dīn Abū �Alī al-Ḥasan ibn �Alī ibn �Umar Meton al-Marrākushī of Chios Marwarrūdhī: Khālid ibn �Abd al-Malik al-Marwarrūdhī Michell, John Māshā’allāh ibn Atharī (Sāriya) Michelson, Albert Abraham Messahala Middlehurst, Barbara Mary Maskelyne, Nevil Mikhailov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Mason, Charles Milankovitch [Milankovič], Milutin Mästlin [Möstlin], Michael Miller, John Anthony Moestlinus Millikan, Robert Andrews Möschlin, Michael Millman, Peter Mackenzie Mathurānātha Śarman Milne, Edward Arthur Maudith, John Milton, John Maunder, Annie Scott Dill Russell Mineur, Henri Paul Maunder, Edward Walter Minkowski, Hermann Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Minkowski, Rudolph Leo Bernhard Maurolico, Francesco Minnaert, Marcel Gilles Jozef xxiv Table of Entries

Mīram Čelebī: Maḥmūd ibn Quṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Newton, Isaac Muḥammad ibn Mūsā Qāḍīzāde Nicholas of Lynn [Lynne] Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight Nicholson, Seth Barnes Mitchell, Maria Niesten, Jean Louis Nicholas Mizzī: Zayn al-Dīn [Shams al-Dīn] Abū �Abd Allāh Muḥammad Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm ibn Aḥmad ibn �Abd al-Raḥīm al-Mizzī al-Ḥanafī Nightingale, Peter Mohler, Orren Cuthbert Petrus (Philomena) de Dacia Molesworth, Percy Braybrooke Petrus Dacus [Danus] Moll, Gerard Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji Mollweide, Karl Brandan Nininger, Harvey Harlow Molyneux, Samuel Nīsābūrī: al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn Molyneux, William Niẓām al-Dīn al-A�raj al-Nīsābūrī Monck, William Henry Stanley Nishikawa, Joken Monnier, Pierre-Charles le Tadahide Lemonnier, Pierre-Charles Nordmann, Charles Monnig, Oscar Edward Norton, William Augustus Montanari, Geminiano Norwood, Richard Moore, Joseph Haines Novara, Domenico Maria da Moore-Sitterly, Charlotte Emma Ploti Ferrariensis Morgan, Augustus de Numerov [Noumeroff], Boris Vasil’evich Morgan, Herbert Rollo Nunes, Pedro Morgan, William Wilson Nušl, František Morin, Jean-Baptiste Morley, Edward Williams O’Connell, Daniel Joseph Kelly Morrison, Philip Odierna [Hodierna], Giovanbatista [Giovan Battista, Giovanni Mouchez, Ernest Amédée Barthélémy Battista] Moulton, Forest Ray of Chios Mouton, Gabriel Offusius, Jofrancus Mrkos, Antonín Öhman, K. Yngve Mukai, Gensho Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Muler, Nicolaus Olcott, William Tyler Mulerius Olivier, Charles Pollard Müller, Edith Alice Olmsted, Denison Müller, Johann Olympiodorus the Younger [the Platonist, the Neo-Platonist, Regiomontanus the Great] Müller, Karl Oort, Jan Hendrik Müller, Karl Hermann Gustav Öpik, Ernst Julius Muñjāla Oppenheimer, J. Robert Mañjula Oppolzer, Egon Ritter von Muñoz, Jerónimo Oppolzer, Theodor Ritter von Oresme, Nicole Naburianu [Naburianus, Nabû-ri-man-nu] Oriani, Barnaba Najm al-Dīn al-Miṣrī: Najm al-Dīn Abū �Abd Allāh Muḥammad Osiander, Andreas ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Miṣrī Outhier, Réginald [Réginaud] Napier, John Nasawī: Abū al-Ḥasan �Alī ibn Aḥmad al-Nasawī Ovidius Naso, Publius Nasmyth, James Hall Page, Thornton L. Nasṭūlus: Muḥammad ibn �Abd Allāh Palisa, Johann Basṭūlus Palitzsch, Johann Nayrīzī: Abū al-�Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nayrīzī Palmer, Margaretta Nernst, Hermann Pannekoek, Neugebauer, Otto E. Papadopoulos, Christos Neumann, Carl Gottfried Nevill [Neville], Edmund Neison Parameśvara of Vāṭaśśeri [Parameśvara I] Neison, Edmund Parenago, Pavel Petrovich Newcomb, Simon Parkhurst, Henry M. Newton, Hubert Anson of Elea Table of Entries xxv

