DOCSLIB.ORG

Java Based Distributed Learning Platform

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Java Based Distributed Learning Platform Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8 (2020) 228-239 D doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2020.08.002 DAVID PUBLISHING Mediaeval Quality Assurance of Medicines within the Territory of the State of Burgundy Nanno Bolt Society of the History of Pharmacy in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, Thury 21340, France Abstract: The State of Burgundy from Charles the Bold included in 1477 the Low Countries (comprising large parts of present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and parts of northern France) as well as the counties of Nevers and Burgundy and the duchy of Burgundy. The quality of mediaeval medicines within the territory of the Burgundian State was assured by four themes in the municipal and governmental pharmaceutical regulations: inspection of the pharmacy, surveillance of medicines preparation, quality prescriptions and the professional education. Uniform prescriptions were a key factor in the QA (quality assurance) of medicines. Based on ordinances and on heritage inventories in nineteen Burgundian towns it became evident that between 1310 and 1540 the Antidotarium Nicolai was usually prescribed or present as a formulary and that from 1568 on, the presence of the Dispensatorium Cordis predominated. Key words: Middle ages, history of pharmacy, State of Burgundy, mediaeval QA of medicines. 1. Introduction 1300-1600. In an earlier study [1] nine common themes were distinguished and four of them have been Most studies on the history of mediaeval selected for further analysis in this study. pharmacists are country-based. But the State of Burgundy included in 1477 (large parts of) Belgium, 2.2 Analysis of the Regulations the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France (Fig. 1). The towns where the selected themes on late During the reign of Philip the Good (1419-1467) a mediaeval QA of medicines were found are in a further administrative cohesion for the territory was chronologic order represented and their relative developed with the convocation of the States-General importance has been established as well as their in 1464 in Bruges. After the Act of Abjuration in 1581 evolution in time and the surveillance of their the last link between the Low Countries and Burgundy application. expired. This study is on the various aspects of QA (quality assurance) of medicines in the territory of the 2.3 Inventory and Analysis of Quality Related Prescription Manuscripts and Books State of Burgundy up to 1600. 2. Methods The obligation to prepare medicines according to general accepted prescriptions was an important issue to 2.1 Identification of Late Mediaeval Regulations on warrant the mediaeval medicine quality. An inventory of QA in the course of time prescribed and in reality found Based on publications in the Netherlands, Belgium manuscripts and books have been made and analyzed and France, regulations for apothecaries, practicing in with respect to QA of medicines. thirty-five towns within the territory of the 3. Results and Discussion Burgundian State, have been identified over the period 3.1 Governmental Pharmaceutical Regulations Corresponding author: Nanno Bolt, PhD, research field: middle age history of pharmacists. Between 1200 and 1600 several medical-pharmaceutical Mediaeval Quality Assurance of Medicines within the Territory of the State of Burgundy 229 Fig. 1 The territory of the House of Valois-Burgundy in 1477. 230 Mediaeval Quality Assurance of Medicines within the Territory of the State of Burgundy inspection of the pharmacy by two government jurymen and preparation of medicines under the supervision of a physician; taking an oath to certify that the apothecary will deliver products prepared in a capable and reliable way; limitation of the number of pharmacies; fixation of the prices of various medicinal remedies. The French king Charles VIII promulgated in 1484 the following ordinance [3]: apothecaries own the monopoly for selling medicinal remedies; the pharmacy will be visited 2 or 3 times a year and inspected on the quality of the remedies and the exactness of the weights; the widow of a master apothecary (“femmes de Fig. 2 Portrait of Frederick II in the manuscript DeArte Venandi cum Avibus (About the art of hunting with Birds). maistres veufves”) may continue the pharmacy, provided she employs a sworn master servant; regulations have been promulgated by kings and the master apothecary should have been emperors touching the Burgundian State and often based examined, delivered a masterpiece and should have on earlier town proclamations. In Paris for example an served his seven years apprenticeship in a qualified extended regulation was already known in the year pharmacy; 1322, while the French king Charles VIII proclaimed the son of an apothecary could be exempted from not until 1484 a governmental regulation based on the the apprenticeship obligation and could enjoy Paris one. The governmental “Placcaert” from simplified requirements for the masterpiece Emperor Charles V, addressed to the Low Countries, preparation. was almost a copy of the medical-pharmaceutical Emperor Charles V issued in 1540 in Brussels a regulation from Ghent in 1456. Perhaps the medical-pharmaceutical decree [4] with the following “Constitutiones” from emperor-king Fredrick II, being subjects: unique, form an exception to this rule. inspection of the pharmacy each four months by Frederick II (1194-1250) (Fig. 2) was king of Sicily, 2 physicians and 2 sworn master apothecaries; Italy and Germany and from 1220 on Holy Roman control of the weights; Emperor. Between 1231 and 1243 he edited the education details for the master apothecary; “Constitutiones Regni Siciliae”, a coherent compilation preparation of compounded medicines only of laws and competences. His 1241 “Edict of Salerno” according to prescription of a qualified physician; [2], an appendix of the Constitutiones was the first obligation to make use of qualified prescription modern governmental law for the regulation of the books. apothecary profession with as most important issues: 3.2 The Municipal Proclamations separation of the occupations of physician and apothecary to prevent conflicts of interest; Apothecaries, physicians and municipalities Mediaeval Quality Assurance of Medicines within the Territory of the State of Burgundy 231 recognized the necessity for regulations in of Dijon in 1451, of Ghent in 1456, of Maastricht in pharmaceutical education and in keeping a pharmacy. 