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31)0 N ZE F: B ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 38106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 3F I, ENGLAND 7915954

BESS, REGINALD THE DISTILLATION TERMS IN HIERONYMUS BRUN5CHW IG*S “ LIBER DE ARTE DISTILLANDI. DE SIMPL1CIBUS. DAS BUCH DER RECHTEN KUNST ZU DISTILIEREN DIE E1NTZIGEN DING.“

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1979

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University Micn5rilms Internationa! 300 N ZEEB RD.. ANN ARBOR. VII .18106 '3131 761-4700 THE DISTILLATION TERMS IN HIERONYMUS BRUNSCHWIG'S

LIBER DE ARTE DISTILLANDI. DE SIMPLICIBUS.

DAS BUCH PER RECHTEN KUNST ZU DISTILIEREN

DIE EINTZIGEN DING

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate

School of The Ohio State University

by

Reginald Bess, B.S., M.A.

* * * * *

The Ohio State University

1979

Reading Committee: Approved By

Professor Johanna Belkin

Professor Harry Vredeveld

Professor David Benseler

Adviser Department of German ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe the greatest debt of gratitude to Professor

Johanna S. Belkin without whose generous supply of time, effort, assistance, and information I would not have been able to complete this dissertation. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee,

Professors David Benseler and Harry Vredeveld, for their assistance. Finally, I would like to thank Grambling

State University for granting me a year's leave of ab se n c e .

i i VITA

February 27, 1945 ...... Born - Yukon, West Virginia

1966 ...... NDEA Institute, University of California, Irvine, C a lifo rn ia

1967-68 ...... Fulbright-Hays Grant, Univer­ s ity Hamburg, Hamburg, W. Germany

1968-71 ...... Ohio State University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1 9 6 9 ...... M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

1972 - ...... Assistant Professor, Grambling State University, Grambling, L ouisiana

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Medieval Studies

i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... l i

VITA ...... i l l

LIST OF FIGURES...... v

INTRODUCTION...... 1

Chapter

I. HISTORY OF DISTILLATION AND BRUNSCHWIG'S LIFE AND W O R K S...... 8

I I . TERMS FOR S T IL L S ...... 29

I I I . TERMS FOR THE STILL-HEAD...... 64

IV. TERMS FOR CIRCULATORIES AND RECEPTACLES...... 95

V. OTHER TERMS FOR DISTILLATION APPARATUS...... 137

VI. CONCLUSION...... 151

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 155

i v LIST OF FIGURES

F igure Page

1 . gemeyne Brennofen R b s s lin , 1533 37 6 2 . d ie gemeynen B re n n o fe lin R O sslin , 1533 38 e 3. die gemeynen brenn offlin Brunschwig, 1500 39

4. ein klein Windofelin Brunschwig, 1597 43

distillier offen Brunschwig, 1500 46 5. • 6 . ein D istillier ofen R b s s lin , 1535 48

7. ein D istillier ofen Rbsslin, 1535 49 8 . Balneum Mariae Rbsslin, 1535 56

9. Balneum Mariae Brunschwig, 1597 57

1 0 . fuler heintz Brunschwig, 1500 59

1 1 . der Faul heyntz Rbsslin, 1550 61

1 2 . ro sen h 8t Brunschwig, 1500 68

13. helm Brunschwig, 1500 71 14. glessin helm Brunschwig, 1500 72

15. brennhelm Brunschwig, 1597 75 1 6 . blinder helm Brunschwig, 1500 78

17. alem bic Brunschwig, 1500 81 1 8 . blinder helm Brunschwig, 1500 84

19. blinder helm Brunschwig, 1512 87 2 0 . blinder helm Brunschwig, 1512 88

v F igure Page

2 1 . blinder helm Brunschwig, 1512 89 2 2 . circulatorium Brunschwig, 1500 96

23. circulatorium Brunschwig, 1512 97

24. circulatorium Brunschwig, 1512 98

25. circulatorium Brunschwig, 1512 99 2 6 . circulatorium Brunschwig, 1500 100

27. pellican & storchschnabel Brunschwig, 1500 102

2 8 . amplexantes Brunschwig, 1500 106

29. zwei cucurbit Brunschwig, 1597 107 30. c u c u rb it Brunschwig, 1500 113

31. khrbsen/cucurbitae Brunschwig, 1597 115

32. c u c u rb it Brunschwig, 1512 117

33. Cucurbiten/KUrbsgleser RBsslin, 1550 118 34. u r in a l Brunschwig, 1500 124

35. v io le Brunschwig, 1500 125 36. v io l g la s Brunschwig, 1512 128

37. receptackel Brunschwig, 1512 130 38. fUrsatz glas Brunschwig, 1512 132

39. fUrsetzer glas Brunschwig, 1500 134 40. fUrsetzglas Brunschwig, 1597 134

41. k e s s e l Brunschwig, 1500 138

42. Distilllerkessel Brunschwig, 1597 140

v i F igure Fage

4 3 . cappel Brunschwig, 1500 l4l

44. cappel & kessel Brunschwig, 1597 1^4

4 5 . pfanne & cappel Brunschwig, 1500 148

v i i INTRODUCTION

The recognition of the Importance of scientific

"Fachsprachen to th e development of th e German language p has resulted in extensive research in recent years.

Gerhard Eis who, in the 1950!s, began to Investigate the

s c i e n t i f i c German language of th e Middle Ages and the

Renaissance, was one of the first to recognize their Im-

p o rta n c e .

Georg Fenwick Jones, "English Borrowings from Me­ d ie v a l German F achsprache, F a c h llte r a tu r des M l t t e l a l t e r s : Festschrift fUr Gerhard Eis, ed. Gundolf Keil et al. (Stutt- gart: Johann B. Metzler, 1 9 6 8 ), p. 11, defines a Fach­ sprache as a technical language used by most specialists in any given activity. Archers, surfboarders, bridgeplayers and birdwatchers as well as butchers, bakers, librarians and scientists have their own professional jargons, the principal criterion being that a technical term be used by a group of specialists. 2 Adolf Bach, Geschlchte der deutschen Sprache, 19th ed. (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1970) has discussed the importance of other technical languages, such as law and mysticism as well as the special languages of various pro­ fessions. Writing about the development of the German language from the fourteenth through the seventeenth cen­ turies Bach notes that more than ever before the Sonder- sprachen of social groups played a very important role. For detailed information see especially paragraphs 120-41. 3 Gundolf Kell et al., ed. p. ix.

1 2

Toward the end of the Middle Ages and at the

beginning of th e E arly New High German period German r e ­

placed Latin as the language of the natural sciences.

Scientists more and more began to write for other scien­

tists in German. This practice was introduced by the mathematicians Michael Stiefel (1487-1567) and Adam Riese

(ca. 1492-1559); by the botanists Otto Brunfels (ca. 1489-

1534)* Hieronymus Bock (ca. 1498-1554)* and Leonard Fuchs

(1501-66)| by the surgeons Peter von Ulm (l4th/l5th c.) and Hieronymus Brunschwig (ca. 1450-1512); by the physi­ cians Lorenz Fries (ca. 1490-1531) and Paracelsus (1493-

1541); and later by the astrologer Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630)

A study of the development of the German language* then* could not overlook this development. There was much scholarly research on the history of German litera­ ture but little on the history of the language of veter­ inary medicine* pharmacy* technology* and the natural

Karl-Heinz Weimann, "Probleme der medizinischen Fachsprache zur Zeit des Vasal," Fachllteratur des Mittel- aIters: Festschrift fUr Gerhard Eis, ed. Gundolf Keil et a I . ’,’ pp"."377-7B. ------3

sciences. Gilbert de Smet notes the dearth of information

on the vocabulary of the early New High German period and

the absence of works dealing with the history of Early

New High German lexicography. Such works would certainly

embrace scientific terms and would be essential to any

study of technical languages .J

R e c e n tly s tu d ie s of m edieval and e a r ly modern German

scientific language have increased because scholars have recognized their great importance to a better under­

standing of the history of sciences as well as to the ft development of language and literature. An excellent example of such a study is Gundolf Keil and Peter Assion's

^Gilbert de Smet, "Alte Lexikographie und moderne Wortgeographie," Wortgeographie und Gesellschaft: Fest­ schrift fUr Ludwig Erich Schmidt, ed. Walther Mitzka (Berlin; Walterde Gruyter, 1 9 6 8 ), pp. 49-79*

^Eis' work with Fachprosa, especially medical scien­ tific prose, has been continued by Gundolf Keil, Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of WUrzburg and by Gerhard Baader, Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Berlin. See WUrzburger medlzln-historlsche Forschungen, ed. Gundolf Keil, and Ar3 Medlea, ed. Gerhard Baader and Gundolf Keil. 4

Fachprosaforschung (Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 197*0 which

contains eight essays on medieval "Artesliteratur."

In this study I will investigate the technical terms

for distillation apparatus in Hieronymus Brunschwig's

Liber de arte dlstlLLandl^ which, despite the Latin title,

is the first printed work on distillation apparatus in

German. A thorough investigation of the German Fachwbrter

of distillation apparatus which occur in Brunschwig's

work has not yet been attempted. There has, however,

been much research undertaken on other aspects of his

distillation book. Scholars have concentrated mainly

on Brunschwig's contribution to the history of medicine,

chemistry, and pharmacy In sixteenth-century Germany.

D istillation apparatus, to be sure, has been discussed

in a historical context in such works as A Short

History on the Art of Distillation® by Robert J. Forbes;

Zur Geschlchte der pharmazeutlsch-chemlschen

^Llber de arte dlstlllandl. de Simpllcibus. / Das b8ch der rechten kunst / 26 distllieren die eintzlgen ding / (Strassburg: Johann Grtininger, 1500).

^Leiden: Edward J. Brill, 1948. Q DestllllergerSte by Hermann Schelenz; Prelude to

C hem istry'1'0 and Through Alchemy to Chemistry** by John

Read; and In "Quellen zur Geschichte der pharmazeutischen 12 Chemle im 16. Jahrhundert, 11 by Ericka Hickel and Wolf­ gang Schneider.

Forbes deals with Brunschwig's contributions to medi­ cine, and credits him with beginning a new era in medicine through distillation. He states that Brunschwig's writings led to an extensive literature on distilled medicine; there were many imitations, translations, and original works by other authors based on Brunschwig's writings. Through

Brunschwig's investigations, Forbes concludes, distillates replaced the "powders, syrups, and decoctions" of an earlier era (p. 109). Hickel and Schneider also point to the fact that Brunschwig's book on distillation was the

^Berlins J. Springer, 1911.

10New York: MacMillan, 1937.

11London: G. Bell, 1957-

12Pharmazeutische Zeitung, 108 (Sept. 1963) j 1212-14, and 109 (Jan. 1964), 51-5?^ 6

basis for all such books of the sixteenth century and the

first book in the German language to present a comprehen­

sive picture of the art of distillation and the pharma - 13 ceutlcal application of the distillates. In his Pre­

lude to Chemistry Read notes two other important aspects

of Brunschwig's distillation book, namely, that it con­

tains numerous woodcuts which are the first attempts made at giving illustrations of distillation apparatus; and that it was written In German for the general public,

in particular for those living in small towns and remote 14 villages without a physician. Schelenz presents the history of the instruments used in distillation from the earliest times to the present. My study of the history of the terms used by Brunschwig for distillation apparatus is especially Indebted to Schelenz9s investi­ g a tio n .

■^Hickel and Schneider, 109 (Jan. 1964), p. 51. 14 Brunschwig himself states in Chapter two of the 1500 edition that the work is intended for those "die die ertz- ney n i t zq bezalen habent / Oder haben mbgent. wan warumb wie offt hab ich gesehen dar z8 gehdrt menschen eyns schloss Oder dorffs ich geschwig der clelnen stettlin in kranckheit vallen / weder ertzeny noch artzet haben mdchtent ward in geholffen oder vff enthaltung biss man im ertzeney Oder den artzet bracht. sollichs mich grbss- lich bewegt hat diss myn cleyn werck zu offembaren den gemeynen menschen." 7

The layout of my dissertation is as follows: Chapter

one presents biographical and bibliographic data on

Brunschwig; in chapter two I discuss terms for stills;

in chapter three, terms for the still-head; in chapter

four, terms for circulatories and receptacles; in chapter five, terms for boiling vessels and for the remaining

instruments occurring in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book; and chapter six is the conclusion.

Before I begin the philological investigations of the distillation terms, I will present general infor­ mation on the history of distillation and biographical data on Brunschwig in the following chapter. I hope that the chapter will indicate the importance of

Brunschwigfs work and serve as an introduction to the philological discussion. CHAPTER ONE

HISTORY OP DISTILLATION AND

BRUNSCHWIG'S LIFE AND WORKS

Brief Sketch of the History of Distillation

The separation and purification of a chemical sub­ stance by distillation, whereby the substance is heated to separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and whereby the resulting vapor is then cooled and condensed to produce a pure, refined substance, is a very old process. It was developed as an integral part of chemistry which was, and still is, concerned with the changing of substances. Eduard Parber notes that man's preoccupation with the separating and chang­ ing of substances in practice and in theory slowly emerged “from connections with religions, philosophies, and a r t s . " 1'*

1^The Evolution of Chemistry, 2nd ed. (New York: Ronald Press, 1 9 69 )* P*

8 The first recorded description of a batch

distillation occurred in Cleopatra's time in Egypt around

50 B.C.1^ Other older historical descriptions of pro­ ducts , essences, perfumes, medicines, beverages obtained

by some form of distillation predate the recorded des­ cription of the batch distillation by as much as 1000 to

2000 years. A sponge was used as a condenser to produce a water by distillation from rosin oil and condensed in a wool mat around 300 A D . ^

Neither the distillation of liquids nor a distilla­ tion apparatus was known in Classical Antiquity, though classical authors do mention Instruments which were later used in distillation. The development of the art of distillation begins with the Alexandrian chemists,

100-900 A.D.

Among the prominent Alexandrian chemists is Maria the Jewess. She is Important for my study because her writings contain the names of distillation apparatus which she is generally considered to have invented.

16 Hermann Kopp, Geschlchte der Chemle (Braunschweig: Franz Viewig, 1844), II, 27-

■^Matthew van Winkle, Distillation (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1 9 6 7 ), p. 1. 10

Als Bestandteile der Destillierapparate, deren Slteste Beschreibungen und Abbil- dungen in den Schriften der Maria vor- liegen, werden angegeben: 1. Das FU11- gefSss, das sehr stark und fest sein muss, falls es aus Glas besteht und grbsseren Inhalt hat. 2. Das Abzugs- rohr, das aus Ton, Glas Oder Kupfer bestehen kann. 3* Der Rezipient (zu- weilen auch Phiole, Kopf, Schale), in der Regel eine Art Flasche mit verengtem Halsej sie wlrd im Bedarfsfalle mittels eines Schwammes abgekllhlt, der in einem grbsseren BehSlter stets frisgh mit Wasser getrSnkt werden kann.

Thus, the cucurbit, the alembic and the receiving flask, that is to say, the three basic essential instru­ ments in a distillation process, are already described and illustrated in the first century A.D. It is inter­ esting to note that, in all her writings and illustrations of distillation apparatus, there is neither discussion nor description of an apparatus called Balneum Mariae ( 'bain marie,' 'Wasserbad'), though the "Mariae" was thought to r e f e r to Maria th e Jew ess. T his w aterbath was known cen- 19 turies before Maria's time, according to Lippmann.

n O Edmund 0. Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreltung der Chemie (Berlin: Julius Springer, I 9 I 9), pp. ^8-^9* IQ ^Lippmann, p. 50. Another important chemist during this period was

Zosimos, a Greek who lived around the end of the third century. His opus consists of alchemical, magical and mystical writings. His encyclopedia of the chemical arts

(in 28 books) was at least in part an amalgamation of older writings. For example, one finds there a descrip­ tion of distillation apparatus which is borrowed from 20 Cleopatra or a contemporary of hers.

The early Alexandrian chemists derived their appa­ ratus from the older technicians, doctors, and cooks.

Using the instruments they added many original inventions which were to remain for centuries. The contributions of the Alexandrians to the body of knowledge on distillation passed as a legacy to the Arabian chemists.

A rabian scien ce did not add much o rig in a l thought to operations of distillation developed earlier. Rather, it functioned primarily as conduit between East and West.

The Moors, a mixed population of Arab conquerors and their converts, crossed over into Spain in the eighth century and began a conquest which opened a route from

North Africa to Western Europe. In this period, according

20George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1927)# I* 339* to Porbes (p. 3 0 ), chemistry is (again) that branch of science which stimulates the development of distillation

In Arabian chemistry sublimation was the major operation because of the reigning mercury-sulphur theory. However distillation came Into its own as the best and quickest way of obtaining pure chemical substances.