Parsons, Laurence Poczobut Marcin [Martin Poczobutt] Fourth Earl of Rosse Poe, Edgar Allan Parsons, William Pogson, Norman Robert Third Earl of Rosse Poincaré, Jules-Henri Pawsey, Joseph Lade Poisson, Siméon-Denis Payne-Gaposchkin [Payne], Cecilia Helena Pond, John Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena Pons, Jean-Louis Payne, William Wallace Popper, Daniel Magnes Pearce, Joseph Algernon Poretsky, Platon Sergeevich Pearson, William Porter, John Guy Peary, Robert Edwin Porter, Russell Williams Pease, Francis Gladhelm Peek, Bertrand Meigh Pouillet, Claude-Servais-Mathias-Marie-Roland Peirce, Benjamin Pound, James Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Poynting, John Henry Pèlerin de Prusse Prager, Richard Preussen, Pilgrim Zeleschicz von Prentice, John Philip Manning Peregrinus de Prussia Pritchard, Charles Peltier, Leslie Copus Pritchett, Carr Waller Peregrinus de Maricourt, Petrus Perepelkin, Yevgenij Yakovlevich Proctor, Mary Péridier, Julien Marie Proctor, Richard Anthony Perrin, Jean-Baptiste Prosperin, Erik Perrine, Charles Dillon Przybylski, Perrotin, Henri-Joseph-Anastase Peters, Christian August Friedrich Claudius Ptolemaius Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich Puiseux, Pierre-Henri Petit, Pierre Purcell, Edward Mills Pettit, Edison Peucer, Caspar Peurbach [Peuerbach, ], Georg von Qabīṣī: Abū al-Ṣaqr �Abd al-�Azīz ibn �Uthmān ibn �Alī al-Qabīṣī Pfund, August Hermann Alcabitius Phillip of Qāḍīzāde al-Rūmī: Ṣ alāḥ al-Dīn Mūsā ibn Muḥammad ibn Phillips, Theodore Evelyn Reece Maḥmūd al-Rūmī of Croton Qāsim ibn Muṭarrif al-Qaṭṭān: Abū Muḥammad Qāsim ibn Philoponus, John Muṭarrif ibn �Abd al-Raḥmān John the Grammarian al-Qaṭṭān al-Ṭulayṭulī al-Qurṭubī John of Alexandria al- Andalusī Piazzi, Giuseppe Qaṭṭān-i al-Marwazī: �Ayn al-Zamān Abū �Alī Ḥasan ibn �Alī Picard, Jean Qaṭṭān [Qaṭṭān] al-Marwazī Piccolomini, Alessandro Qian Lezhi Pickering, Edward Charles Qusṭā ibn Lūqā al-Ba�labakkī Pickering, William Henry Costa ben Luca Pigott, Edward Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques Pingré, Alexandre-Guy Qunawī: Muḥammad ibn al-Kātib Sīnān al-Qunawī Pișmiș, Paris Marie Qūshjī: Abū al-Qāsim �Alā’ al-Dīn �Alī ibn MuḥammadQushči-zāde Plana, Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plancius, Petrus Rāghavānanda Śarman Platevoet, , Peter [Petrus] Planman, Anders Ramée, Pierre de la Plaskett, Harry Hemley Ran-ganātha I Plaskett, John Stanley Ran-ganātha II Rankine, William John Macquorn Plaut, Lukas Ranyard, Arthur Cowper Rauchfuss, Konrad Plinius Secundus Cunradus Dasypodius Plummer, Henry Crozier Keating Rayet, Georges-Antoine-Pons Raymond of Marseilles xxvi Table of Entries

Reber, Grote Russell, John Recorde, Robert Rutherford, Ernest Rede, William Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris Redman, Roderick Oliver Rydberg, Johannes [Janee] Robert Regener, Erich Rudolph Alexander Régis, Pierre-Sylvain Sabine, Edward Regius, Hendrick Ṣadr al-Sharī�a al-Thānī:� Ubaydallāh ibn Mas�ūd al- Maḥbūbī Henricus Regius al-Bukhārī al-Ḥanafī Roy, Hendrick de Safford, Truman Henry Reinhold, Erasmus Safronov, Viktor Sergeyevich Reinmuth, Karl Wilhelm Ṣāghānī: Abū Ḥāmid Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṣāghānī Renieri, Vincenzio [al-Ṣaghānī] al-Asṭurlābī Respighi, Lorenzo Saha, Meghnad N. Rheita,  Maria Schyrleus de Schyrle [Schierl, Schürle] Ṣā�id al-Andalusī: Abū al-Qāsim Ṣā�id ibn abī al-Walīd Aḥmad Johann Burchard ibn �Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṣā�id Rheticus al-Taghlibī al-Qurṭubī Lauchen, Georg Joachim von St. John, Charles Edward Rho, Giacomo Salih Zeki Ricci, Matteo Samarqandī: Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ashraf al-Ḥusaynī Riccioli, Giovanni Battista al-Samarqandī Riccò, Annibale Samaw’al: Abū Naṣr Samaw’al ibn Yaḥyā ibn �Abbās al-Maghribī Richard of Wallingford al-Andalusī Richaud, Jean Sampson, Ralph Allen Richer, Jean Sanad ibn �Alī: Abū al-Ṭayyib Sanad ibn �Alī al-Yahūdī Riḍwān al-Falakī: Riḍwān Efendi ibn �Abdallāh Sanford, Roscoe Frank al-Razzāz al-Falakī Santini, Giovanni-Sante-Gaspero Ristenpart, Frederich Wilhelm Śatānanda Ritchey, George Willis Saunder, Samuel Arthur Rittenhouse, David Saunders, Frederick Albert Ritter, Georg August Dietrich Savary, Felix Ritter, Johann Wilhelm Savile, Henry Roach, Franklin Evans Sawyer Hogg, Helen Battles Roberts, Alexander William Hogg, Helen Battles Roberts, Isaac Schaeberle [Schäberle] John [Johann] Martin Robertson, Howard Percy Schalén, Carl Adam Wilhelm Robinson, Thomas Romney Schall von Bell, Johann Adam Roche, Édouard Albert Tang-Jo-Wang Roeslin, Helisaeus Scheiner, Christoph Roger of Hereford Scheiner, Julius Rogerus Infans Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob Rogerus Puer Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio Rohault, Jacques Schickard, Wilhelm Römer [Roemer], Ole [Olaus] Schiller, Julius Rooke, Lawrence Schjellerup, Hans Karl Frederik Christian Rosenberg, Hans Schlesinger, Frank Rosenberger, Otto Schmidt, Bernhard Voldemar Ross, Frank Elmore Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius Rossi, Bruno Benedetto Schmidt, Otto Iulevich Rossiter, Richard Alfred Schöner, Johannes Rothmann, Christoph Schönfeld, Eduard Rowland, Henry Augustus Schreck, Johann Rudānī: Abū �Abdallāh Muḥammad ibn Sulaymān (Muḥammad) Terrentius al- Fāsī ibn Ṭāhir al-Rudānī al-Sūsī al-Mālikī Terrenz, Jean [al- Maghribī] Schrödinger, Erwin Rümker, Christian Karl [Carl] Ludwig Schröter, Johann Hieronymus Rumovsky, Stepan Yakovlevich Schüler, Wolfgang Runge, Carl [Carle] David Tolme Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Russell, Henry Chamberlain Schuster, Arthur Russell, Henry Norris Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich Table of Entries xxvii

Schwarzschild, Karl Somerville, Mary Fairfax Grieg Schwarzschild, Martin Sorby, Henry Clifton Schwassmann, Friedrich Karl Arnold Scot, Michael South, James Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena, Johannes [John] Spencer Jones, Harold Seares, Frederick Hanley Sphujidhvaja Secchi, (Pietro) Angelo Spitz, Armand Neustadter See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson Spitzer, Lyman, Jr. Seeliger, Hugo von Spörer, Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Seleukus of Seleukeia Śrīpati Seneca Stabius, Johann Serviss, Garrett Putnam Stark, Johannes Severin, Christian Steavenson, William Herbert Longomontanus Stebbins, Joel Severus Sebokht [Sebokt, Sebukht, Seboht] Stephan, Jean-Marie-Édouard Seyfert, Carl Keenan Stern, Otto Shain [Shayn, Shajn], Grigory Abramovich Sternberg [Shternberg], Pavel Karlovich Shakerley, Jeremy Stetson, Harlan True Shams al-Dīn al-Bukhārī Stevin, Simon Shane, Charles Donald Stewart, Balfour Shapley, Harlow Stewart, John Quincy Shapley, Martha Stewart, Matthew Betz, Martha Stöffler, Johannes Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Stoeflerus Sharonov, Vsevolod Vasilievich Stokes, George Gabriel Sharp, Abraham Stokley, James Shi Shen Stone, Edward James Shibukawa, Harumi