1490 [8] and in the 16th century, 23 of such monopoly In the small towns of the Low Countries—where clauses have been identified. usually just one apothecary was established—regulations (3) Price Regulation were formulated in the appointment agreement between In the smaller towns usually just one pharmacist is the town magistrate and the (town-) pharmacist. In the established. Because of the limited number of bigger towns, usually the municipality took the potential clients, it concerns often a town-pharmacist, initiative to draw up pharmaceutical regulations like in (partly) paid by the magistrate and with additional Anvers (1499), Beaune (1576) and Chalon, but in privileges or a monopolized position. Therefore, price Dijon (1490) and Autun the apothecaries themselves limits are promulgated already early in time, such as took the initiative in formulating the regulations [5]. in 1355 in Kampen, in 1451 in Zwolle where the The “Keure” of Ypres—dating from the period prices are fixed by the town-physician, in 1478 in 1292-1310—is the first (extended) regulation known Harderwijk [8] “so men die buten in anderen apteken in the State of Burgundy (and in Western Europe). It copen mach” (not more expensive than in other is assumed that Jan Yperman, during his surgeon pharmacies), in 1487 in Zutphen “dattet gemeyne study in Paris, came across the preparations of the volck niet onredelick beschat worde” (reasonable Paris regulation, promulgated in 1322 and he introduced prices for the inhabitants) and in Bergen op Zoom, the principles already around 1300 in Ypres, a relatively where each year the prices were evaluated by a big town with 30,000 inhabitants at that time [6]. physician [8]. Even in larger towns with a real 3.2.1 Common Themes in the Pharmaceutical competition we come across price limiting Regulations promulgations like in Ypres (1300), in Amsterdam In an earlier study 35 pharmaceutical (1519) with reduced prices for poor people and in town-regulations within the territory of the Leuven where the faculty of the university assesses Burgundian State have been identified over the period the value of the medicines. 1300-1600 and the following nine common themes (4) Position of the Widows and Sons could be distinguished [1]: For 6 towns, clauses are found concerning the (1) Weights and Measures position of the widow of a master apothecary. In The necessity to verify weights and measures is general, she is allowed to continue the pharmacy. In already early in the middle ages recognized and it Dijon, the statutes of 1490 specify that she should concerns not only the apothecaries but every merchant employ a capable servant and that her son enjoys using balances and measures. In Delft for instance, reduced demands for obtaining the mastership. In Lille each merchant was obliged—from 1480 on—to let she has in 1586 the choice to employ a master servant examine and adjust his weights by two merchants and or to enter into partnership with another apothecary a tinman [7]. In Gouda (1490) the weights should be [9]. gauged free of charge by the bailiff and his servants (5) Transfer of Poisons [4]. The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 364 Journal of the History of Medicine : July 1974 He Wrote of the Mistrust Which Certain Pathologists Had of the Accuracy and Fidelity of the Microscope
    364 Journal of the History of Medicine : July 1974 he wrote of the mistrust which certain pathologists had of the accuracy and fidelity of the microscope. Yet he was not free from fallibility and human error. He left the mechanism of growth in cancer without a strong theoretical state- ment, a sad neglect to this day. No matter. Ober's book fulfills numerous educational needs for any student of disease. He is to be congratulated and encouraged to further his efforts. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jhmas/article/XXIX/3/364/797140 by guest on 01 October 2021 WOLFGANG-HAGEN HEIN. iUustrierter Apotheker-Kalauler 1974. Stuttgart, Deutscher Apodieker, 1974. 36 pp., illus. DM11,50. Reviewed by ALBERT W. FRENKEL, Professor, Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. This calendar in its thirty-third year represents a most valuable and informa- tive collection of selected events in the history of Pharmacy during the past five centuries. Thirty-six black and white Central European artistic expressions are represented, ranging as far back as 1497 with die wood-cut of Apotheker- Laboratorium from the 'Chirurgiebuch' of Hieronymus Brunschwig (plate 30) to modern art forms. The latter are represented by a reproduction of the doors of the new addition to die 'Markt-Apotheke' in Neunkirchen am Brand, de- signed by the sculptor Felix Miiller, and plates produced by Karl DSrfuss (1972): depicting the healing power of plant substances; the offering of natural and synthetic curative substances to the sick by Pharmacy; and die power of plants to utilize sunlight and minerals in the synthesis of food and of healing substances.