The processes and experiments of distillation and alchemy, as practiced by European distillers of the

Middle Ages, were transmitted to them for the most part by the Arabians who had brought such knowledge from

Alexandria. The most Important chemist in this period of development of d istillation is Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn

Zakarlya al-Razj^ who worked at the end of the ninth and A A the beginning of the tenth century. Razi's Madkhal dis­ cusses distillation processes and distillation apparatus A A There is a relationship In Razi’s array of apparatus between utensils found in the kitchen and Instruments In pharmacy and chemistry.

Wenn Rhazes hler daran erinnert, dass einige GerSte den Goldschmieden und anderen Leuten bekannt seien, so scheint mir auch das daflir zu sprechen, dass er In erster Reihe bei den andern an mit KUchengerSten h a n tie re n d e Leute und d ie engen Beziehungen zwischen der KUche und dem erst pharmazeutischen, dann den che- mischen Gewerben denkt.... (Schelenz, p. 29)

A very Important discovery made during this period was th a t of a lc o h o l, though i t was not made by th e 13 Arabian chemists. The Arabians' a1-kohl was a fine 21 powder used as a cosmetic. Alcohol, aqua ardens, was 22 probably prepared around 1100 at the School of Salerno.

The beverage alcohol process became the first Industrial process during the period between the eleventh and four­ teenth century.

The discovery of alcohol had far-reaching effects for the next period of development in the history of distillation. This was the period of the medieval chemists. In this period "greatly increased powers of scents and drugs were obtained by alcoholic (as distinct from simple aqueous or steam) extraction and subsequent distillation ." 23

The men who made significant contributions to the development of distillation in Germany In this period were Michael Puff von Schrick, Phillip Ulstadt, Adam

21 Forbes (pp. 89**90) writes: "Now here again the nomenclature is vague, but it seems certain that no in­ stance of a medieval manuscript Is known In which the word alcohol is used In our sense. The Arabs had a word a 1 -kohl which first meant the antimony sulphide used for penciling the eyebrows and painting the eyelids and then i t came to mean a very fin e powder." 22 George Edward Trease, Pharmacy in History (London: B a i l l e r e , T in d a ll & Cox, 196*0 , p . 27. 23 W. P. D. Wightman, Science and the Renaissance (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1962 ) , I , 14

Lonitzer, Conrad Gesner, Walther Ryff, and of course

Hieronymus Brunschwig. They were the physicians, apothe­

caries and botanists who wrote the Arznel-, KrSuter- und

DestillierbUcher which, for the most part, contained

illustrations of distillation apparatus.

Michael Puff von Schrick wrote the first book on

distillates in the German language. The work entitled

Von den ausgebrannten Wassern was published by Johannes

Baemler in Augsburg in 1477- This book did not deal with

the art of distillations rather, It applied distilled

waters to medicine.

Phillip Ulstadt published the Coelum Philosophorum

in Latin In 1 5 2 8. It contained a good description of the

instruments and methods of distillation, including a still

with cooling-coil (an Illustration of this apparatus was

put in later editions of Brunschwig’s works). The Coelum

Philosophorum was translated into German in 1551 under

the title BUchleln von den Helmlichkeiten der Natur.

Walther Ryff published Das new gross Destilllerbuch

in 1545. The work contained a discussion of the values

of the different cooling systems. There were also examples

of stills fitted with worm-coolers or cooling coils. Ryff was an extraordinarily prolific writer in many areas.

Conrad Gesner published De Remedlls secretis, Liber

Physlcus, Medlcum et partlam Chymicus et Oeconomlcus in 15 1552. The German translation entitled Ein kbstllcher

th e u re r Schatz Euonyml P h l l l a t r l appeared in 1555*

Adam Lonitzer’s Herbarium gives details on the

correct construction of stills and furnaces. It des­

cribes different furnaces, several types of stills fitted

with cooling colls, and the double "Rosenhut" as a means

of obtaining two fractions with one fire and one still.

It also gives a description of the galley-ovens and

water-baths of different types as well as a description

of a piece of apparatus called a worm-condenser, a kind

of cooling coll. The German version entitled Kreuter- b8ch kUnstllche eonterfeytunge der bourne / stauden / hecken / kreuter / getreyde / gewUrtze: mit eygentllcher beschreibung derselbigen namen / vndersc'neyd / gestalt / natUrllcher krafft vnd wirckung was published in 1 5 5 9•

These scientists owe a great deal to Brunschwig whose book on distillation laid the foundation for the further development of distillation literature In 24 Germany in the sixteenth century and thereafter.

2^Hickel and Schneider, 109 (Jan. 1964), p. 5 6 . 16

Brief Sketch of Brunschwlg*s Life and Works 2 5 Few details about Brunschwig's life are known.

He lived between 1450 and 1512; was a surgeon and a che- 26 mist; spent most of his life in Strassburg.

Autobiographical data are found in Brunschwig's

writings; in them, he relates some personal incidents.

They are; that he studied medicine in Bologna, Padua,

and Paris; that he practiced his profession in the

Alsace, in Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia, and the Rhine-

land, and that he ultimately settled in Strassburg.

In Strassburg he lived a modest life, practicing medicine and publishing treatises on surgery and pharma­ cology for the benefit of his colleagues. He also wrote medical guides for the layman. Brunschwig published with the prestigious Johann GrUninger publishing house in

Strassburg. Fellow surgeons -were Heinrich von Pfolz- p eunt, Johann Schenk, Johannes Beris, Hans von

25 X wrote to the chief archivist in Strassburg and the main librarian at the Senkenberg Library in Frankfurt in an effort to obtain autobiographical data on Brun­ schwig, but each answered that there was no such data in the holdings of their archives.

^E rich Frommel, "Zum Leben des Hieronymus Brunschwyk," Archlv fUr Geschlchte der Mathematlk, der Naturwlssenschaften und der Technlk, 10 (1927/25), PP. 155-57. 17 Gersdorff, and Hans Meyer. These contemporaries stood out

from the great mass of their colleagues, but even so their

surgical operations were simple, and they themselves were

essentially autodidacts. The writings of these men

contain accounts of their varied and extensive experi- 27 en ces.

Information on the sources Brunschwig uses for his

works is likewise given in his writings. For example,

in the foreword to the 1500 edition of the distillation

book Brunschwig lists "Ypocras, Rasis, Galienus,

Seraphion, Avicenna" as his models and sources, though

it is generally agreed that he knew neither Greek nor

Latin. Their writings probably already existed in trans­

lation In manuscript form which were available to 28 Brunschwig.

^Alexander Brunschwig, "Hieronymus Brunschwig," Annals of Medical History, NS 1 ( 1929) , 640. 20 Karl Sudhoff, "Deutsche medizlnische Inkuna- beln," Studien zur Geschichte der Medlzln, 2/3 (Leipzig, 1 9 0 8), pT~587 "Nicht beachtet scheint mir bisher, dass schon eine ganze Reihe von lateinisch geschriebenen Werken der grttsseren Chirurgen der PrSrenaissance, namentlich Italiens und Frankreichs, nicht nur langst in die Volkssprache Ihrer UrsprungslSnder Ubersetzt waren, sondern auch in die deutsche Sprache schon Uber- tragen waren und in Handschriften Ihren Weg gemacht h a t t e n . " More Important is perhaps Brunschwig's reference in the foreword to the 1512 edition (entitled Liber de arte dlstillandi de Compositls) to Lullus Rupescissa. As Forbes

( pp. 5 9 - 6 O) points out, one of Lull’s chief contributions to modern science was the use of the alphabet to desig­ nate v ario u s su b stan ces and co n cep ts. Raymond L u ll was born at Palma (Majorca) circa 1235. His Testament con- tains probably the earliest reference to pure alcohol, but the assumption cannot be verified as no manuscript is e x t a n t .

The reference to pure alcohol is important, for during the Middle Ages it appears In conjunction with the "Quinta

Essentia." A detailed account of the theory of pure al­ cohol, authored by Rupescissa, was available In manuscript form by the mid-fourteenth century. This account did not appear in print until after Paracelsus’ death, but the essential information about It was available In 1500, and in greatly expanded form, in 1512, in Brunschwig’s dis­ tillation books.

Rupescissa was a Franciscan who lived in the mid­ fourteenth century. His principal work, De considera­ tions quintae, consists of two parts, theories and 19

remedies. In it he discusses pure alcohol and its

medicinal and preservative properties. Rupescissa and

not Paracelsus is the originator of the doctrine of the

"Quinta Essentia" in each thing. He bases his work on

Lull's (Forbes, pp. 64-65). Thus i t appears that Brunschwig

drew upon many sources in writing the distillation books and

his other works.

As stated above, Brunschwig's writings laid the

foundation for much scientific writing in the sixteenth

century. The following is a description of his works,

the first of which established h3s reputation and

fam e.

The f ir s t work was a book on surgery en titled P is

1st das b8ch der Clrurgia. Hantwirckung der wundartzny von Hyeronimo Brunschwig. It was published July 3> 1497 >

by Johann GrUninger In Strassburg. In December of the

same year, Hans Schbnsperger published an edition of the

Clrurgia In Augsburg.

The Clrurgia, a manual for barbers and surgeons, is a compendium of general practice divided into seven trac­ tates which elucidates the field of general surgery. This includes wounds, fractures, and dislocations (of major 20

operations only amputation is described). Given the

important part that drug treatment played in the surgery

of the time, it is quite understandable that the book has

an antldotary appended to it.

In the Clrurgia Brunschwig relates observations of

his own cases. The book contains woodcuts of patients

and of surgical instrumentsj the woodcuts illustrate, In

effect, medical practices of the time. There is, however,

no woodcut or mention of distillatory apparatus in it.

The Clrurgia contains 126 leaves In quarto. The text I have used Is in the National Library of Medicine In 29 W ashington, D. C.

The second work by Brunschwig, published May 8, 1500 by Grlininger, Is the Liber de arte distlllandl. de

Slmplicibus. / Das bSch der rechten kunst / z8 dlstllleren die eintzigen ding / von Hieronymo brunschwygk / bUrtlg vnd wund artzot / der kelserllchen fryen statt straszburg.

In this book Brunschwig describes how to distill and to preserve the distillates.

2^For a more detailed description of this and of the following Incunable see Ludwig Choulant, Graphlsche Incu- nabeln fUr Naturgeschlchte und Medicln (1858; rpt. Hildes helm: 01ms, 1963 ]» PP. 79“S3. This work has 230 leaves in quarto and is divided

into two parts. In it, Brunschwig describes the simple

pharmaceuticals (hence the title "de Simplicibus"). The

first part contains twenty-three chapters? these chapters

give general provisions for distilling. Chapter one, for

example, explains what distillation Is? chapter two why

it originated. The final chapter lists the distilled

waters which may be preserved for long periods of time.

In the first part of the work Brunschwig gives direc­

tions for the preparation of the waters; In part two he

describes them.

Part two of the 1500 edition of the distillation

book is an herbal containing 215 leaves in quarto. The

plants from which the waters are distilled are listed

alphabetically. The work is divided Into chapters, and

in each chapter the Greek, Latin, Arabic, and German

names of the plant are mentioned. Brunschwig describes

the plant, and most of the time there Is a woodcut of

i t .

After the little distillation book Grtininger

published Brunschwig's Liber pestllentlalls de venenis

epldemle. Das b 8ch der verglft der pestllentz das da ge-

nant 1st der gemein sterbent der TrUsen Blatren on August

18, 1500. In forty leaves it contains four treatises which are divided Into chapters. Brunschwig witnessed 22 the horrors of the plague In 1^73J he also lived through the ravages of subsequent epidemics as well. This work is an outgrowth of the experiences of and a statement on the treatment of such epidemics.

Brunschwig8s fourth and last work is the Liber de o arte Dlstillandi de Compositis. Das buch der waren kunst zu distilieren de Composita und simplicis, vnd das Buch thesaurus pauperum, Ein schatz der armen genant Micarium* die brbsamlin gefallen von den btlchern der Artzny, vnd durch Experiment von mir Jheronimo brunschwick vff geclubt vnd geoffenbart zu trost denen die es begeren* published

February 12* 1512* in Strassburg by Johann GrUnlnger. It c o n ta in s 369 leaves in quarto and Is divided into five books.

In Book I Brunschwig describes the techniques of distilling compounded medicines and the preparation of antidotes. In Book II he discusses the preparation of

"simplicia" and "composita" and the properties and powers of remedies. Book III treats primarily compounded dis­ tilled waters. Book IV gives remedies for diseases which result from an operation. Book V contains the

"Thesaurus Pauperurn" or Hausapotheke* a drug book for poor people which describes easily obtainable remedies.

Specifically, this book Is designed for those living in remote castles and villages for whom an apothecary might 23 be out of reach. It was published separately many times under th e German t i t l e . The 1512 e d itio n Is a ls o known as the large book of distillation. I have obtained the texts of both editions from the city archives In Strass- bourg. There are, of course, other editions, but they are reprints of the editions of 1500 and 1 5 1 2 .

There now follows a detailed collation of the 1500 edition of Brunschwig8s distillation book. The quoted text is reproduced exactly as it appears in the edition, except that there is no differentiation made between long s_ and short s_, and abbreviations have been written out in full. Otherwise, the orthography and the graphic symbols of the original are kept. The philological discussions of the subsequent chapters of the dissertation are based on the e d itio n o f 1 5 0 0 .

Editlo Princeps (1500)

Title; Liber de arte distillandl. de Simplibus.J

Das b8ch der rechten kunst z8 distllieren die eintzigen ding / von Hieronymo brunschwykg / bUrtig vnd wund artzot der kelserlichen fryen statt straszburg.

Coll.; 230 leaves, 19-227 numbered I-CCIX. SIg. A-D E-Z AA-00 . Double columns, hi lines to a column.

Leaves X and XI are reversed. Leaf XIIII is Incorrectly listed as IIII. 24

Contents; [Aa] The title page [Aa ] contains the title, the name of the author, his place of birth, and his profession, a woodcut of a garden with trees, plants, animals, two stills, and seven persons,

[Aiia-Allb] Hie anfahen 1st das b8ch genant Liber de arte distil'" j landl von der kunst der distillierung zesammen colllgiert vnnd gesetzt von H ierony- J mo Brunschwyk / so dan von vilen erfarenden meystern der ertzny er erfaren / vnd auch J durch s in teglich hantwUrckung erkundet vnd geleret hatt. Another woodcut (of a Master and two apprentices) follows. As the bottom of the same leaf in col. D Brunschwig dedicates the books Gott dem almeck / tigen z8 lob / sym eynge- bornen / sun zu eren / durch entzttndung | des heiligen geists In lleb ma j rie syner wUrdigen mSter. Zu / trost den krancken / ouch in sunderm dienst / mynen gnedl- gen herren der Keiserlichen / fryen statt Strassburgh.

[Ailb] In column A of this leaf Brun­ schwig gives three main reasons for writing this book.

1) Des wyter mich ouch sunst sollichs ze offenbaren etwas bewegt hat z8 dem ersten dasz lch offt vnd vil gefragt byn / so lch gehandelt hab in myner practica wie man die wasser brennen / distilieren / bruchen vnd b e h a lte n s o i l .

2) Zum andern den alten die do gelert haben dise kunst z8 einer under- libung Irer memorien Oder gedenck- nUss. 25

3) Zum dritten die do begeren z8 lernen die mass vnd kunst der distilllerung diss wercks an ze- fahen m itte l und das end mit grosser arbeit yetz wol vff-xxx. iar zesamen bracht / gelesen / gesehen / vnnd erfaren hab durch die wol gelerten doctoren / meister vnd bewerten der natUr- lichen kunst der ertzny

In column B of the same leaf Brunschwig writes that this book is divided into four parts, "yedes teyl mit synen sundern capiteln vnd tractaten." These parts are:

1) Das erste tell ist die tafel darin du vindest nach der zal an eynem yeden blatt was du begeren bist.

2) Das ander teyl. ist das erst buch das dich leren ist alle notturf- tigen ding zu der kunst der distilllerung vnd wle man distillieren soil.