Stone, Ormond Shīrāzī: Quṭb al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Mas�ūd Muṣliḥ al-Shīrāzī Stoney, George Johnstone Shirwānī: Fatḥallāh ibn Abū Yazīd ibn �Abd al-�Azīz ibn Ibrāhīm Storer, Arthur al-Shābarānī al-Shirwānī al-Shamāhī Störmer, Fredrik Carl Mülertz Shizuki, Tadao Stoyko, Nicolas Shklovsky [Shklovskii, Shklovskij], Iosif Samuilovich Stoiko-Radilenko, Nicolas Sibṭ al-Māridīnī: Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Abū Strand, Kaj Aage Gunnar �Abd Allāh Badr [Shams] al-Dīn al-Miṣrī Stratton, Frederick John Marrian al- Dimashqī Streete, Thomas Siguenza y Góngora, Carlos (de) Strömberg, Gustav Sijzī: Abū Sa�īd Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn �Abd al-Jalīl al-Sijzī Stromgren, Bengt Georg Daniel Silberstein, Ludwik Strömgren, Svante Elis Silvester, Bernard Stroobant, Paul-Henri Bernardus Silvestris Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Sima Qian Struve, Vasily Yakovlevich Ssu-Ma Ch’ien Struve, Georg Otto Hermann Simplicius of Struve, Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Sitter, Willem de Struve, Ludwig Ottovich Sizzi, Francesco Struve, Karl Hermann Skjellerup, John Francis Struve, Hermann Ottovich Slipher, Earl Carl Struve, Otto Slipher, Vesto Melvin Struve, Otto Wilhelm Slocum, Frederick Struve, Otton Vasilievich Smart, William Marshall Stukeley, William Smiley, Charles Hugh Su Song Smith, Sinclair Su Sung Smyth, Charles Piazzi Suárez, Buenaventura Smyth, William Henry Suess, Hans Eduard Snel [Snell], Willebrord Ṣūfī: Abū al-Ḥusayn �Abd al-Raḥmān ibn �Umar al-Ṣūfī Snellius Sulaymān ibn �Iṣma: Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān ibn �Iṣma Snyder, Hartland al-Samarqandī Soldner, Johann Georg Sundman, Karl Frithiof xxviii Table of Entries

Suyūṭī: Abū al-Faḍl �Abd al-Raḥmān Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī Ṭūsī: Abū Ja�far Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Naṣīr Swan, William al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Swedenborg, Emanuel Tuttle, Horace Parnell Swift, Lewis Swings, Polydore [Pol] Ferdinand Felix �Ubaydī: Jalāl al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh al-�Ubaydī Swope, Henrietta Hill : Muḥammad Ṭaraghāy ibn Shāhrukh ibn Tīmūr Synesius of Cyrene Gūrgān Umawī: Abū �Alī al-Ḥasan ibn �Alī ibn Khalaf al-Umawī Ṭabarī: Abū Ja�far Muḥammad ibn Ayyūb al-Khatīb al-Umawī al-Qurṭubī al-Ḥāsib al- Ṭabarī Unsöld, Albrecht Tacchini, Pietro �Urḍī: Mu’ayyad (al-Milla wa-) al-Dīn (Mu’ayyad ibn Barīk Takahashi, Yoshitoki [Burayk]) al-’Urḍī (al-�Āmirī al-Dimashqī) Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zayn al-Dīn Ma�rūf Urey, Harold Clayton al-Dimashqī al-Ḥanafī �Uṭārid: �Uṭārid ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥāsib Tarde, Jean Tardeus Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram Väisälä, Yrjö Tebbutt, John Van Albada, Gale Bruno Teller, Edward [Ede] Van Allen, James Alfred Tempel, Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Van Biesbroeck, Georges-Achille Tennant, James Francis Van de Kamp, Peter [Piet] Terby, François Joseph Charles Van de Sande Bakhuyzen [Bakhuysen], Hendrik Gerard Tezkireci Köse Ibrāhīm [Hendricus Gerardus] Thābit ibn Qurra Van den Bos, Willem Hendrik Thackeray, Andrew David Van den Hove, Maarten Martinus Hortensius [Ortensius] Theodosius of Bithynia Van Maanen, Adriaan Van Rhijn, Pieter Johannes Varāhamihira Vaucouleurs, Gérard Henri de Tyrtamus Verbiest, Ferdinand Thiele, Thorvald Nicolai Very, Frank Washington Thollon, Louis Vespucci, Amerigo Thom, Alexander