    [Show full text]
  • Hieronymus Brunschwig (C. 1450–1513): His Life and Contributions to Surgery
    Childs Nerv Syst (2012) 28:629–632 DOI 10.1007/s00381-011-1417-x CLASSICS IN PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY Hieronymus Brunschwig (c. 1450–1513): his life and contributions to surgery R. Shane Tubbs & Anand N. Bosmia & Martin M. Mortazavi & Marios Loukas & Mohammadali Shoja & Aaron A. Cohen Gadol Received: 17 November 2010 /Accepted: 25 February 2011 /Published online: 9 March 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract Henry Sigerist, the esteemed historian of medicine, makes a Introduction The objective of this paper to offer an brief note of the history of surgery on the European overview of the life and contributions of Hieronymus continent, writing that surgery began in Italy during the Brunschwig (also known as Jerome of Brunswick), a twelfth century and gradually spread to France and German surgeon of the fifteenth century, whose works Germany [4]. The German surgeons absorbed the discov- have provided insight into the practice of surgery during his eries and teachings of the Italian and French surgeons, and lifetime. these teachings became more accessible to the Germans Conclusions There is disagreement among academics about when German translations of the original Latin texts certain biographical details of Hieronymus Brunschwig’s became available in the fourteenth century. German surgery life. Regardless, Brunschwig’s productivity as an author remained purely receptive until the fifteenth century, when distinguishes him as a scholar in the field of surgery among attempts at literary achievement on the part of German the community of German surgeons in the fifteenth century. surgeons become visible [4]. Sigerist cites the example of His work offers important information about the practice of Heinrich von Pfalzpeunt, a Teutonic knight whose works, surgery in fifteenth-century Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • HUNTIA a Journal of Botanical History
    HUNTIA A Journal of Botanical History VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 2018 Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh The Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, a research division of Carnegie Mellon University, specializes in the history of botany and all aspects of plant science and serves the international scientific community through research and documentation. To this end, the Institute acquires and maintains authoritative collections of books, plant images, manuscripts, portraits and data files, and provides publications and other modes of information service. The Institute meets the reference needs of botanists, biologists, historians, conservationists, librarians, bibliographers and the public at large, especially those concerned with any aspect of the North American flora. Huntia publishes articles on all aspects of the history of botany, including exploration, art, literature, biography, iconography and bibliography. The journal is published irregularly in one or more numbers per volume of approximately 200 pages by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. External contributions to Huntia are welcomed. Page charges have been eliminated. All manuscripts are subject to external peer review. Before submitting manuscripts for consideration, please review the “Guidelines for Contributors” on our Web site. Direct editorial correspondence to the Editor. Send books for announcement or review to the Book Reviews and Announcements Editor. All issues are available as PDFs on our Web site. Hunt Institute Associates may elect to receive Huntia as a benefit of membership; contact the Institute for more information. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University 5th Floor, Hunt Library 4909 Frew Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 Telephone: 412-268-2434 Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.huntbotanical.org Editor and layout Scarlett T.