3) Das dritteyl Oder bSch ist leren vnd vnderwysen welche zyt eyn yedes krut / Oder was geschlecht das sy nach dem A.b.c. gebrannt Oder gedistilliert werden soil / vnd war z8 das g8t ist. 4) Das vierde te y l Oder bSch is t keren z8 ertzenyen flir ein yede kranckheit von houbt an b iss zu den fllessen vss g lle wasser nach dem A.b.c. die zu einer kranck­ heit gut sint / do mit du lichtlich vnd bald findest was du noturfft / tig bist. 2 6

[Aiib-Bvib] The Register :

*) The Index begins in the bottom half

of columnB on leaf [Ail5] and runs to column D on {Bvi^ .

g |% [C “Cii 3 Preface followed by a woodcuts

Ein vorred von distlllieren. In dem namen des almechtigen

ewigen gottes an vahen ist das Erste tell dis bllchs. in

welchem be griffen wUrt die kunst der distilllerung /

als ich verheissen hab. This book, according to the pre­ face, presents the art of distillation*

The Information up to leaf jja] is also

p r e fa to ry , e x p la in in g among o th e r s , l) "was d l s t i l l e r e n

i s t , " 2) "wann warumb eym yeden i s t n o t t u r f t vnd g eb u rt slch z8 wissen was er wlircken v jI1 1 [...Jo”

[i “XIV ] Description of apparatus«

The actualdiscussion of the apparatus to be used in the various distillation processes begins in chapter four, leaf [Ia]. Each leaf is printed in double columns, sub­ divided into the quadrants A, B, C, and D. The chapters 3 -b are numbered. Leaf III is taken up with a poem of two stanzas describing the construction of a s till. Each stanza is composed of ten lines with rhyme schemes of aa, bb, cc, to ee. Each stanza is printed on one half of a scroll. The poem occurs in the edition Just prior to the discussion of the construction and use of the stills. Brunschwig ends this book on leaf XIVb: Hie 27 mit endet das erst b8ch von der distilllerung Gott der

almechtig hab lob vnd ere in dem hSchsten thron.

[XVa-CXXIIIa ] Book II. This book is also divided into columns with quadrants A, B, C,, and D.

It contains woodcuts of plantsj animals, and people.

For example„ the information about "Alrunen wasser" points out that the plant has a masculine and a femi­ nine specieso The woodcut accompanying the discussion features a man and a woman with stems and leaves spouting from their heads (leaf XXa) . This book contains 23 chap­ ters with an alphabetical grouping.

[CXXIIIla~CCIXb] Book III. Das dritte buch das anfahen ist in welchen bUch „XXXI. tractat be- griffen werden. In sblichen tractaten etlich capltel vonn elm yeden glyd sunderllch was kranckheit im zu fallen Oder wyderwertig menschlicher natur ist von dem houbt byss zu den fliessen. Book III, as the preface states, is divided into tractatesj and each tractate is divided into chapters, The chapters are arranged alphabetically.

The numbering stops with CCIXb but the work continues with two additional folios. Leaf [CCXa ] contains an epi- logue - indeed a .justification for the writing of this book. It seems that after the publication of his

Clrurgia, the author noticed that the names, synonyms, 28

and meanings of remedies had not been published to his

satisfaction. The subdivision of the columns is ex­

plained on [CCXIa ]. Corrigenda begin on [CCX!*3], and the

listing of the more common waters follows.

[CCXII3] Colophon: Hie mit volendt das buch genant J lyber de arte dystillandi de simplicibus von Jeronimo brunschwyg wundt artzot der keiserlichen fryen statt Straszburg / vnd ge | truckt durch den wol geachten Johannem grtlninger zu straszburg in dem achter tag J des meyen. Als man zalt von der geburt | Christi fUnfftzehenhundert. Lob sy got. CHAPTER TWO

TERMS FOR STILLS

I would like to begin the philological investigation

with a study of the terms for stills in Brunschwig's and

in related texts. My intentions are to determine the

terms in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig’s distillation

book; to Investigate their occurrence, their form, and

their meaning in the German language before Brunschwig;

to establish to what extent the terms are documented in

other works of the sixteenth century involving stills and

in other technical texts, for example, those of mining;

and to ascertain to what extent and in which meaning the

terms survived after the sixteenth century.

In addition to the 1500-edition of Brunschwig’s dis­ tillation book I shall base my study on the following works which contain terms for distillation apparatus: Walther

Ryff, Das new gross D istllller Buch / wolgegrUndter KUnst-

llcher Distillation; Phillip Ulstadt, BUchleln von den

^Frankfurt: Christian Egenolff, 15^5.

29 30

Helmllchkelten der Natur j Conrad Gesner, De Remedlls

secretis, Liber Physicus, Medicum et partiam Chymichs et

Oeconomlcus, Ein kbstllcher theUrer Schatz^g| Adam

Lonitzer, KreuterbSch kUnstliche conterfeytunge der bSume /

stauden / hecken / kreuter / getreyde / gewUrtze: mit eygentllcher beschrelbung derselbigen namen / vnderscheyd / gestalt / natUrlieher krafft vnd wlrckung^: Eucharius

ROsslin, Kreutterbuch. Von aller Kreutter / Gethler /

Gesteyne vnnd Metal / natur / nutz / vnnd gebrauch.

D istilller zeug vnd Bericht / Allerhandt Kostbarllche 34 Wasser zu brennen / ihalten vnnd gebrauchen j Hieronymus

O / Brunschwig, New vollkommen D istllllerbuch / wolgegrUndter kCinstlicher distillation. ^

Brunschwig distinguishes between two groups of stills in the 1500 edition of the distillation book, Chapter VI: the first group Includes the commonly known stills which

^ ^Frankfurt am Main: Hermann G U fferichen, 1551* 3? Zurich: Andre Gesner, 1555*

•^■^Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1559 • 34 Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1535* ^^strassburg: Christian Egenolffs Erben, 1597• ft 31 are in general use at the time and which are called Sfflln, brenn Sfflln, rosen h8t, helm, wynd offen, and 6 wind off1in; the second group includes the stills designed specifically for distillation processes and which are fl called distllller offen, balneum marie, and fuler helntz.

Brunschwig explains the two groups in the following p assag e„ Doch so hab ich fUr mich gesetzet von zwei geschlechten der offen zeschriben / besunder ein yeden wegk in mancherley form ich das zeigen will. Der erst wegk von den brenn S fflin als yetz gemen- lichen gebruchet werden / vnd werdent genant rosen hSt Oder helm. Der ander so werden gemacht offen genant d l s t i l l i e r Sgfen / in mancherlei gestalt vnd form. Nun ist vast notturfft eym yeden z8 be- trachten der do brennen oder distillieren will die statt daz end do die offen ston sollend / vff daz grossen schad vermitten werd / wan ein yeder schuldig ist ze- bedencken daz end sins wercks. (1,6, f.lIII3) As in the preceding passage Brunschwig uses the terms Sfflin and brenn Sfflin in the following as terms for a still. The reference shows that the distillation still was first a simple, transportable tiled stove

Not every one of those terras cited above occurs in the quoted passage, but Brunschwig discusses each under its respective heading, namely S ffl l n and dlstillier offen in Chapter VI and in the succeeding c h a p te r s . 32 (Kachelofen), and that the meaning of S fflin and brenn 6 offlln was expanded through the new art of distillation so

that these terms not only meant "heating stove" (Heizofen)

and "baking oven" (Backofen) but also still for distilling

(Destilllerofen). Zum ersten 1st z8 offenbaren die offlin die man nennt bren Sfflin den kachlern gemeinklich wol erkant von gebranten erdtrich Uber glasurt 19 gestalt disser flguren / welche zu tragen slnt von einer stat z8 der andern nach willen vnd gelegen- helt dynes gemUtes„

(1.6, f. IIIIa)

As to the term ofen in the meaning of "Destillir odder Brennofen" (Rdsslin, 1533) It is mostly a matter of leaving off the first part of the compound where the con­ text left no room for a misunderstanding, as in the follow­ ing passage from Rbsslin's KreutterbSch (1535)*

Darnach m&p man habenn klipff erine kessel / zu gleich weit vnd tieff / mag doch wol elnn wenig tieffer sein / vnd oben ein rShre Uber den ofen auBgehnd / damit so das wasser im kessel siedend / daselbest heraug lauff / vnd der ofen vnbeschadiget b l e i b .

(I, f. IIIb)

At any rate ofen and Sfflin in the meaning of dis­ tillation furnace seem to occur for the first time in the distillation books by Brunschwig and by Ryff. Their texts show unequivocally that this developing science got some 33 of its apparatus from the kitchen. In Brunschwig's text

as well the common baking oven is used for distillation

purposes and backoffen designates a distillation furnace, as the following indicates?

Der d r i t t modus des e r s te n wegs ist / Eyn glap gefUllet vnd wol verstopfft vnd in ein deigk ver- wUrckt vnd in ein backoffen gethon so man brot bachet / ge­ nant per panis distillationem.

(1.3, Sign. Ciib)

The original meaning of ofen, Sfflin in th e sense of

"Brat-, Backofen" (portable cooking hearth) has been well verified.^ As an example for S fflin a passage from

Ullrich von Richentalfs Chronlk des Constanzer Conclls of

1414^ may suffice

Des fand man, wie vil man wolt, dan man vil brotts auff karren, wagen und ze schiff brScht. Dar- zu waren och vil frbmd brott becken ze Costentz, die tstglichen uff markt buochend. Och waren brottbecken, die hattend ringe Bflln, die sie uff karren fuortend, darin sy basteten, ring und brStschelen buochend.

3^The diminutive form S fflin , characteristic of South German and Swiss dialects, is recorded for example in Josua Maaler, Die TeUtsch Spraach. Dlctlonarlum Germanl- colatlnum novum. (1361; rpt. Hildeshelm: 01ms, 197l), 311d, in the meaning "baking oven" and "melting furnace." as the Latin equivalent shows: "Oefli (das) Fornacula.' 3®Ullrich von Richental, Chronik des Constanzer Concils 1414-1418, ed. Michael Richard Buck (l8&2; rpt. H ildeshelm : 01ms, 1962), 39* 34

Modifying adjectives often characterize the small distillation furnace which derives from everyday kitchen use; the adjective elnfach in the following passage from

Ryff's distillation book provides an example. (Einfache) of el in and ofen are synonymous with D lstillier ofen but designate a common still in this Instance.

Nach d is e r angezeygten meynung magstu nach allem deinem gefallen solche D lstillier ofen bereyten in mancher- ley form vnnd gestalt einen grossen weitten kessel einmauren / darin vil kolben b e i ein an d er stehen mbgen / Oder mehr kleiner kessel zusammen stellen / wie solchs die gelegenheit des platz etwan Oder ander geschick- licheyt erfordert. Den ofen mit den vilen kesseln soltu aber in sunder - heyt in diser neben gesetzten pro­ portion auffrichten / welcher von solchen einfachen Bfelin am wenigstenn vnderscheyden wirt.

( I , f . X X a “ b ) In the 1597 edition of Brunschwig*s distillation book Bf lln is modified by "klein" and "rund" and means a small stationary round still with an opening on the side for fitting the necks of glass apparatus containing sub­ stances to be distilled.

So du aber obgemelte Gefess / dess- g lic h e n a l i e nachfolgende / vnd was von solchem Distillierzeug ein ranen langen Halss hat / als in sonderheit diss nachfolgend Gefess / zu der Cir­ culation / Resolution / vnd Digestion / von noten vnd dienstlich / obgemelter massen zusammen schweissen wilt / soltu ein klein rund Sflin haben / da man auf ein klein RSstlin die Kolen oben hinein werffe. Solchs oflin sol beyseits ein rundt loch haben / darein du den Hals legest solchs Geschirrs / darin the Materi verfasst /

( I , f . XIVb )

F in a lly , S fflin is more specifically characterized as a distillation term when brennen in the meaning "des- tlllieren" is associated with it, as cited on page 31 above and as occurs in Book I, folios IIIa ("Der erst wegk von den brenn Sfflin"), IVb and IXa of the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book. There seems to be no evidence that brenn Sfflin was recorded as a technical term for a distillation furnace in any work before Brunschwig’sj brennen, however, in the meaning

"destillieren" dates back at least to the thirteenth century. This fact is documented in a poem by the medie- 39 val poet Konrad von WUrzburg:

U3 rosen brennet man ein wag^er, so man da? gemeret und einen valschen tropfen anders wafers drin gereret, sa ze hant verkeret A sin varwe sich in ^rueben schin: Diz wa??er ich geliche wol ruhlicher eren bluete,

^Friedrich von aer Hagen, ed., MlnnesSnger (Leipzig: Johann Barth, 1 8 3 8), I , 330. 36

mit des viures gluete, daz im diu scham enzUndet drin. Ere ist also lftterlich geverwet und so rehte klar, ob man so tiure, aIs umb ein har, valscheite drunder mischet, A da^ ir durch liuhteklicher schin sich tr u e b e t und e r l l s c h e t j mit cunterfeite man si niht gemeret noch ervrischet: ere den verwischet, A der niht ir ifi’ter vriunt kan sin.

Interestingly, the compound noun Brennofen, which does not occur in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's dis­ tillation book, and not brenn Sflln, which does, becomes a fixed constituent of sixteenth-century vocabulary. For example, Rbsslin's KreutterbSch (1535)* which incorporates a part of Brunschwig's distillation book, has brennofen or Brennofen, BrennSfen, and BrennSfelln throughout. The following heading in Rbsslin's text Illustrates this:

"Ein geringe vnnd leichte form on alien kosten / in der ell / vnnd fUrs gemeyn baursuolck / elnen Brennofen zu- raachen" (fol^V 3).

The preceding reference also shows that the term brennofen was used primarily for a relatively simple dis­ tillation still designed "fUrs gemeyn baursuolck" or "fUr die so da tiglich die irtzt vnd Apotecken nit erreychen mogen / damit sie zur not nit gar trostlop" (Rdsslin,

1535)* Once again it is a descriptive adjective, gemyn, as in the following expressions gemeyn BrennSfelin

(Rbsslin, 1535* I* Fol. IVb), gemeyn Brennofen (Rttsslln, 37

1535 > I# fol. IVb), gemeyn brenn Sfflin (Brunschwig, 1500, 1.18, IX ) which serves to define the term further. Such a s t i l l can be made with a "hafen" over which a "weiss gewaschen leinen tuch" is placed on which chopped up plants are put, as the following illustration from Rbsslin's text (1533) shows.

i

i

F ig. 1: gemeyn Brennofen

The "gemeyn brennofen" can also be outfitted with a helmet; such stills Rbsslin (1533) labels die gemeynen BrennSfelin, a synonym for Rosenhut. 38

r *pie8ctTJey,ten ^ ’(tJSfelin/biema'n^o* fertpucnennct/tverbwctlicbgcmon Qbianur cvbm/vnb von ben fyafnern »cr- S*a\arc/feinb vaft fc&lccfetr/wcmcjEo/rcjib Jnogcntjctratjen tvcrbcn von cincr fiattm ■ F Mbcrn.WbcTbievvolnccbcnbctMumr j VftbcrigUid)tltd)iYcnQ8teTtQcvunn& | ivefcr£\ft/ob$? rcerbcbieijgcsb/biTerfoiiig ifidfo*

Fig. 2: die gemeynen BrennSfelin

Brunschwig (1500) also uses gemeyn to modify brenn offlln as in the title of Book I, Chapter XVIII which reads: "Das .XVIII. capitel dis ersten bSchs ist dich leren brennen die wasser in den gemeynen brenn Sfllin genant Rosen htit Oder helm." (fol. IX ). Here too gemeyn brenn Sfflin is used as a synonym for Rosen hUt and also for helm. 39

tfJ^s.x y iir.cap itcl bis? Crffcn (>i}d'*ijlfy(§ Ccrcn fccnncn 9ic\vaf fcj*m$cn rjcmcync Rcnn offlm cfciMuc2\0 j c n § i) tobcr (>eini/?co fif0 ur (ftc pot*

Fig. 3i die gemeynen brenn offlin

Since brenn offlin and brennofen are such general terms, it is not surprising that they are also used in other technical languages. For instance, they carry the meaning "clibanus" (oven or furnace) in Dasypodius^0 and

^°Petrus Dasypodius, Dlctlonarlum Latino-germanicum (1536; rpt. Hildeshelm: 01ms, 197*0, • Serranus. In later centuries this meaning seems to 42 predominate. Zedler records Brennofen as a technical term in minings

Diesemnach seynd die Oefen unterschie- den, und entweder Brenn= Schmeltz= und Trieb=Oefen, dergleichen man bey den Bergwereken nSthlg hat, Oder solcher, welcher man im hauslichen Leben gar bedurfftig....