Vico, Francesco de Thome, John [Juan] Macon Vinci, Leonardo da Thomson, George Paget Virdung, Johann Thomson, William [Vergil] Baron Kelvin of Largs Vergilius Maro, Publius Lord Kelvin , Marcus Tikhov, Gavril Adrianovich Pollio, Marcus Vogel, Hermann Carl Tisserand, François-Félix Vögelin, Johannes Titius [Tietz], Johann Daniel Vogelinus Todd, Charles Vogt, Heinrich Todd, David Peck Volkoff, George Michael Tolman, Richard Chace Vorontsov-Veliaminov [-Velyaminov], Boris Aleksandrovich Tombaugh, Clyde William Torricelli, Evangelista Wābkanawī: Shams al-Munajjim [Shams al-Dīn] Muḥammad ibn Toscanelli dal Pozzo, Paolo �Alī Khwāja al-Wābkanawī [Wābaknawī] Tousey, Richard Wachmann, Arno Arthur Triesnecker, Franz [Francis] de Paula von Walcher of Malvern Trouvelot, Étienne-Lêopold Waldmeier, Max Trumpler, Robert Julius Wales, William Tserasky [Tzeraskii], Vitol’d [Witold] Karlovich Walker, Arthur Geoffrey Ceraski, Vitol’d [Witold] Karlovich Walker, Sears Cook Turner, Herbert Hall Wallace, Alfred Russel Table of Entries xxix

Wallis, John Wittich, Paul Walther, Bernard [Bernhard] Wolf, Charles-Joseph-Étienne Wang Xun Wolf, Johann Rudolf Ward, Isaac W. Wolf, Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Ward, Seth Wollaston, William Hyde Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm Woltjer, Jan, Jr. Wassenius [Vassenius], Birger Wood, Frank Bradshaw Waterston, John James Wood, Robert Williams Watson, James Craig Woolley, Richard Van der Riet Watts, Chester Burleigh Wren, Christopher Webb, Thomas William Wright, Chauncey Weigel, Erhard Wright, Thomas Weinek, László [Ladislaus] Wright, William Hammond Weiss, Edmund Wrottesley, John Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von Wurm, Karl Wendelen, Govaart [Gottfried, Godefried] Wyse, Arthur Bambridge Godefridus Wendelinus Werner, Johannes of Colophon Wesselink, Adriaan Jan Ximenes, Leonardo Weyl, (Claus Hugo) Hermann Wharten, George Yaḥyā ibn Abī Manṣūr: Abū �Alī Yaḥyā ibn Abī Manṣūr Wheeler, John Archibald al- Munajjim Whewell, William Ya�qūb ibn Ṭāriq Whipple, Fred Lawrence Yativṛṣabha Whiston, William Yavaneśvara Whitehead, Alfred North Yixing Whitford, Albert Edward I-Hsing Whiting, Sarah Frances Seng Yixing Whitrow, Gerald James Yixing Chanshi Widmanstätten, Aloys [Alois] Young, Anne Sewell Joseph Franz Xaver von Young, Charles Augustus Wildt, Rupert Wilhelm IV Zach, János Ferenc [Franz Xaver] von Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel Zacut: Abraham ben Samuel Zacut Wilkins, Hugh Percival Zanotti, Eustachio Wilkins, John Zanstra, Herman William of [Guillaume de] Conches Zarqālī: Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyà al-Naqqāsh al-Tujībī Guilelmus de Conchis al-Zarqālī William of Moerbeke Azarquiel William of [Guillaume de] Saint-Cloud Zeeman, Pieter Williams, Arthur Stanley Zeipel, Edvard Hugo von Williams, Evan Gwyn Zel’dovich, Yakov Borisovich Wilsing, Johannes Moritz Daniel Zhamaluding: Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir ibn Wilson, Albert George Muḥammad al-Zaydī al-Bukhārī Wilson, Alexander Jamāl al-Dīn Wilson, Herbert Couper Zhang Heng Wilson, Latimer James Chang Heng Wilson, Olin Chaddock, Jr. Zhang Sixun Wilson, Ralph Elmer Zinner, Ernst Wing, Vincent Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich Winlock, Joseph Zu Chongzhi Winnecke, Friedrich August Theodor Tsu Ch’ung-chih Winthrop, John Zucchi, Nicollo Wirtanen, Carl Alvar Zupi, Giovan Battista Wirtz, Carl Wilhelm Zwicky, Fritz Witt, Carl Gustav

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