    [Show full text]
  • (980-1037) Liber Canonis Primus Quem Princeps Aboali Abinsceni De Medicina Edidit Venice: P
    IMAGING AND IMAGINING THE BODY AS TEXT CHRONOLOGY Ancient and Medieval Incun 1486.A9 Avicenna (980-1037) Liber canonis primus quem princeps aboali abinsceni de medicina edidit Venice: P. Maufer et Socii, 1486 Rare Book Collection Incun 1497.B739 Hieronymus Brunschwig (ca. 1450-ca. 1512) Dis ist das Buch der Cirurgia Augsburg: J. Schönsperger, 1497 John Crerar Collection of Rare Books in the History of Science and Medicine f PA3996.A2 1609 Galen Opera ex octava Juntarum edition… Venice: Apud Juntas, 1609 Rare Book Collection The Pre-Modern Era: Primitives R128.6.F7 1529 (2nd title in book), plate facing XIII Hans von Gersdorff (d. 1529) Feldtbuch der Wundartzney Feldtbuch der Wundartzney. [Augspurg: Durch Hainrich Stayner, ca. 1530?] John Crerar Collection of Rare Books in the History of Science and Medicine QM21.B47 1522, leaf 70 Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (ca. 1460-ca. 1530) Isagoge breves prelucide ac uberime in anatomiam humani corporis a communi medicorum academia usitatam Bonona: Benedictu Hectoris, 1522 John Crerar Collection of Rare Books in the History of Science and Medicine Incun1500.K485, leaf ciij Joannes de Ketham (active 15th century) Fasciculus medicinae Venice: Joannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis, de Forlivio, 1500 John Crerar Collection of Rare Books in the History of Science and Medicine The Early Modern Era f QM21.V588 c.2, p. 181 Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) De humani corporis fabrica libri septem Basel: Ex officina Ioannis Oporini, 1543 Stanton A. Friedberg, M.D. Rare Book Collection of Rush University Medical Center at the University of Chicago f QM21.E8, p. 231 Charles Estienne (1504-ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Published Bimonthly
    ANNALS OF MEDICAL HISTORY Editor: FRANCIS R. PACKARD, M.D., Philadelphia CONTENTS OF NEW SERIES, VOLUME ONE, 1929 Thompson, Strenuous Life of a Physician in the 18th Walsh, Date of Galen’s Birth; Pitfield, A Pitiful, Rick- Century; Johnson, William Potter Memorial Lecture. In- etty, Gasping, Staggering, Stuttering Tomfool; Miller, Dis- troductory; Cohn, Development of the Harveian Circula- eases of Ancient Man; Crummer, Copy ofJenner Note Book; tion; Burger, Appreciation of the Medical Profession and Strecker, Reminiscenses from the Early Days of the Penn- the Divine Origin of Medicine; Chance, Squier Littell, M.D., sylvania Hospital; Wiese, Larrey; Garrison, Brief Note on Krumbhaar, Bibliographical Matters Pertaining to the Medical Philately; Pirkner, Epilepsy in the Light of History; Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood; Wood, Martin Pool at McGowan, Surgery at the New York Hospital Lister; Woolf, Hunterian Epoch; Harvey, History of One Hundred Years Ago; Rolleston, Samuel Johnson’s Hemostasis; Miller; William Beaumont and His Book; Medical Experiences; MacPhail, Evolution and Life; Burr, Dr. James and His Medical Dictionary; Moore, Gab- Middleton, Philip Syng Physick; Taylor, S. Weir Mitch- riel Honore de Riquetti; Roddis, Garcia da Orta; Rush, ell; Wagoner, Statuette Depicting a Posterior Superior Arnold Adolf Berthold; Toomey, First General Medical Dislocation of the Hip; Weeks, David Ramsay; Waring, Treatise Published in the Western Hemisphere; Pbachey, Incident in Early South Carolina Medicine; Todd, Medi. John Fewster; Power,
    [Show full text]
  • The Mandrake Plant and Its Legend
    !is volume is dedicated to Carole P. Biggam, Honorary Senior Research Fellow and Visiting Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, who by the foundation of the Anglo-Saxon Plant- Name Survey, decisively revived the interest in Old English plant-names and thus motivated us to organize the Second Symposium of the ASPNS at Graz University. “What's in a name? !at which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet …” Shakespeare, Rome and Juliet, II,ii,1-2. Old Names – New Growth 9 PREFACE Whereas the "rst symposium of the ASPNS included examples of research from many disciplines such as landscape history, place-name studies, botany, art history, the history of food and medicine and linguistic approaches, the second symposium had a slightly di#erent focus because in the year 2006 I had, together with my colleague Hans Sauer, started the project 'Digital and Printed Dictionary of Old English Plan-Names'. !erefore we wanted to concentrate on aspects relevant to the project, i.e. mainly on lexicographic and linguistic ma$ers. Together with conferences held more or less simultaneously to mark the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Linnaeus' birthday in Sweden, this resulted in fewer contributors than at the "rst symposium. As a consequence the present volume in its second part also contains three contributions which are related to the topic but were not presented at the conference: the semantic study by Ulrike Krischke, the interdisciplinary article on the mandragora (Anne Van Arsdall/Helmut W. Klug/Paul Blanz) and - for 'nostalgic' reasons - a translation of my "rst article (published in 1973) on the Old English plant-name fornetes folm.