Wynd offen (Book I, IXa) and wind S fflin (Book I I ,

LVIlk) are further modifications of ofen and the compound brenn Sfflin in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig' s d istilla tion book, and like them they first of all generally mean

"stuben ofen mit blechernen ofenrdhren"^ ancj "ofen, in welchem das Feuer durch einen angebrachten Luftzug

Johannes Serranus, Dlctlonarlum Latlnogermanlcum (1539; rpt. Hildeshelm, New York: Olms', 1974)7 e2b: "Clibanus, ein brenn ofen Oder kleins bachoefelin." 42 Johann Zedler, Grosses vollstandiges Universal- Lexicon a H er Wissenschaften und KUnste (Halle: Johann Zedler. 1732}. XXV. 8 8 2. s.v. Ofen.

4 ^Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm, Deutsches Wbrterbuch. Neubearbeitung (Leipzig: Deutsche Akademie der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin in Zusammenarbeit mit der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Gdttingen, 1965 ff.)> Xiv^, c o l. 3 1 5 - „44 verstarkt wird, ein Zugofen. As these stills are

gradually used in distillation processes, they acquire

the meaning of "still with special devices for distilla

tion," as the following passage describing a further

"modus" of distilling shows?

Das .XVII. ca. dls ersten b8chs ist leren d i s t i l l l e r e n n f r y v ff dem fUer in eym. wynd offen genant distillatio per ignem.

Der zehende modus vnd wegk ist vonn dem d i s t i l l i e r e n f r y in dem fUer / a ls o das nUt zwtischen dem flier vnd dem glaB ist / als man distilliert aqua fort / vnd ander starck wasser ist not das man ein ysen wie ein dryfQs in dem ofen mitten im ofen hab in gemuret mit yedem ort in die wend des ofens. vnd das das glap von Venedisch scherben gemachet sy vff ein zwerch finger dick von oben bip vnden vp dar nach das glas verlutiert vonn oben bip niden vp eyns zwerch fingers dick vnd dar nach das glap ge- fUllt den dritten teyl noch dinen be - geren / vnd vff den dryf8p gesetzt der ouch verstrlohen soli sin mit gutem leymen. Dar noch den ofen zu verckeibt vnd ein alembic vff das glap gethon vnd verlutiert / vnd ein receptackel dar ftlr geleit / alles wol verlutiert.

(1.17, f. IXa)

44 Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches WPrterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart mit bestSndiger Vergleichung der Ubrigen Mundarten, besonders aber der Oberdeutschen, 2nd ed7 rev. & enl. (Leipzig: Johann Breitkopf, 1793-1801), V, 2 3 8 . wind Sfflln occurs in Book II as a designate for t. still to be used In the distillation of "honey water":

H^e wil ich dir ein ander ler geben honig zu dystillieren / nym honig also vil du wilt thu den in ein kolben glap vpstopff In wol / setz in .xiiii. tag In ein rop- rayst Oder lenger doch dap der myst alle woch ein mal ernllwert werd / dann stell den kolben In ein eschen in ein wind Sfflin vnd dystilller daz per alembicum vnd wan daz dropfen wil so zilch das filer ein teil darup vnd lap es seunst an gon das erst wasser 1st luter daz thun dannen vnd enpfach das g e l w asser vnd b e h a ltz .

( f . LVIIb )

R y f f’s d is t illa t io n book and the 1597 ed itio n of

Brunschwlg's distillation book (edited by Ryff)gloss kleln WlndSfelin vjith kleln rundt Sfelln, as the follow Ing passage from the 1597 ed ition shows:

So du aber obgemelte Gefess / dep- gleichen alle nachfolgende / vnd was von solchem Distillierzeug ein ranen langen Haip hat / als In sonderheit dip nachfolgend Gefep / zu der Circulation / Resolution / vnd Digestion / von noten vnd dienstlich obgemelter massen zusammen schweissen wilt / soltu ein kleln rundt Sfelin haben / wie ein klein Windofelin geformiert / da man auff ein klein ROstlin die Kolen oben hinein werffe / also wie hie geformiert. b 43

/

Fig. 4: ein klein WlndSfelin

There Is evidence that wynd offen survives as a dis­

tillation term in the seventeenth century and is common

in chemical and mining terminology of the eighteenth cen» 45 tury. For the seventeenth century Stieler records for

Windofen the Latin equivalents fornax vintosa and furnus 46 anemlus ("wind furnace"). Zedler registers Windofen as

a chemical term designating a round s till built <■ \ a

raised platform for which he also uses the Latin name

45 •^Kaspar S t i e l e r , Der teU tsch en S p rach e. Stamm- baum und F ortw achs. O der~teU tscher S prachschatz (1691; rp t. Hildesheim: oims, 1968 ) , I I , 1 3 8 3. 46 XXV, 833 ' In der Chymie...werden auch Furni Anemii, Wind=Ofen genennet, und gemeiniglich rund, aus halbrunden Bach=Steinen auf einem Drey=FuB Oder Schemmel erbauet, und zuweilen mit Bleche Uberzogen, oder mit Drate umwunden." 44 47 48 furnus anemias. Adelung defines Windofen as

"Schmelzofen," a furnace in metallurgy, and "Zugofen," a mining draft machine to clean the air.

As stated above on page 31 the stills designed specifically for distillation purposes are called dls- tlllier offen (VIaj pi. distlllier Sffen, IIIIa) in Book

One of the 1500 edition of Brunschwlg's distillation book.

One notes that Brunschwig writes the term as two words, while Rbsslin's 1550 text has both distlllier ofen and

DistilHerofen, thus indicating the transition to the com­ pound. (Rbsslln's 1533 and 1535 texts only show two separate words.) On the other hand, the compound brenn- ofen occurs already in the 1533 edition of Rbsslin's herbal. D istlllier offen and Distillierofen seem to be

47 In a Latin work entitled Nucleus totlus medlclnae written in 1770 by Arthur Ernsting, furnus anemius and furnus ventosus are Latin terms for Windofen; the appa­ r a tu s i s so named " . . .w ell d er Wind Oder d ie Luft u n ter durch das Aschenloch zieht, er also selbst das Feuer anblSst und das noch mehr natUrlich, wenn er hoch 'auf d er Bank 1 Oder da s te h t 'wo ihn d ie Winde t r e f f e n . '" (See Schelenz, p. 3*0 •

2 3 8: "Windofen 1) Ein Ofen, in welchem das Feuer durch einen angebrachten Luftzug verstSrkt wird; ein Zugofen. Man hat von dleser Art so wohl Schmelzofen als Stubenofen. 2) Im Bergbau, eine Art Wetter-Maschine, wo die bbse Luft vermittelst eines Zugofens gereinigt w ird ." relatively late formations, which is not surprising since destillleren, from Latin destlllare "herabtr^ufeln,"

"brennen," does not seem to be documented until late in the fifteenth century. Thus we find it in the meaning

"flUchtige theile eines kdrpers durch wSrme in ver- schlossenen gefSssen als flUssigkeit abziehen, abtropfen 49 lassen, brennen" in the Vocabularius ex quo which, un- 50 fortunately, I have not been able to obtain. Stieler glosses Dlstilllrofen with Latin distillatorla, "dis­ tillation furnace."

In the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book the term distlllier offen designates a round dis­ tillation furnace topped by a stil]-head which empties into a receptacle, as the woodcut on the following page illuscrates s

Grimm, j j 2 , 1 0 3 3 .

5° I I , 1383. v cn ? cn

Pig. 5s distlllier offen L and the passage on folio V indicates:

Wann du wilt haben eyn distlllier offen / so werd betracht vnd versehen wie ich vor gemeldet hab. Vff den hert werd geleit fUnff steyn wie ein rlngk / deren form vor gezeigt 1st / der sechste werd entzwey gehowen / das halbe teil dar zu gethon / so ist bliben das mundtloch / vff die stein werd geleit sechs stein also das keyn fuge vff die ander gang dar nach so werden sie wol verstrichen / vnd inwendig vnd vp wendig also das dar vff lygen mag der ysern rost der dar vff geleit werden soil / dar Uber werd geleit aber .vi. stein / vnd vff die .vi. stein werd geleit sechsthalb stein zemachen das mundtloch dar durch die kolen zsthQn in den offen alle zit wol verstrichen wie vorgesprochen ist / vnd vff die sechsthalb steyn werd geleit sechs stein das mundt­ loch zu zubeschliessen. (1 .6 , Vb)

Design and shape of this still vary. For instance,

Rbsslin's KreutterbSch (1535) mentions a still with 32 helmets: "Volget ein D istillir ofen / da mann mitt eim feur / wol zwen vnd dreissig helm haben mag / vnd mancher ley kreuter distillieren" (I, f. I*3)! 48

ettn fcnr/ tvol 5t*crt tmb buifflsfyolmbabett ma§(v\fo nMrtc&crlcjfrfljtw Cuj&Utcrciv

Pig. 6: ein D istillir ofen mit zwen vnd dreisslg helm

and also one shaped like a snail:

Ein D istillir ofen / einer schnecken glelch da man zu rings wol zwentgig helm brauchen mag / haben a l l e re c h te warm / auPgenommen d ie zwen v n d ersten / d a rin mann m ixturen / das ist / kreutter mit wein Oder esslg be- gossen / distilliren mag.

( i . f . i b > 49

Pig. 7: ein D istillir ofen / einer schnecken gleich

Ryff's reference to the shape of the still points out that it should parallel the perfect round shape of heaven and earth:

Vnd erstlich merck dig die bequemst vnd aller beste form der D istlllier ofen rundt sein sol / dann die runde form / wie alien kUnstlichen werck leuten / die aller volkommenest in welcher form auch Hlmel vnd erden erschaffen /

( I , f . XIXa ) 50 There are other special terms for Sf lln and brenn

8f lin in the meaning "Destillierofen" as the title of

Chapter XVIII of Book One of Brunschwig's distillation

book of 1500 shows % "Das .X V III. c a p i t e l d is e r s te n bSchs

ist dich leren brennen die wasser in dem gemeynen brenn

Sfflln genant Rosen h8t Oder helm."

Rosen h8t originally had a narrower meaning. Rather

than the entire still, it designated the uppermost part of

it. For example, in Der Ebingersche Vokabularlus of 1483

the gloss rosshQt obviously connotes "hood for distilling

roses": "Distillatorium, ein hut, darln man wasser brennt

Oder r o s s h S t. " ^ In th e Codex la tln u s Monacensis 5905

(XV, f. 44) dated 1479 one reads; "Prenn die matery aus

durch ein rosen huet als die rosen. J Brunschwig,

therefore, was not the first to use rosen h8t In the

meaning of "uppermost part of the still," as he does in

the following passage from the 1500 edition of his dis­

tillation book:

Aber in worheit die blyhin pfannen mSgen n i t wol den san t lyden / sunder sie schmeltzen / oder aber gar mit

51 Schwelzerlsches Idlotlkon, comp. F. Staub & F. Tobler (Frauenfeld: Huber, l88l), II, 1170. 52 Johann Schmeller, Bayerisches WSrterbuch (MUnchen: R. Oldenburg, 1872-77)• 51 cleinem fUer mUessent sie gehitziget werden / vnd vff sollch genant pfannen werd gesetzt helm Oder rosen hat wie dise flgur vp wiset /

(1.6, f. IIIIb)

There seems to be no evidence for rosen h8t in the

meaning of "common still" prior to Brunschwig as it occurs

in the following;

Der erst wegk von den brenn Sfflin aIs yetz gemenlichen gebruchet werdent / vnd werdent genant rosen hut Oder helm.

(1.6, f. IIIIa)

(See p. 39, fig. 3, for the illustration.)

The text on 1.18, f. IX3 ("Das .XVIII. capitel dis ersten

buchs ist dich leren brennen die wasser in den gemeynen

brenn Sfflin genant Rosen hSt Oder helm") also gives

rosen hut as a synonym for brenn offlln.

At first rosen h8t had the narrower meaning of a

common still in which roses are distilled. Of special

note is that the German language uses a native term, h8t,

for the Latin distillatorium, whereas the English language

has a derivative of the Latin word, namely, s till.

But Brunschwig uses the term to mean a still for the distillation of other substances as well, so that by

Ryff's time this expanded meaning 13 firmly entrenched in

the language, as the following passage shows: 52

Volget vonn den gemelnen rosen hueten / das ist von den gemelnen brenn 8fen / in welchen man dann rosen vnd ander artznyen destilliert / also das man eim fheur meertheyls darunder machefc on alien vnderscheld / es sye von kolen Oder spinen / so vom holtz abgehauwen werdend Oder nicht.

(I, f. CCVIII3)

It seems that RosenhSt is used mainly for small

portable stills in Rbsslin's herbal (1535)*

Die gemeynen BrennSfelin / die man Rosen- h8t nennet / werden etlich gemacht von gbranter erden / vnd von den hafnern ver- glasurt / seind vast schlecht / wenlg kostend mogen g e tra g e n werden von e in e r statt zu der andern.

(I, f. IIIb)

hut, brenn hut and Blasenhut are other variants to rosen hut. Since they designate only the uppermost part

of the still, the "still-head," they will be discussed in another chapter dealing with parts of the still.

Like rosen h8t, helm is not only a term for the

"still-head" but also for the common still in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig*s distillation book. I know of no instance where helm was used in the meaning of "still" before Brunschwig. Moreover, I have found only one reference for helm in the meaning "still"—in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book—and none for thereafter. Doch so habe ich fUr mich gesetzt von zwei geschlechten der offen zeschriben / besunder ein yeden wegk in mancherley form ich das zeigen will. Der erst wegk von den brenn off1in als yetz gemen- lichen gebruchet werden / vnd werdent genant rosen hut Oder helm.

(1.6, f . IIIa)

Rosen h8t and helm are, therefore, terms meaning

"still" only to a limited extent. The same is true of

balneum mariae (bain Marie, Marlenbad); it is not a

common term for the distillation apparatus. Whereas rosen hut and helm generally designate a part of the distillation apparatus, namely the "still-head," balneum mariae originally meant a distillation process, that of warming liquids by immersing a kettle in a waterbath. 53 Edmund 0. Lippmann has done a thorough study on

the history of the waterbath and the term balneum mariae.

He has proven that the technique of the waterbath did not d e riv e from the alch em ist Maria who was known as Maria the Jewess (3rd c. A.D.), or from Mirjam the sister of

Moses, f o r th e w aterb ath was a lre a d y known in H ippocrates and Theophrastos* time. And so, rather than balneum mariae, the correct term is balneum marls.

■^Edmund 0 . Lippmann, Entstehung und A usbreltung der Alchemle (Berlin: Julius Springer, 1919 )> PP* ^8-50. 54 The original meaning of balneum mariae, "distillation process in a waterbath," is documented in German writings before Brunschwig, for example, in a glossary of remedies written by Hans Suff von Gdppingen. The glossary contains the following:

Balneum Marie—do ettwas in aim kezzel, do wazzer in ist, vnd drin seczst aln beckin vnd ettwas im beck i3 t, das slndt das selb, haiszt balneum Marie . ^ This meaning is also documented in Brunschwig's dis­ tillation book, as for example in the title to Chapter

Thirteen--"Das .XIII. capitel dis ersten b8chs dich leren ist z8 distillleren in balneum marie / gnant distillatio per balneum marie / oder in duplo vase"--and in the body of the chapter:

Der se c h ste modus vnd sin n vonn dem distillleren in balneum marie / oder in duplo vase / daz ist also das das glap stand in einem warmen wasser daz do 1st in em kessel oder kUpfern cappeln mit einer klipfferin rbren / wie ich vorgezBgt hab das der ofen nit nass werde ob das wasser wolt Uber louffen / vnd ist die distillatio also das du nemest ein cucurbit das glas ge- fllllet den zweiten teyl mit safft krUter / blamen / bletter oder frucht was das ist clein gehackt / gestelt vff ein blyen ringk als hie vorgezeigt ist in

•^Hartmut Broszinski, "Das Heilmittelglossar des Hans Suff von GOpplngen," Centaurus, 12 ( 1968 / 6 9 )* p. 128. 55 dem vierden capltel dis ersten bSchs / vnd umb das glap oben ein gurt oder ein breyten bendel dryer finger breyt / dar an vier breyter pater noster ringel geneget. Also nan das glas vff dem blyen ring stot / der ouch vier durchlochert oren hat do yedes or ein schn8r hatt / die vier schneyer in die vier ringlin gezogen vnd gekntipffet also hie stot in diser flguren.

(1.18, f. VIIIa)

Later German texts like those of Ryff, Ulstadt and

Brunschwig (1597) a l 80 record balneum marie in the meaning

"process of distillation in a waterbath." Later reference 55 56 works like Zedler and Heyse^ show that only this mean­

ing has survived. Zedler defines the term as a water process in chemistry and pharmacy, and Heyse has "balneum

Mariae, ein Wasserbad" without an indication as to which area the term may be applied.

Brunschwig seems to be the first to have expanded the meaning of balneum Mariae to mean "still," as in the following passage in which the terms offen and balneum marie are synonyms.

55III, 241. 56 -'Johann Heyse, Dr. Johann Christoph August Heyses allgemelnes verdeutschendes and erkiarende3 FremdwPrter- buch mit Bezelchnung der Aussprache und Betonurig der Wbrter nebst genauer Angabe ihrer Abstammung und Bll- dung (Hannover & Leipzig: Hahn, 1893)# P. 5* Ob du aber begeren bist einen offen zehaben balneum marie gnant / so werd flir die cappeln ein kUpfferin cappel oder kessel mit einer ktlpffern rSren wie vorgezeigt hab wol ver­ strichen / also das die ror flir den offen gang / ob das wasser liber - sich sieden wUrd / so lieff es zu deg rSren vg zu vermyden die zer- storlichkeit des offens von dem wasser in solichen kUpffern cappeln oder kesseln sol keln eschen noch sandt geton werden / wan er ver- brant bald. Aber du magst wol in daz wasser th8n pferds kat zU distillleren in Ventre equino.

(1.6, f. vb)

i>cr- £o!ben cm glafm fjclm gfl-ct/ irol v ctbnnben vnt> vevftopfft rings vmb mic tine r Icmmbmbm/fllfo bas Vein bampjfne bcnaufigdjnmQgc/Xtnnbilimein furlcgcr 0ber

Fig. 8: Balneum Mariae 58 Aber das ander Balneum Marie / dauon oben gesagt 1st / hat das vnderst thell des ofens / wie ein Kessel ge­ stalt / darein man alle GefeB / vnd D istlllier Gliser stellen sol / Vnd der oberst thell / nemlich / der Alem- bicus sol In keim Wasser stehen / sen­ der / die selbe Cucurbita / darinnen der Weln ist / den man Distillleren wil / vnd daz ist daz Balneum Marie.

(I, f. IXa)

fuler helntz is a term for a still so constructed that different distillation processes may be carried out in its separate parts simultaneously. The term occurs in

1.6, f. VIa in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig’s distilla­ tion book; there, also, this special distillation furnace is described and depicted. The term means "Zugofen," from German "zlehen," English "draft," "draw."

Es ist zemachen ein offen mit einer langen hohen r8ren in der mitten ge­ nant eyn fulen heintz / z8 ringumb mit .iii. oder .iiii. cappeln / also das der rost vnden in der langen ror- en ob dem muntloch do man d ie eschen vB zlicht iScher vnden yede cappel die ein besundern offen gehenckt an diB ror vnd yede cappell hab ein rouchloch / do durch dem fur lufft z8 geben / vnd die hitz vnder die cappell zu ziehen zu zyten mit register / ye das man ein yede cappel sunderlich Oder alle mit eygan der heIB machen soil die lang ror in der mittel gefUllt mit kolen ist oben wol verstopft das keln lufft d ar vB mag.

(1.6, f. Vla) 59

ua£5aa2ffi£Ss

Fig. 10: fuler heintz 60

Grimm's Deutsches WSrterbuch traces the name to

German folklore in which Heinz meant a house spirit which performed chores in a leisurely but very efficacious manner. This characteristic of the spirit was figura­ tively applied to the still, and its name came to designate a still which burned slowly but provided sufficient heat.

Schelenz (p. ^9) labels the still a "Dauerbrenner" that saved chemists precious time and costly materials.

In Ryff's distillation book fauler heintz designates a still constructed with copper kettles for distilling, whereas Brunschwig does not mention this kind of metal for the kettle.

Wann das fewer also angangen / vnd die kolen in Jrer operation anfahen wircken / magst du die r8r mit kolen aupfallen / vnd mit einem deckel geheb zudecken / vnd also uber nacht gehen lassen on alle sorg / Darumb solcher sicherheit wegen dap man nit also fleissig alle zeit darzu schawen muB. Disen faulen heintzen magstu auch mit kapffern gfessen machen / mit dem wasser darin zu Distillleren / doch dap du obgemelter red nit vergesst / dap solche kessel vnden je elner z8 andern einen durchgang haben sol mit eim rorlin / darmit s ic h das w asser z u g le ic h werme / vnd d ie distillation in gleichen wesen bestehe. (XXIb-XXIIa )

57v2 , 8 90. 61

ROsslin (1550) is more exact In describing the material of the container which houses the coals, and he stresses the ease of the still's operation; "So geht die

Operation ein gantze nacht Uber / ohne sorg." Moreover, he gives a more complete depiction of the still.

(JsrtrtnfarcrO fas/bcr ■?(!!.•? h • ‘tv ' K - - - r .■-*» ci'n crE ap flvrin :!.•;>:>} ot>». e .fc n i0 !;: *,ii :'oh'u,;r; n n ttc b c f- QjVr;c 31- v j . .

o 3*1 'f>r•’ Jrf] Mci: • fii x'j ten cheer- S':tTiu;)r:odH’r.-; v p ic f-tbai iVJibcn C'Scr-ntl iY.l'.r: ,;jj. (5, by btf ! i ■>>: oltrv ! b e d i, 35:’ cc-. | ; f c :v !}t b - C’i <':•( f . ;; . ' . 1 i.;J- .;j-

i O. »'C'Y'?‘ rev i)M .1 .'VC; g:

1 * f v j ; v . ' - £ t ul'ir;jrdtrr; ;v c N v ; i ‘cr. f ■ .. .’er,; !’ ;J*. '1 *.! ■!:} iVrtf/r £vc rbl>: viQbhi r.',-b^tl.ir i;hcyt bc&b'.t-} to t- pK’.r, •-*; .sr •iahi'c!rlc;t,cbcr rtt'f-ff t;rt»s»rr?$jxvfi£c:..

Fig. 11: der Faul heyntz

Ulstadt records the term without any accompanying explanation of it, which indicates that it is commonly known in h is tim e. 62 Darnach setz den Dreyfup in einen Ofen / der einen Kessel hab / wie das Balneum Marie ist / das der Kessel halber oder die zwey drittheyl voll Wassers sey. Vnd solt den Dreyfup in den selben Kessel stellen / vnd der selb Kessel sol wie du hie sihst / ein gemawert sein / oder setz es inn einen faulen Heintzen /

(I, f. IIIa)

ROsslin's text of 1550 and the 1597 edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book also mention a modification of the still which distills with water or sand and ash, as the following passage from the 1597 edition indicates:

In solcher bereitung solt du eim jeden Kessel sein besonder rorlin verordnen / darvon er gefUllt / vnd so er Uberseudt / ohn schaden dep Ofens gelirt werden mag. Solchen faulen Heintzen magst du in beyderley art mit dem Wasser / oder Sand vnnd Aschen z8 Distillleren / auff vielerley form vnnd gestalt bereyten / auch vnder- wellen / wo es die gelegenheit erfordern solt / die roren nicht in die mitte / sondern auff ein orth setzen / oder auper- halb daran wie es sich dann vnderwellen / mancherley vrsach halben / schicken mag.

(I, f. xxa)

The term fauler Heintz and the variant fauler Heln- rich exist in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as 58 59 for example in Adelung and in Campe, in the meaning

5 8II, 1081-82. 59 Joachim Heinrich Campe, Wttrterbuch der deutschen Sprache (Braunschweig: Schulbuchhandlung, 1 8 0 7 -II), I I , 6 0 6 . established above, namely, "draft still."

Htlbner identifies the term in three areas other than

distillation; In each area the common element is the

"draft". In mining and Irrigation the term means "ein

Rdhrenwerk, wodurch das Wasser m ittels eines Seiles In den daran befestigten Taschen In die Hdhe gezogen wird." In analytical chemistry it means "einen zusammengesetzten

Zugofen, mit mehreren Abtheilungen, dessen man sich zum

Abziehen der sauren Geister, zum Verkaiten u.a. bedient, und In welchem man alle Grade des Feuers erregen, ver- starken und vermindern kann." Finally, In agriculture It is "der Name eines Zugochsens Im sachsischen Erzgebirge."^

^Johann HUbner, Reales Staats- Zeltungs- und Konver sa tlon3lex ikon (Leipzig: Gleditsch, 182 5-2 6 ), IV2 , 15?. CHAPTER THREE

TERMS FOR THE STILL-HEAD

One of the oldest terms for "still-head" is rosen

hut which, as has already been pointed out in Chapter Two,

has occurred in the meaning of "still" as well. The

meaning of "still-head" for rosen h8t and the plural

rosenhSt is, however, the more common one for the six­

teenth century. The following passage from Ryff*s dis­

tillation book provides an example:

Darumb du dich in der D i s t i l l a t i o n erstlich des ersten grads so allein 1m anfang der werme / nem llch ob- gesetzet gschirr des dampffs brauchen solt / nach demselben das wasser / welchs du kUnstlich oder natUrlich erhitzen magst / on oder mit fewr / wie obgemelt / wie solchs der gemein brauch diser zeit bey alien denen welche vnderstehnd zB Distillleren kUnstlich vnd besseren abzug wann in gemeinem brauch mit den rosen- huten vff den Capellen /

(I, f. XIb)

The following passage from the 1597 edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book also documents this usage of RosenhSt (at the end of the sixteenth century:

64 65 So du aber z8 gemeiner D istillation wie solchs diser zeit bey dem gemelnen Mann in brauch / mit gantz geringem oder leichtem kosten D istillleren woltest / durch die brenn oder Rosen- hut / welcher gestalt wlr droben in prima proportione angezeigt haben / dann solches das aller einfeltlgst vnd schlechtest Distillleren ist / so must du auch sonderliche Sfen darzu haben.

(I, f. x x b )

On the other hand, the equally old short form h8t seems to have been used only in the sense of "still-head."

Thus it appears for example in Konrad von Megenberg's

Buch der Natur of 1349 together with the attributive ad­ jective plelenne and means "a lead alembic" for distilling roses or wine.

Also g e sc h ih t auch dem d u n st, der da kUmt von rosen prennen oder von wein prennen: wenn der den kalten plelenne h8t rUert, so entsleuzt er sich auch in wazzer, und smeckt daz selbig wazzer von dem ding, da von der dunst kUmt.

Der Eblngersche Vokabularlus of 1438 also documents hut in the meaning "still-head": "Distillatorium, ein hut, o ,62 darin man wasser brennt oder rosshut.1

Franz Pfeiffer, ed., Konrad von Megenberg fDas Buch der Natur* (1861; rpt. Hildesheim, New York: 01ms, 1971),"817" 1 2 - 1 6 . 6 2 I I , 1170. 66 Staub and Tobler excerpt a brief quote from the

Neu.jahrsblatt der Stadtbibliothek ZUrlch of 1469^ wherein the variant huet is recorded: "Ein brennofen samt dem huet" meaning the uppermost part of a distillation appa­ r a tu s .

Brunschwig does not use the term in the 1500 edition of the distillation book. Gesner's distillation book seems to be the only sixteenth-century work which contains the term. In it h8t Is a synonym for Alembick and helm:

Durch das w8rtlin Alembick (als ich mein) wirt verstanden der Kolb vnd Helm / doch mertheyl der Hut oder Helm.

( I , f . XXXVIIb )

It seems that h8t is seldom used to designate the

"still-head" in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 64 Adelung's dictionary points to the fact that New High German Hut in the s p e c ific meaning of " s till- h e a d " Is only common in some Is o la te d in s ta n c e s :

Im weitesten Verstande, da es eine von festerer oder steiferer Materie ver- fertigte hohe Bedeckung des Obertheiles eines Dinges bedeutet, in welchem Ver­ stande es nur noch In einigen einzelnen Fallen Ublich Ist. Der Blasenhut, der

63II, 1785.

6^II, 1336. Obertheil einer Destillierblase, welche auch nur der Hut schlechthin, imgleichen der Helm genannt w ir d .

New High German Hut is also a technical term in

metallurgy and in mining* as Judica I. H. Mendels points

out in her essay "Einiges Uber die deutsche Htittensprache

im M ittelalter11 in the Eis Festschrift (p. 148): "Der

Hut 1st fUr den Bergmann 'der Holzaufsatz Uber der MUn- dung eines Schachtes', fUr den HUttenmann ist der 'der

Deckel Uber dem T re ib h e rd . '"

The variant Blasenhut recorded in the above quote from Adelung and elsewhere does not occur in Brunschwig

or in the other primary texts I am using. Adelung de­ fines it as "der Hut oder gewttlbte hohe Deckel einer

Destillierblase, der Helm."^

65II, 1336. 2 3 » « x 5 » CA S 3

SS9JTS-’'S«p.3 3 3

S2*& —L&& T? 5 «-t j?7r> «®4. ^ €£> & *^> 5 ' « *2- O'xr*\ 3 ~ ,^ |3 | S g? 3 SSI i p s ' #»"o* c’ * ’ 8Tf* 3 « ^ (o n> s "5^*2- £* • «r** «;r t s « l - P s ^ ~ n r O 2 * * ¥ § ■ « 31 ?> X» HtA s ! L ^ 5 s 3 ® ( S * s ”*s 5 S^& <*> § £> ^ . 5 ” 3 S3 K* s'.

C* 00 69 On the other hand, the variant brenn h8t is found in

Ryff's distillation book, in Rbsslin's KreutterbSch of

1550 and in the 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation

book as a synonym for rosen hut in the meaning "still-

head." A reference from Ryff is exemplary for all three

te x ts :

So du aber auch z8 gemeiner D istil­ lation / wie solchs diser zeit beim gemeinen man in brauch / mit gantz geringem Oder leichtem kosten Dis- tillleren woltest / durch die brenn Oder rosen hut / welcher gestalt wir droben in Prima proportione angezeyget haben / dann solches das aller einfiltigst vnd schlechtest D istillieren / so mustu auch sunder- liche Bfen dar zu haben.

(I, f f . XXIIb-XXIIia)

We have somewhat more documentation for brenn h8t

than we do for Blasenhut. In Middle H ig h German (L exer,

vol. II, 494) it means "alembicus." Diefenbach glosses

it with alembicus, prennhut, and fewrhQt, defining It as

"ain h8t vnder dem man wazzer brennt; einer der gebrant wazzer hat." Fischer (I, 1402) defines Brenn-hut as "Hut,

Helm des B rennhafens."

66 Lorenz Diefenbach, Novum glossarlum latino- germanicum media et lnfimae actatls. BeitrSge zur w ls se n sc h a ftlic h e n Kunde d er n e u la te in ls c h e n und g e r - manlschen Sprachen (Frankfurt: Johann Baer, i 8 5 7 ) j 21. 70 The germs which survive to the present time as designates for the "still-head” are, however, Brennhelm and Destllllerhelm, that is, variants of helm.

Like the term hut, helnffi refers to the form of the uppermost part of the distillation apparatus and to its function as a protective cover. This high conical top of the distillation apparatus is fashioned after the helmet­ like arched roof of a church-tower. The correct size and for of the apparatus is important because the distillate is collected in it and conducted through the tubes.

As th e 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book shows, the "helm" can be made of earthenware, copper, lead, and tin as well as glass, depending on the material to be distilled and the intensity of heat to which it is subjected. It is equipped with two ducts.

^Friedrich Kluge, Etymologlsches Wbrterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 2 9th ed. rev. Walther Mitzka (Berlin: Walther de Gruyter, 1967 ), derives helm from Idg. *kel, "hehlen," "HUlle" (p. 303) and Hut. from Idg. *kadh-, "hUten," "sehtltzend bedecken." 71

Pig. 13: helm

Darnach der helm von wysser erden gebrant vnd Uber glasurt innen vnd vssen / Oder kupffer / blyhyn Oder zynnen / deren form a ls o w u rt. Ouch efclich mit zweien faltz vnd zwo roren / also daz der Bber faltz e£n r8r hab / gond in die vnder ror die helm vast vil wasser gebent.

(1.4, f. Ib)

There is much documentation for the term helm in th e 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book.

Often it is used as a synonym for rosen h8t:

vnd vff solich genant pfanen werd gesetzt helm Oder rosen hflt.

(1.6, f. IIIIb) and as the German equivalent for alembic;

Dar nach so gebUrt sich z8 haben glessin helm mit langen r8ren genant alembick oder alembicum.