    [Show full text]
  • 02 Benati:02 Benati
    CHIARA BENATI (Università degli Studi di Genova) Surgeon or Lexicographer? The Latin-German Glossaries in Addendum to Hans von Gersdorff’s Feldtbuch der Wundarzney At the end of his Feldtbuch der Wundarzney (Strasburg / Schott 1517), Hans von Gersdorff inserts three Latin-German glossaries (anatomy, pathology and medical herbs). It’s the first time a printed German surgical handbook includes a glossary, thus explicitly recognizing the existence of a potential understanding problem posed by the abundance of classical terminology in these specific semantic fields. In this study, the structure and organization of these three glossaries are analysed, paying particular attention not only to the selection of the Latin headwords and the choice of the vernacular rendering(s) of the Latin headwords, but also to their relation to the surgical technical terminology employed by the author in the treatise itself. In this way, it is possible to ascertain whether this, in nuce, specialized dictionary had been conceived as simply instrumental to the didactic purposes of the handbook, or aimed at pursuing a more universal goal, in the same way as today’s technical dictionaries. 1. Hans von Gersdorff and his Feldtbuch der Wundarzney The Feldtbuch der Wundarzney by Hans von Gersdorff, a field surgery manual printed in folio in Strasburg in 1517 by Schott, was a very popular text, as witnessed by the high number of editions and reprints which followed the first: eleven or twelve in quarto (Strasburg / Schott 1526, 1527 (?), 1528, 1530, 1535, Augsburg, Steiner 1542, Frankfurt am Main, Gülfferich 1551 and Egenolff und Nachfolger 1551, 1556, 1576, 1598, 1606) and three or four in folio (Strasburg, Grüninger 1519 and Schott, 1540, 1542 (?), Hagenau, Anshelm 1517-1518).
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Early Neuroanesthesia
    Neurosurg Focus 36 (4):E2, 2014 ©AANS, 2014 A brief history of early neuroanesthesia SRINIVAS CHIVUKULA, B.S.,2 RAMESH GRANDHI, M.D.,1 AND ROBERT M. FRIEDLANDER, M.D.1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, 2University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Two key discoveries in the 19th century—infection control and the development of general anesthesia—pro- vided an impetus for the rapid advancement of surgery, especially within the field of neurosurgery. Improvements in anesthesia and perioperative care, in particular, fostered the development of meticulous surgical technique conducive to the refinement of neuroanatomical understanding and optimization of neurosurgical procedures and outcomes. Yet, even dating back to the earliest times, some form of anesthesia or perioperative pain management was used during neurosurgical procedures. Despite a few reports on anesthesia published around the time of William Morton’s now- famous public demonstration of ether anesthesia in 1846, relatively little is known or written of early anesthetics in neurosurgery. In the present article the authors discuss the history of anesthesia pertaining to neurosurgical proce- dures and draw parallels between the refinements and developments in anesthesia care over time with some of the concomitant advances in neurosurgery. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2014.2.FOCUS13578) KEY WORDS • neurosurgery • anesthesia • history • early • progress ODERN neurosurgery arose in the wake of two chaeological evidence has established the veracity of
    [Show full text]
  • The Distillation Terms in Hieronymus Brunschwig's Liber De Arte
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Horticulture: Lecture 23
    History of Horticulture: Lecture 23 Lectures 23–25 Herbals: The Connection Between Horticulture and Medicine The prehistoric discovery that certain plants cause harm and others have curative powers is the origin of the healing professions and its practitioners (priest, physician, and apothecary), as well as professions devoted to plants (botany and horticulture). Herbal: A book about useful plants, especially medicinals Herbals of Antiquity Source Herbal Century Comments Sumarian Nipur 21st BCE Earliest medical test Egyptian Ebers Papyrus 15th BCE Medical treatise, 811 prescriptions Hellenic Diocles of Carystus 4th BCE Lost ms Theophrastus 4th BCE Botanical treatise Historia de Plantes De Causis Plantarum Crateuas 1st BCE Lost illustrated ms, Physician to Mithridites A Sumerian cuneiform