(IA, f. IIa)

r m<§ fo geSittt fu# $u £a(>cit Qdtn mitCan$c vo:eit $cuataCcm$ic£ oS alern&cu 9tw$ $u9i)frUicrc7?l& fc§ foe nflc$ offcnfatf unWetf fo:m alfo

Fig. 14: glessin helm mit langen roren genant alembick

Ryff mentions a pointed helmet and clearly indi­ cates the form of this distillation apparatus which is arranged on a higher level than the apparatus which is mostly called rosen h8t or h8t. Here the helmet is de­ signed to obtain the gases which rise higher. 73 Hie merck aber auch in sunderheyt das etlich vnderstan in solchen brennSfen mit einem fewg vnd einem helm zweyerley wasser zu brennen / welches sich auch also befindt / vnd geht also zu / Sie setzen den spitzigen helm in obgemelter pro­ portion hoher hinauff / solcher h 8 h e verordnen sie einn sunderlichen absatz / der die subtilen geyst so etwas hoher vil subtiler vnd krefftlger wan das vnderst so vom andern schnabel gesamelt wirt.

(I, f. XXIIIb)

Later sixteenth-century texts such as Ulstadt's and

Gesner’s also copiously document the use of helm in the

meaning "still-head". Some passages such as in Lonitzer

contain information similar to that in Brunschwig’s dis­

tillation book as to the kind of material to be used in making the apparatus.

Auch mag man Zinnen Helm vnd Kolben brauchen / ist nit so sorglich als mit den Glisern / welche leichtlich zer- springen von kaltem wasser / so sie h e y g seindt / auch von heiBem wasser / so sie kalt seindt. Von dannem K upffer / Kolben vnd Helm gemacht vnd fast wol verzinnet / seind auch f a 3 t g 9 t.

(I, f. IXa)

helm in the meaning "still-head" remains an active term in the vocabulary of distillation. Though he gives no references, Goetze defines it in his Early New High German glossary as "Obertheil des Destillierkolbens, that is, in the already established meaning.

The compound noun brennhelm was formed to helm in the same manner that brennhSt was formed to h8t. brenn­ helm occurs, as far as I have been able to determine, for the first time in Ryff's distillation book. The passage quoted below from it, which also appears almost verbatim in the 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book, shows the use of helm and brennhelm as synonyms.

Solche erkSlung magst du mancherley brauchen / vnnd sunderlich Instrument darzB verordnen / welches sich aber im glap nit wil also z8 wegen bringen lassen / darum solcher refrigerla, Oder erkulung der geyster gemeiniglich vnd am bequembsten von kupferem geschirr bereydt werden / also dap du dir eln gfep machen lassest / aller mass wie ein gemeiner brennhelm / so wir ge- meinglich ein Alembic nennen / auff solchem Oder Alembic soltu auch ein sunderlich uberzug machen lassen.

(I,f. XXIIIIb)

68 Alfred Goetze, FrUhneuhochdeutsches Glossar. Klelne Texte fUr Vorlesungen und Ubungen. 7th ed. (Berlin Walther de Gruyter, 1 9 6 7 )V P* 119- 75

frporfrfti o ta fdjrf&wi Drr Quinta cflcntia. ®o]d}fr rrfijfottg magjtu man* cjjcrlrp gefcrauc^en/tmD foaDartfdjc ^nprumait Mr ju m oM tti/tvd^c ficfy t i t r im ©I<$ nil alfo $u wegm bringai fafTai/Daruifi folcfcr ^ffngaia/oDcr affilung Dor ©riper gasia'rrtgficS? am Murm pai toon fupfifcrr m gefefcrn bet rrpl w r ta t/’affo Dap Du Dir an grf

Fig. 15: brennhelm

Both terms also occur in a Rezeptbuch dated 1589

(though the information excerpted is from the 1619 e d i ­ tion) where the distillation of "carfunckelhertzwasser" is described, a "water" which Emperor Maximilian I

( 1493- 1 5 1 9) gave to Prince Rudolff von Anhalt. The

"water" is described as "D as aller fSrtreffenlichste vnd hochberSmbte carfunckelhertzwasser, dessen tugendt vlel- faltig gerShmbt vnd erfahren ist” and the quoted passage is as follows:

Dann nim den krug aug dem keller, seyge die bruhe rein ab vnnd stos die materi in einem mSrser, theils in vier brennhelm, die im wasser stehen, vnd theil auch die brfihe in die vier helm. Vermach die helm w o l vnnd brenns fein kahl, dag es nicht 76

siede im helm. Las die materi nicht gar an brennen, sondern dap es noch feucht bleib, sonst wirdt das wasser bitter. Hat die materi me hr krafft, so Lolg mit wein nach. Das th 8 a l l e i n , daz i s t g a t f6 r d ie arrae leut. Das erst aber ist das guldin car- funckelwasser, recht vnnd gut, wie es farst Rudolff von Anhalt von keyser^g M axim ilian dem E rste n bekommen h a t. 70 Like helm, the variant brennhelm in the meaning

“still-head" survives in modern German, as the reference from Z. ZOllner’s Arzneibuch of 1710 clearly indicates:

“D istaliers durch den Brennhelm und behalt das gebrannte

Wasser." Adelung defines Brennhelm as "Helm Oder Deckel 71 eines Brennkolbens, der Blasenhut.

Dlstillierhelm, another composite variant to helm, also occurs in a few of the sixteenth-century works cited in my study. In Lonitzer*s text it too means "still- head," in front of which a receptacle to receive the yield is set:

^ Schweizerisches Idlotlkon, II, 1204.

^Grimm's Deutsches Wttrterbuch (II, 370) also re­ cords the term, but without specific documentation: "brennhelm, deckel des brennkolbens, blasenhut." 7 1 I , 1069. 77 FUrsetzgliser beste art ist / welehe die feuchte vom Distillierhelm in mitte empfahen / durch ein rorlln / vnd oben wie du hieneben verzeychnet slhest / geheb vnnd gantz selnd / damit die warmen spiritus nicht oben a up mogen.

(I, f. IIIIb)

Rdsslin's text (1550) has, essentially the same infor­ mation as that of Lonitzer. Grimm’s Deutsches Wbrter- buch ( I I , 103*0 also records the term, but again without specific documentation: "destilllerhelm, der helm eines destillierkolbens."

A further variant of helm, distinguished by the ad­ jective blind when a "still-head" without a spout is meant, is the term blinder helm, which seems to occur for the first time In the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's dis­ tillation book:

Dep glichen blinde helm von glas wie ein kolben in ein ander glas gestUrz on roren genant allembicum cecum. (1.4, f. IIa)

This term will be referred to In connection with alembic, which, as previous references have shown, Is often a synonym for helm, brennhelm, h8t, brennhSt, and blasenhut.

However, alembic differs from the other terms in deriva­ tion and age, for it dates back to DIoscorides and to the period of the Arabian chemists. 78

gtfc& it K m bc 9 d m \>o gto* w tc a rt f r lfc n i n t i j t m i6 glad gej?mt$ ort ro:c ge n ar <1 lie S ic n ceeuvn g lejfet vitSc \>n ofcit w yt v ni n Smitts eng genat auxuktouft $ann jttpnmfftctetenvrl 9tgmct£ ab i<$?ctm d$$& $m m l(dem foim a l f o tfiv tf"""

a

Fig. 16: blinder helm

Arabic al anblq means '’still" (with al_ as the defi- H — nite article) and is adapted from Greek-g( K (stem

H — ■ of

7 9 Julius Berendes, trans., Des Pedanlos Dloskurldes aus Anazabors Arznelmittellehre in fUnf BUchern (W allufb. Wiesbaden: SMndig, 1970 ),V, 1 1 0 . 79 73 occurs in English as limbeck (Shakespeare, Macbeth

I.vii.67)> alembykes (pi.) in Chaucer (Canterbury Tales,

G794) » and in French and Spanish as alambique.

Brunschwig writes the latinized alembicum as well as the germanized alembick as in: "Dar nach so geblirt sich z8 haben glessin helm mit langen rSren genant alem­ bick oder alembicum dar durch zu distlllieren" ( 1 .2 , f. IIa), and Alembic, as in 1.13, f . VIII3: "Vnd dann den Alembic dar vff gesetz vnd verlutiert."

Germanized forms of the term also occur in the ver­ sions of the German Gart der Gesundhelt (first edition

Mainz: Johann Schbnsperger, 1485), like elembig, elmblg

(Mainz: Peter Schbffer, 1485; Augsburg: Johann Schbns- perger, 1488; Augsburg: Johann Schbnsperger, 1499;

LUbeck: Stephan Arndes, 1492—all in the chapter lllium convallio. meyblSmen). The following passage from the first edition of this chapter may serve as a re fe re n c e :

^James A. Murray et al., eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, I (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1933), 2 1 5 , notes that the word was aphetized as early as the fifteenth century to lembick and that the full form, until the seventeenth century, scarcely appeared. 80

Nyme diser blSmen ein halb pfunde vnnd thu dariiber g 8ten lautern wein vnnd las dye darjnn beissen vyer wuchen. darnach seyhe den wein ab vnnd distiller den durch ein elmblg fanf m al....der wein also distiliert ist besser wann gold.

In th e 1500 edition of the distillation book Brun­ schwig gives a good description of the process which uses the distillation helmet "Alembic":

vnd die cappell do die esche in ist soil irdern sin. wann wo die kUpfferin were / so schmiltz sie von dem flier / vnd dar nach so setz den alembicum vff das glas. vnd verlutier das wol dar vff mit lutum.

(1.15, VIIIb) M ' T < --^ ' Ft# a ■ nr. th.J. • * •; ••

I’^OrwYfeimirtaitili-

Fig. 17: alembic

The 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book also offers a more detailed description of how the "Alembic" is placed on a glass "Kolben" called a c u c u rb iti du neraest ein cucurbit das glas gefUllet den zweiten teyl mit safft krllter / blumen / bletter Oder frucht ein blyen ringk als hie vorgezeigt ist in dem vierden capitel dis ersten bochs / vnd vmb das glag oben ein gurt Oder ein breyten bendel dryer finger breyt dar an vier breyter pater noster ringel geneget. Also nan das glas vff dem blyen ring stot / der ouch vier durch- lBchert oren hat do yedes or ein schnur hatt / die vier schnyer in die vier ringlin gezogen vnd geknUpffet [...] Vnd dann in das wasser gesetzt / so blibt es ston das sunst mitt nichten geschehe. vnnd dann den Alembic dar vff gesetzt vnd verlutiert wie ich geseit hab in dem ,v. capitel dis ersten bSchs / vnd ein fUer gemacht in den ofen also das das wasser number syede Oder heisser werd dann das du ein finger dar in gelyden magst vnd hab a l l z i t warm w asser do m it du den kessel wider fullest [...]

(1.13* VIIIa)

Alembicus often occurs in the 1500 edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book in the phrase per alem­ bicum whereby a distillation process carried out with the help of the "Alembic" rather than the distillation apparatus is meant. For example, in I. 10, f . V I I I a there is: "so wurt er luter vnnd schon als wer er ge- destilliert per Alembicum"; in II.9 where this usage is very prevalent (see especially II.5; II. 8 ; 1 1 . 1 0 ;

1 1 . 1 2 ; 1 1 . 1 7 ) one reads concerning the distillation of honey: "thS den in ein kolben glap vgstopff in wol. 83 dan stell den kolben in ein eschen in ein wind Sfflin vnd

dystilller daz per alembicum.” Thus, in addition to de­

noting a distillation apparatus the word alembic in the

phrase per alembicum means a distillation process.

In the 1500 edition of his distillation book Brun-

schwig also uses the term alembicum coecum which desig­

nates a spoutless "Alembic” in early Chemistryj this

apparatus differed from the one with a spout called

alembicus rostratus:

Deg g lic h e n b lin d e helm von g la s wie ein kolben in ein and glas gestUrz on roren genant allembicum cecum.

(1.4, f.II0)

The German translation is blinder helm, a term already mentioned on page 77 above:

darin gebeisset in balneum marie verstopft mit eim blinden helm / daz er kein ror haben ist / Oder genant alembicus cecus.

( 1 .2 3 , f . XIb ) 1h h §& n: »nyjfl[jfejjEt uMnWftimmnu y ^ \ vfe3> wcfFw&m0&w& jlSlSty | & \^ftfrrmttuymropmj^»3f?$A* I K vn mmeft tin g& p rctc cm Ftfrfo . wttDcn ktinfcgm genant Cucu^ ~ ther»wtb von9cit tiitfcgai cm Foltf^krvff cm Flutter (Jelm/o&cr cm gfopm permit/ ten cftin/vad vnbcif vwib < ^cn^rcp/vou $ en thmif$m$mant tmnfatwium ^ct 6cbafigm$fcftQU .

Fig. 18: blinder helm

The phrase "mit langen rSren" in the following reference conveys the idea of a distillation apparatus without spouts in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig’s dis tillation book. 85 Dar nach so gebtlrt sich z 8 haben glessin helm mit langen rBren ge­ nant alembick oder alembicum dar durch zu distlllleren als Ich dyr hie nach offenbaren wil.

(1.4, f. IIa)

The Latin designations for the two main kinds of

"Alembic" are common in later sixteenth-century works on distillation such as Ryff's:

Dise drei gefess magstu dir solcher gestalt vnd proportion machen lassen / jede materi darinn / in welcherley hitz du wilt zu Circu'lieren / vnnd dip die gemeinsten / mit welchen du dich in der noturfft wol behelffen magst. Dieweil aber dise gefep allenthalben bschlossen / also dag nichts hinein mag / es sei dann safft- ig oder flassig / soltu ob gemelt geschirr mit dem A. verzeychnet / vnder den Cucurbiten oder kolbenglesern / vnd Alembicum coecum genant.

( I , f . XVIa )

Ryff also uses the German term blinder helm for the spoutless helmet, noting that the apparatus has a small opening at the top (for letting gases escape and for adding substances). The illustration of the apparatus in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book shows this "ZSpfchen" but no direct mention is made of it. Ryff explains its purpose:

Dann je besser ein yedes Geschirr oder gefeg verwaret / vnd je geheber es ver- macht ist / Je bass vnd kUnstlicher solche Distillation volnbracht wirdt / derhalben die gefep so fast geheb 86

ein schliessen / vnd ser kleine l$ch- lin haben / am aller ntltzlichsten vnd bequemlichsten gerechnet werden / Darumb so du a u ff e in Kolben Oder Cucurbit ein blinden helm setzest / soltu jn in sunderheit wol versehen / das er nit verriechen / wie auch in andern glesern alle / so oberhalb weit sindt.

(I, f. XVIIb)

As the early chemists have done, Lonitzer still explains that alembicus coecus stands for one of the chief laboratory apparatus used for specific distillation pro­ cesses such as, for example, circulation:

Die nachstfolgenden drey gefig seind die gemeynsten zum Circulieren / Putreficieren / Digerieren / oder Resoluieren. Dieweil sie aber geheb vnd gantz / das nichts hinein mag / es sey dann safftig so brauch das glafl mit dem A. verzeychnet / Alembicum coecum genant.

(I, f. Xla)

The text of the 1512 edition of Brunschwig's dis­ tillation book singles out a third kind of "Alembic , ' 1 namely, one "on ein faltz," describing and illustrating it after the other two kinds. Of the spoutless "Alembic"

Brunschwig writes:

Du solt auch haben glesene helm on einen schnabel / vnnd on faltz ge­ nant Alembicum cecum / ein blinder helm damit zu digerieren. Deren figur ist also.

(1.7, f. XVIb ) 87

Pig. 19: blinder helm

Brunschwig also writes about the "Alembic" with a spout

in th e 1512 e d itio n :

Auch s o ltu haben g lese n e helm g e ­ nant Alembic mit eim faltz in- wendig zu emphahen das ge- distilliert durch ein langen schnabel zutragen inn das fUr- satzgla$. Des figur ist also.

(1.5, f. XIla) Fig. 20:r blinder helm mit schnabel

Brunschwig also writes of an "Alembic" with a rabbet in th e 1512 edition ;f the distillation book: 89 Auch s o l t du haben helm genant alembic on ein faltz / der die Spiritus treyt durch den schnabel augzugan / so man wein od aqua vite brennen will auff das die flegma / als das wasser nicht wol mit den spiritus aug gang. Des f lg u r 1s t a ls o .

(1.12, f . XXIIIb)

. 'T'frV.’

Fig. 21: blinder helm

It is interesting to note that in the texts of the sixteenth century Alembicum is modified by German six­ teenth century words with German inflectional endings.

Thus, Ulstadt writes "einen geschnebelten Alembicum": Oder ob du solchen roten Wein nicht gehaben magst / so nim den aller besten Weissen / als viel du sein denn wilt. Thu in ein Cucurbita/ big auf zwei theil vol / vnnd der drittheyl lehr / Darnach setz einen geschnebelten Alembicum druff / also / das der Schnabel inn das ober theyl des fllrsetz Glap gehe. Dar­ nach mach geheb alle ding / mit einem Leimen a up Bapier gemacht.

(I, f. IIIb)

Gesner's text shows a similar tendency, that is,

to consider alembick as a German word:

Wie dann a l l e b lln d en Alembick sin d : doch sol ein sbllicher einen schnabel oder roren haben / damit der gebrant wgyn kSnne hiraup fliessen in das fursatzglass. [italics mine]

(I, f. IXVIIb)

In addition to blinder Alembick he also writes blinder helm :

Weyter so nennd die Medici einen Blindep helm / ein slmlichen / welcher kein ro ren / daraup das wasser destillieret / auch inwendig keinen umbgenden saum oder kinel (limbus in Latin genant) / hat. [italics, except Medici, mine]

(I, f. XXXVIII3)

In spite of this tendency, however, Ulstadt finds it necessary to gloss Alembick with Helm which shows the still uncertain position of Alembick as an accredited

German word: "ein blinder Alembicus / das ist / ein vngeschnabelter Helm." (f. XIX ). He glosses in like fashion in the following reference, making certain that he keeps th e L a tin forms s e p a ra te from the German ones:

"Etlich haben ein Curcurbita / mit elm Alembico ceco / das ist mit einem blinden vngeschnabelten Helm."

( f . VIa )„

The 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book on the other hand always uses either the Latin, as in

I, f. XIIIb:

Dieweil aber diesse Gefep allenthalben beschlossen / also dap nichts hinein mag / es sey dann safftig oder flUssig / soltu obgemelt Geschirr mit dem A. verzeichnet / vnder den Cucurbiten oder Kolbenglaser / vnnd Alembicum caecum genant / zu den Kreutern vnd Gewechs / vnnd was du dergleichen Digerieren oder Putreficieren wilt / or the German form, as in the following reference which is offurther interest because it, of all thetexts con­ sulted, shows most clearly the use of the "Alembick" or

"Helm":

dann je besser ein jedes Gschirr oder GefeP verwaret / vnd je geheber es ver- macht ist / je bap vnd klinstlicher solche Distillation vollbracht wirdt / derhalben die Gefep so fast geheb einschliessen / vnnd sehr kleine loch- lin haben / am aller nUtzlichsten vnd bequemesten gerechnet werden / Darumb so du auff ein Kolben oder Cucurbit ein blinden Helm setzest / soltu ihn in sonderhelt wol versehen / dap er nit verriech / wie auch in andern Glasern a l i e n / so oberh alb w eit se in d . Darumb wird obgesetzten Instrumenten der Cir­ culation vnd Resolution / die Zapffen / durch welche solche Materi hinein vnd heradp gethon wirdt / vnderhalb in solche Gefep geordnet haben / dann der aller subtilest geist / gleich wie das Element des Fewrs vnd Luffts / allzeit vber sich der h8he b e g e rt.

(i, ff. xivb-xva)

In spite of the attempts to make it a German word 74 Alembick could not supplant Helm. Adelung for example

lists it as a synonymous term of Helm and Blasen-Huth

but states that it is not the term most used to desig­

nate the still-head.

English alembic also designates the antiquated dis

tillation apparatus formerly used in distilling:

Alembic. 1. An apparatus formerly used in distilling, consisting of a cucurbit or gourd-shaped vessel con­ taining the substance to be distilled, surmounted by the head or cap, or alembic proper, the beak of which conveyed the vaporous products to a receiver, in which they were con- d e n se d . 1 ? In French aIambic seems to designate a modern dis­ tillation apparatus according to Schelenz (p. 8 5). He II writes of a new apparatus mentioned in Nouvelle

7hII, 1 0 9 8. 75 James A, Murray et al., I, 215 Construction d'Alambic pour faire toute sort de distillation en grand 178 I 1' by Joa Hyacinthe de Magelhaens for the dis- II ^ x tillation of brandy which says that la premiere idee de la machine remonte a l'annee, 1 7 7 0 " (p . 8 5). Schelenz further reports (p. 1 3 7 ) of alambics voyageants, a term for an apparatus used in the preparations of waters and oils similar to those vessels in the fourteenth century, as the illustration on the following page shows.

The German term haubt, which occurs in Rdsslin's distillation book of 1550 as a synonym for the already discussed rosen hut, hut, helm, brennhelm, destillier helm and alembic, must also be mentioned here. Haubt is probably the German translation for chapiteau, capital, capitello, capello which, as Ersch-Gruber (p. 178ff.) correctly points out, can designate the still-head in

Romance languages. 94

r~ Ebenso naturlich ist, daB man sich da, in einer ganz.handwerks- oder gewerbsrnaBig, fernab von wissenschaftlichen Erwagungen betriebenen Industrie, altuberkommener von Generation zu Generation vererbter Gerate und Arbejtsart be- diente und zum Teil wenigstens noch bedient1)- Ein Blick auf sie, die j entweder im Besitz der bauerlich oder gartnerisch arbeitenden Blumen-| zuchter sich befinden, oder Leuten gehoren, die etwa wie die Besitzer von Mahmaschinen mit ihren Alamlncs voyageants von Ort zu Ort ziehen, lafit die alibekannten Formen erkennen, wie ich sie aus den ersten Jahrhunderten unsrer Zeitrechnung vorfuhren konnte, und wie sie unter den Arabern vergroBert und ausgestaltet wurden. Auf drei Unterlagesteinen, wie das KochgefaB auf dem Heerdfeuer der standig wandernden Urahnen, steht der Alambic der Lavendeiolbrenner. Vgl. Abb. 120. , ,

Abb. 120. Destination von LavendelOl. CHAPTER FOUR

TERMS FOR CIRCULATORIES AND RECEPTACLES

In this chapter I shall discuss the terms for cir- culatories and for receptacles in the 1 5 0 0 -edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book and In related sixteenth- century works. In general, vessels which contain the liquid to be distilled are called circulatorlum, retorte, pelllcan, storchschnabel, and zwllllnge. According to

Schelenz (p. 56 ) glassblowers and alchemists arrived at the idea of forming "Kolben," "Helm," and "Ablaufrohr" into one apparatus, and this procedure gave rise to the group of apparatus. The oldest process, however, was certainly that of using "Kolben" and "Helm" as separate distillation apparatus, and so these vessels Into which the substance to be distilled was placed were called kolben, cucurbit, and urinal. Vessels which receive the distillate from, for example, the retort are called receptackel, fUrsetz gleser, and vlolen.

Brunschwig uses the Latin term circulatorlum to denote a glass apparatus for distilling which is narrow in the middle and wide at the top and bottom.

95 96

Dep glichen blinde helm von glas wie ein kolben in eln ander glas gesttirz on rSren genant allembicum cecum vnd glesser vnden vnd oben wyt vnd In der rnittin eng genant circulatorlum dar in zu putrifficieren vnd digerieren [...]

(1.4, f. Ila)

Fig. 22 : circulatorlum

circulatorlum is derived from Latin clrculatlo,

"Umlauf," "Kreislauf , 11 English "circulation." It is de­ fined as "vas vitreum, vbi infusus liquor ascendendo & 76 descendendo quasi in circulo rotatur" by Ruland.

7 6 Martin Ruland, Lexicon alchemlae slve dlctlonarl- um alchemlstlcum (1612; rpt. Hildesheim: 01ms, 1964), P. 155. 97 The 1512 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book clearly shows that circalatorlum designates glass vessels of many shapes:

Darnach solt du haben gleser / d a rin n z q digerieren vnd circulieren genant circulatorlum / deren figur mancherley ist / die erst als hie neben stat.

(1 .7 , f . XVIa )

F ig . 2 3 : circulatorlum Darnach soltu haben ander gleser / auch genant circulatorlum / deren f ig u r 1st wie du hier siehst. (1.7, f. XVIb)

Fig* 24: circuTatorium Darnach soltu haben andere gleser zu digerieren vnd circulieren genant circulatorlum / der figur a ls o 1 s t.

( 1 .7 , f . XVIb )

Fig. 25: circulatorlum 100

The 1500 edition of the distillation book also describes the various shapes of this apparatus. It is interesting that circulatorlum occurs once in the sense of "helm":

Darumb were g 8t das man ein yedes wasser Uber sin feces / das 1s t das krut do von es gedistilliert 1s t vnd putrificlert / vnd ander werd gedistilliert wUrd noch bessgr das es wUrd geschUt Uber das gedort krut synes geschlechts vnd putrificlert wie ich gesprochen hab in eynem circulatorlum / oder blinden helm / genant wurt von den latlnischen Alembicus cecus des flgur hernach stot. vnd dan gedistillieret / so gewinnet es vil grSsser dugent vnd krafft. Doch witer das zU offen- baren w ill ich zeigen in mynera grossen bach hye za vermyden schwere arbeit vnnd grossen kosten n i t not 1 s t eym gemeynen man.

(1.20, f. XI3)

Fig. 26: circulatorlum (left) The term pelllcan denotes the circulatory apparatus with two extensions which connect the lower portion of the distillation apparatus to the helmet, thus permitting flow to and fro. The word pelican commonly refers to the bird with a large bill and a pouch that, according to the

Greeks, fed its young by drawing blood from its own 77 b r e a s t . ' 1 The representation of the pelican's beak in its breast resembles the shape of the apparatus called pelllcan in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book. Indeed, the distiller sought to recreate in his de­ sign of a circulatory apparatus such a representation, according to Rudolf Schmitz:

So gab es z.B. den 'Pelikan', ein der Retorte verwandtes GerSt dessen Abfluss- und KUhlrohr so 'torquiert', d.h. gedreht war, dap sein spitzes Ende auf d ie bauchige WOlbung des Kolbens zeigte und diesem einzu- stossen schlen, Shnlich dem Vogel Pelikan, der sich mit seinenugpitzen Schnabel in die Brust hackt.'°

In the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book the term occurs In a discussion of the fourth

"modus" of distilling:

^Rudolf Schmitz, Mdrser, Kolben und Phlolen (Stuttgart: Franckh, 1966), p. l48.

7 8 P. 148. Der vierd wegk vnd modus z 8 d i s - t i l l i e r e n In eym ro p m yst. 1 st das du nemest ein glap wie ein kUrbs von den latinschen genant Cucumer vnd von den tUtschen ein kolb / dar vff ein blinder helm / oder ein glap In der mitten clein / vnd vnden vnnd oben grop / von den latinischen genant circulatorlum der beder figur hye stot. Vnd fUlle daz dritteil mit w elcher hand blumen du w ilt / vnd werd das glas wol verstopfft mit eym zapffen von holtz dar Uber ein lutum / als ich vor gelert hab in dem capitel von lutum zemachen. vnd stell daz glas in ein gaten warmen ros myst / der soil ligen in eyner kasten / vnd die thUr hert za vermacht dar in ge- lassen ston vff .i i l l . wochen oder lenger ye Uber viertzehen tag den myst ernQwert / dar nach din glas her vp gethon vnd den zapffen hUbstlichen dar von gethon / vnd das luter in ein ander glas ge- selgt / genant von den gelerten Pellican / des figur vor gezeigt 1st.

(I.11, f. VIIb)

Fig. 27: pellican (left) and storch- schnabel (right) 103

In Ryff's distillation book Pelllcan also denotes

the glass vessel for circulation processes In distillation.

Ryff observes, however,that the vessel is not as effec­

tive as claimed because the two "arms" are often dispro­

portionate .

vnder welchen der Pellican in sunder- heyt gelobt wirdt / Wiewohl er gantz schwerlich vnnd mShsam z8bereyten / von wegen der beyden arm / welche gar selten in rechter bequemer proportion a n g e s e tz t werden mogen / wie so lc h e r P e lllc a n dem C irc u lie re n zageeygnet.

(I, f. XVIIb)

In Ulstadt's work, which provides another reference for Latin Circulatorlum, Latin Pelllcanum and German

Pellican are used as synonyms for Lation Circulatorlum.

Etliche machen darnach ein Glap / von eim StBck / mit zweien handthaben / glelch zweien Armen / also / das die selben zwen Arm oder handthaben / vom oberntheyl her- ab in den Bauch des vndern theils gehn / vnd der oberst theil hat ein Loch / mit elnem Schnabel / dadurch man die Matery aup / vnd ein th8t / die man Circkel- weip D istilliert / Das selbig Loch sol man gar wol verlutieren / wie denn vor von den andern gesagt 1st. Vnd dip letste Circulatorlum odder D istillier glap nennen etlich Pelllcanum / oder einen Pellican / etlich Vas Hermetis.

(I, f. VIa~b)

The representation of the pelican's long beak seems to have played a role in the naming of another apparatus 104 used in tooth extraction. Gdtz (p. 26) and Adelung record Pelikan also as a term for the dental forceps:

FigUrlich wird wegen der Ahnlichkeit mit der Gestalt des Schnabels des von den Alten beschriebenen Pelikans, bey den Wundartzen ein Werkzeug zum Aus- ziehen der ZShne, der Pelikan genannt. Auch in d er Chymie 1 st e in Gefap mit zwei Handhaben unter dem Nahmen des Pelikans bekannt.'^

What is common to both pelllcan meaning distillation vessel and Pelikan meaning dental forceps is the shared meaning of "to draw forth": distilled waters are drawn off through the beak of the pelican, and a tooth is ex­ tracted (pulled out). In this connection it must be remembered that in the title to the 1597 edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book abzlehen stands for dlstlllleren. The title reads:

New vollkommen DistllllerbSch wol- gegrUndter kUnstllcher Distillation, samot vnderwelsung vnd berlcht, kUnst- lich abzuzlehen oder separieren die furnembste Dlstlllierte wasser, kSst- llche Aqua vite, qulntam essentlam, Sirupen, Heylsame ol, Balsam vnd der- glelchen vll g 8t e r AbzSge^ There is yet another apparatus whose origin seems to be derived from the long beak of the stork (see the illus­ tration of page 102 above). Brunschwig writes:

79 Adelung, II, 993- 105 Darnach mustu haben krumme gleser, fornan wie ein storckschnabel gnant retort also geformpt vnd der gleser mit zweien armen genant pelican / deren form also ist.

(1.4, f. Ib)

Schelenz (p. 5 0 ) also points out that Storch- schnabel was used next to Pelikan as a term for the circu­ latory with the curved neck. The term is of further interest in that no dictionary records it. Only Zedler's lexicon (vol. 31* 849, s.v. Retorte) registers Storch- schnabel next to Retorte, Retorta as a term for "ein irdenes oder gl&sernes chymisches Instrument oder Gefap" which has "einen ziemlich dicken Bauch, auch gebogenen

Hals" and which is used "zur D estination der fixen

Geister, welche nicht so hoch steigen kdnnen." In dis­ tillation literature of the sixteenth century Pelikan is the more common term and Storchschnabel the one only occasionally used.

The 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book carries a picture of an apparatus which Schelenz (57* 58) calls Amplexantes, "two lovers embracing," but Brunschwig does not give it a name.

oder aber in ein ander glas. deren zwei sint / ye eins in daz ander geet / deren figur also ist.

(I.11, f. XVIa ) Fig. 28: Amplexantes

In the 1512 edition he names it zwen cucurbit;

E tlic h ander machen zwen cucurbit oder gleser in ein- ander / deren form hie stat vff iedem cucurbit / ein selb gemachten helm mit einer langen r 8re n / oder schnabel / yn gon den buch des andern.

( I . 11, f . XVIa ) 107

Pig. 29: zwei cucurbit

U ls ta d t c a l l s t h i s same a p p aratu s d ie zwen B rS d er:

Darnach so seind auch etlichg / d ie s t e l l e n zwo C ucurbiten zu - sammen / also / das eines jeden Schnabel inn des anderen Bauch geht / di|J mSge man auch die zwen BrSder nennen. Und also steigt die Matery / die man Cir- culatorie Distillieren will / in einem auff / vnd in dem andern ab / vnd widerumb / vnd also immer au|J einem in das ander auff / vnd nider.

( I , f . XXXVI3 ) 108

Brunschwig also uses the term retort to designate a

glass circulatory curved at the top like a stork's beak;

however, it occurs only once in the 1500 edition of the distillation book.

Darnach mustu haben krumme gleser, fornan wie ein storckschnabel gnant retort also geformpt vnd der gleser mit zweien armen genant pelican / deren form also ist.

(1.4, f. Ib)

The term derives from French retorte, Spanish r e t o r t a and I t a l i a n r i t o r t a and came in to th e German language during the sixteenth century. The French word is in turn derived from the Latin retorquere, 'twist back1 80 and its past participle passive retortus.