tablet discovered at Nipur and pressed into clay circa 2100 BCE is the earliest known medical text. The contents may be older, perhaps by as much as a millennium. One translation directs the practitioner to “pulverize the bark of pear (?) tree and the ‘moon’ plant; infuse it with kushumma wine, let tree oil and hot cedar oil be spread over it.” 1 History of Horticulture: Lecture 23 The Ebers Papyrus in Hieratic script, 1530 BCE Ebers Papyrus Remedies Remedy to clear out the body and to get rid of the excrement in the body of a person. Berries of the castor-oil tree Chew and swallow down with beer in order to clear out all that is in the body. Ebers Papyrus Remedies Remedy to stop a crying of a child Pods of the poppy plant (Opium) Fly dirt which is on the wall Make into one, strain, and take for four days.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Use of Colchicum and Related Medicaments in Gout with Suggestions for Further Research by Edward F
    Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.13.3.190 on 1 September 1954. Downloaded from HISTORY OF THE USE OF COLCHICUM AND RELATED MEDICAMENTS IN GOUT WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH BY EDWARD F. HARTUNG New York City (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION DECEMBER 22, 1953) This brief history of the use of extracts of Col- where colchicine contains a tropolone ring system chicum autumnale in the treatment of gout had its is now accepted and has received experimental origin in some research relative to the metabolism justification (Arnstein and others, 1948, 1949; and mode of action of colchicine. It was interesting Cech and gantavy, 1949; Doering and Knox, 1951). to review this history in order to develop a back- The drug is given by mouth in tablet form, ground, and thus to learn what ancient authorities 0 01 gr. each, at the onset of a gouty attack, and and later observers knew about this drug. We shall then every hour for five to ten doses until diarrhoea review the evidence for the identity of certain plants is induced. Usually at the onset of the diarrhoea thought by many investigators to be identical with the acute joint begins to resolve. In chronic gout our modern Colchicum autumnale, and which were some advocate its use in doses of 0 01 gr. once or described by early writers as poisons and later twice a day over a prolonged period of time. Intra- recommended in the treatment of gout; re-emphasize venous colchicine also has its advocates. Tincturesby copyright. knowledge which has been more or less forgotten but and wines of colchicum are to-day considered less which could be of experimental and practical useful- desirable because of the possible variability in their ness to-day; delineate the fluctuations of popularity drug content.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Teaching Unit PDF Format
    Big Era Five Patterns of Interregional Unity 300-1500 CE Closeup Teaching Unit 5.5.1 Coping with Catastrophe The Black Death of the Fourteenth Century Table of Contents A Teaching Unit of the National Center for History in the Schools 2 Why this unit? 2 Unit objectives 2 Time and materials 3 Authors 3 The historical context 3 Table of dates 7 This unit in the Big Era timeline 10 Dramatic moment 11 Lesson 1: No Escape from Death: The Catastrophic Plague Arrives 13 Lesson 2: Trying to Cope: Explanations and Counter-measures 23 Lesson 3: The Impact on Society 40 Unit summary discussion questions and activities 49 This unit and the Three Essential Questions 50 This unit and the Seven Key Themes 50 This unit and the Standards in Historical Thinking 50 Resources 51 Correlations to National and State Standards 53 Conceptual links to other teaching units 54 World History for Us All A project of San Diego State University In collaboration with the National Center for History in the Schools (UCLA) http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/ World History for Us All Big Era 5 Closeup 5.5.1 A Teaching Unit of the National Center for History in the Schools his teaching unit is an adapted version of Coping with Catastrophe: The TBlack Death of the Fourteenth Century, A Unit of Study for Grades 7-12 published by the National Center for History in the Schools, University of California, Los Angeles. This teaching unit may not be resold or redistributed. Print copies of this and other units may be ordered at http://nchs.ucla.edu.
    [Show full text]