As the "Pelikan" and "Storchschnabel" the "retort" is bent, having been formed into one piece out of "Kolben,"

"Helm", and "Ablaufrbhre." The "retort" is a further de­ velopment of the "Kolben", the original form among phar- 81 maceutical laboratory apparatus.

The German plural Retorten is used by Ryff meaning two vessels joined together to permit flow back and forth:

80 Rudolf Schmitz, p. 148. pi Schmitz, p. 148. 109 Welter wirt auch dlse gegensteigung in zweyen Retorten von etlich zB Wegen b ra c h t / welche auch gegen e in - ander gericht werden sollen / das je eim empfahe was von dem andern auff- s t e l g t .

(I, f. XVIIIb)

Ulstadt glosses Retorten (pi.) with "krumme gleser":

Darnach sol man es durch ein filtz D i s t i l l i e r e n in krummen G lesern / die man Retorten nennt. (I, f. Ia) There is much evidence for the use of Retorte after

the sixteenth century, and the foreign term seems to pre­

vail slowly though not without some resistance, as Campe

n o te s :

Retorte, in der Scheidekunst, ein kugelfhrmiges GefSJJ mit langem zurUckgedrehtem oder krummen H alse. Wir haben Kolben dafUr. Ad. hatte also das fremde Wort nicht als ein deutsches aufzunehmen gebraucht.

Other lexica and dictionaries such as Zedler's®^ and 84 Adelung*s record Retorte as a fixed term in Chemistry.

The 1847, 1882, 1901, and 1 9 0 8 editions of the Brockhaus

82 Joachim Heinrich Campe, WSrterbuch der deutschen Sprache (Braunschweig: Schulbuchhandlung, 1 8 0 7 - l i ) , ErgSnzungsband, 535. 83 x x x i , 8 4 9 . 84 0 III, 1410. 110

ConversationslexIkon list "Destillationsgefap" as the

established meaning of Retorte.

As has been mentioned already, "Kolben," "Helm,"

and "Ablaufrohr" were originally separate distillation

apparatus and "Kolben" was the one into which the sub­

stance to be distilled was put. In the 1500 edition of

Brunschwig's distillation book kolben has this meaning

and stands for the vessel which is one of the three basic

components of a distillation apparatus, kolben origi-

nally designated objects shaped and used like a club. ^

Old High German kolbo and Middle High German kolbe have 86 the meaning "Stange mit dlckem Ende, Keule aIs Waffe."

Of course HOG kolbo and MHG kolbe do not yet desig­

nate the distillation apparatus. Actually, the distilla- 87 tion apparatus, according to TrUbner, was originally a

kitchen apparatus, a "flaschenfbrmiges Kochgefap and was

later called Kolben by the chemist.

The term kolben is documented frequently in distilla­

tion and other science areas after the sixteenth century.

85 SchweizerlschesIdiotlkon, IV, 571-72. 86 See Hermann Paul, Deutsches Wbrterbuch, 7th ed., rev. Werner Betz (TUbingen: M.Nlemeyer, 1976), pp. 359“ 6 0 . 87 TrUbner's deutsches Wbrterbuch, ed. Alfred Goetze and Walther Mitzka (Berlins Walther de Gruyter, 1939“57 )> IV, 222. I l l 88 The d i c t i o n a r i e s , as f o r in sta n c e Z edler or Campe*s 8Q dictionary ^ register it as a term in chemistry, and in 9 0 modern times in the Brockhauo Conversatlonslexikon and

Meyers Conversatlonslexikon 91 Kolben can stand for a glass

vessel in metallurgy.

Brunschwlg also uses the term kolben glag:

hie wil ich dir ein ander ler geben hunig z8 dystillieren / nym hunig also vil du wilt thu in ein kolben glap vpstopff in wol.

(II.8, f. LVIIa)

In later texts such as Ryff*s (from which the fol­

lowing passage is taken) and Lonitzer's, one also finds

kolben glap as well as kolben.

Wann solchs alles mit fleip z8 gerichtet / so geup wasser darin / das es dem kolben glap z8 rechter hohe kumen wie ich dir solches alle zeit der besseren proportion

88XV, 1 4 8 5 . 8^ I I , 9 9 8: "in der Scheidekunst sind die Kolben, kugelige giaserne GefSsse mit engem langem, entweder ge- radem oder gebogenem, nach dem Ende zu sich verengendem Halse, deren man sich zum Abziehen, Scheiden, Verbrennen u. fester und flUssiger Kdrper bedient, auch Kolben- flasche, Kolbenglas, KolbengefSss (Retorte)."

^Brockhaus, ed. 1902, X, 4 8 l : "in der Chemie ist Kolben ein kugeliges Glassgefap mit nach dem Ende zu sich erwelterndem Hals, das bei der D estination als Vorlage verwendet wird."

^ Meyers Conversatlonslexikon (1905)* XI, 2 5 7 . 112

halb / mit einem besunderen strich- lin anzeyget / also dap der erste strich dir bedeut vnd anzeyget wie weit die Cucurbit Oder kolbengla? mit der materi / welche du D istillieren wilt / erfUllet werden sol.

( I , f . Xa ) The variant Pestillierkolben already occurs in the

sixteenth century, as the following passage fromRyff’s

text shows:

Die werme so lch es aber zSwegen z8 - bringen / vnd zu gemeiner digestion oder auch D istillation / on fewer kUnstlich zu arbeyten / must du ein sunderlichs gefeg haben / nem- lich ein runde kugel / in der weitte vnd grop des andern theyIs oder bauchs des gef'ep oder D istillier kolben.

( I , f . Xa )

Rbsslin's Kreutterbuch of 1550 also documents the term Dlstilllerkolben. It is further documented in 92 Adelung's and certainly in other dictionaries in the meaning "glass vessel."

Because of the round gourd-shaped belly of the

"Kolben" this distillation vessel was also called cucurbit, from Latin cucurblta. Cucurblta was a medical

92II, 1692* 113 term meaning "cup" in Antiquity during the time of 93 Pliny. In the 1500 edition of Brunschwig’s distillation book cucurbit designates a gourd-shaped apparatus used as a receiver as well as a circulatory in distillation pro­ cesses. Brunschwig explains that the German equivalent to cucurbit is kolben:

Darnach mustu haben gleser-^ genant cucurbit / von den ^tutschen kolben gemacht vonn Venedischen scherben glap / vff das sie flier e r lid e n mogen / deren form a ls o i s t .

(1.4, f. Ib)

Pig. 30: cucurbit

^Charles Lewis a nr1 harles Short, Harper's Latin Dictionary (New York; Ci m ati: American Book Co., 1907), p‘. 487. 114

Ryff’s text has kolben slag as a synonym for the germanized term Cucurbit;

als dann solt du ein hSltzin gefep haben von starckem Eychen holtz / gegen diser ertz kugel / vnd dein gefep darin du distillieren / oder solche obgemelte starcke Digestion thun wilt / in nachgesetzter pro­ portion zugelotet zu einem kolben glap / also dap solche kugel in das wasser vnderhalb in den boden gelegt werde / vnnd auff die kugel solt du ein rundt / geleich ein- geschnitten bretlin haben / voller lScheh durchbShrt / wie auch vor- mals angezeygt / dises bretlin sol satt hineingehen in den hultzin zuber / darmit es von der kugel vnnd dem wasser nit Qber sich ent- bor schwimme / so lang b ip du es befestigt odder beschnSrt hast mit dem b le ie n r in g / d a ra u ff das kolben glap oder Cucurbit auff gebunden ist / darin the materi verschlossen / welche du dlgerieren odder putref- cieren wilt mit starcker hitz / oder auch D istillieren nach deinem gefallen.

(I, f, Xa )

The 1 5 9 7 edition of Brunschwig’s distillation book records German kUrbsen (pi.) for Latin Cucurbltae. An illustration shows that these terms stand for vessels of increasing, graduated heights. 115

Fig. 31s ktlrbsen/Cucurbitae

The text from the 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation

book containing kSrbsen and Cucurbitae reads:

Darum ich dir solche gefeg / wie sie in rechter geschicklicher pro­ portion bereit werden sollen / so der distillation vnd anderer vil- feltiger wirckung oder operation / der distillierung he-halfflich vnd vgn noten / anzeigen / vnd mit gleip zu augenscheinlichem Exempel auff- reisen wil. Vnd erstlich ein an- fang nemen an den Kolbenglfsern / welche von wegen ihrer gestalt / Cucurbitae, oder K§rbsen genandt 116

werden / der soltu fUrnemlich in der proportion fUnfferley art haben / deren je einer hoher dann der ander / doch in gleicher weite / vnd solchs auch vielfaltiger vr- sach halb / dann als wir etlich sonderliche grad deg Fewrs ge- setzt haben / also finden wir auch mancherley grad des auffsteigens / dann etlich Materi viel hoher dann die ander / getrieben werden mag.

(I, f. xn b)

The basic form of the "Kolben" is the gourd. Gesner

too links the derivation, as Brunschwig has done in 1.11, f . VIIb, of the term cucurblta (acc. sg. cucurbltam) with the shape of a gourd and gives the German equivalent kurpsen (acc. sg.). However, this apparatus is used by doctors and barbers in their practice to distill water:

Das destillier gefeg / so die Latiner nennend Cucurbltam ein kSrpsen / von wegen der gleychfSrmige / so dises gegen einer kurpsen hat / wirt gmein- lich in DeUtsch bey den artzeten vnd balbieren / so da pfligend wasser z8 distillieren / ein Kolb genannt: welcher ein vergleychung hat mit dem Alembick oder helm / wie das h au p t mit dem le y b .

( I , f . XXXVII3 )

In the 1512 edition of the distillation book Brun­ schwig describes a special kind of gourd-shaped "cucurbit" with two handles: 117

Darnach solt du haben krug genant cucurbit mit hangthaben / darutnb das sie glelch den kurbsen seindt mitt den handthaben yn vnd aujpzaheben / darin zu distillleren honig / deren figur 1st als hie neben stat.

(1.14, f. XXVIb)

Pig. 32: cucurbit mit handthaben

The foregoing explanations have shown how the Latin term cucurblta and the germanized cucurbit are used to designate the gourd-shaped apparatus and how the synonym kurp(b)se is used, to be sure only when the Latin c u c u rb ita or th e German c u c u rb it stan d s next to i t . The 118 following heading to an illustration from Rbsslin's

Kreutterbuch of 1550 shows that the German kurp(b)se in 0 compound form K urbsgleser becomes a p a rt of German voca­

bulary, although the word of Latin origin lives on:

SwcurWtttt ofccr jvttvfogwfi r / bcftc

Fig* 33: Cucurbiten/Kurbsgleser

gutterolff in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book stands for a glass vessel in which the substance to be distilled is heated and distilled by 119 placing the vessel in a "Backofen". The distillation

process is "destillatio per panis":

der d r i t t e modus vnd sin n z8 d i s - tillieren in elm bach offen 1st daz du nemest ein glap wie ein gutterolff / darin geton rosen / Oder ander blumen [...] dar vff gemacht ein hUltzin zepflin vast wol vnd geheb / daz getragen in ein brot becker hup / ein deigk darvmb ge~ schlagen in der vil das daz glap wol verdeckt sy wie ein brot / das in ein offen geleit.

( 1 . 1 0 , f . v n a )

Brunsc.hwig calls the vessel gutterolff glas in a d istil­

lation process involving burying it in an ant-hill:

d er fU nff weg vnd modus z8 d i s t i l l i e r e n in eym emeip huffen 1st das du nemest ein gutterolff glas den gemeynen lutenQ wol bekant / gantz vol gefUllet mit blumen welcher ley du w ilt. dann wol verstopfft vnd vermacht wie ich oben gemeldet hab / vnd das glas verdolben Oder vergraben in ein emeip huffen genant beremeissen vff v .i.i.l.i. tag Oder lenger darnach du sichst das es wasser geben hat dann thS das glap her vp.

(1.12, f f . VIIb-VIIIa) The vessel called gutterolff glas has a manifold application and a long history, gutterolff and its many variants including those with initial k-„ like kut(t)- erolf(f), kutrolf, kudrolf, gut(t)trolf, kottrolf, kodrolf, gotterolf, kodrolf, kutrolfglas, is derived from Latin gutta, "der Tropfen," from guttus, "der Krug" and 120 g4 gutturnlum, "die Giesskanne" ; or from Latin guttur,

ii ii 95 der Kropf. Georges mentions for guttus the meaning

"ein Krug mit sehr engem Halse, aus dem die FlUssigkelten

(01, Salbe, Wein) tropfenweise herausflossen; die Kanne

urn den Wein tropfenweise auf die patera (Opferschale) zu

g l e s s e n ."

•I Grimm's Deutsches Wbrterbuch (IV , 1482) suggests

a derivation from Latin guttur, "der Kropf" because of

the shape of the "Kropf” and the thick-bellied flask;

this etymology would explain better the derivation of

late OHG gutter from Latin guttur. In German gutterolff

and its variants, like guttrel in the meaning "langes,

enges Glas," "glSsernes Trinkgefag," "Flasche" are heavl- 96 ly documented for the Middle High German period.

9^See Du Cange, Glossarium Mediae et Inflmae Latinl tatls, p. 444; a. Forcelllnl, Totius Latinitatls Lexicon, III, 248-49; P. Dasypodius, p.“88: "gutturnlum, l£in gleg f ag." ^K arl Ernst Georges, AusfUhrliches lateinisch- deutsches Handwbrterbuch aus den Quellen zusammengetragen und mit besonderer Bezugnahme auf Synonymlk" und Antiqui-" tgten und BerUcksichtlgung der besten Hilfsmittel (1913; rpt. Hannover: Hahn, 1962), I, 2895* 96 See Schade, Althochdeutsches Wttrterbuch, I, 360; Lexer, I, 1128; I, 1804; Benecke-MUller-Zarncke, I, 59^1 DIefenbach, 232°; Deutsches Wbrterbuch, IV1, 1482 and V, 2 8 8 3. 121 Grimm’s Deutsches Wbrterbueh, moreover, assumes the

ending -olf to be derived from -wolf, as in MHG Q 7 trlegolf "Betrtiger." Although the forms with -olf are

in the majority, there is also MHG guttrel which is

probably derived from the French, or from Middle Latin

it h9 8 gutturnlum and related to Middle Latin guttur, Kehle.

The coexistence of these various forms is shown in

the Willehalm Text which documents guttrel and in the

Kassel manuscript of 133^ which contains gutrolfe,

kuterolfe (pi.). The excerpt from the Willehalm text

mentions a glass, a drinking vessel, which is placed in

a brook f o r coolings "Wir su le n trin k e n maneges kunnen /

und in die claren brunnen hahen / guttrel von glase"

(lines 15-17)." The meaning "drinking vessel," "wine flask" is also

evident between the fourteenth and the seventeenth

century. Lexer’*’" and Grimm’s Deutsches

97 See Deutsches WSrterbuch, V, 2883, and Adolf Bach, Deutsche Namenkunde, I, pt. 1, 3 2 6 -2 7 .

q Q ^ ^ See Schade, I, 360; Deutsches Wbrterbuch, IV , 1482; DasSchweizerlsche Idiotikon, II, 533* QQ Albert Leitzmann, ed., Wolfram von Eschenbach*s ’Willehalm’ (Halle/S.: M. Niemeyer, 1906), p. 1*5. 122 101 WSrterbuch quote the following passage from the

Fastnachtssplele of the fifteenth century:

lch will slnn kutrolf mit wein oben auf meinem haubt fUrn und schol dennoch die erden nit perurn.

(fast. 581,8)

Next to this meaning kutrolf can also mean "Harn- glas" and can be a synonym for urinal, a term for a 102 vessel used in medicine. Again the Fastnachtssplele provide an example: "subtil ich in ein kutrolf seich. / der oben 1st als ein preukuf / (braukupfe) weit. (fast.

2 7 5 , 1*0 ." And finally kutrolf has the general meaning of a glass used to store liquids, for example in the kitchen, but especially in an alchemist's laboratory or in an apo­ th e c a ry .

Kutrolf in the meaning "distillation vessel" is documented before Brunschwig as the following passage from 103 Erhard Hesel's Arzneibuch shows:

“V, 2883| see also other references, e.g. fastn. 1 2 1 6 . 102 Deutsches WOrterbuch, V, 2883. 103 Bernard Dietrich Haage, ed., Das Arzneibuch de3 Erhard Hesel (GOppingen: Alfred KUmmerle, 1973), p. 5^. 123 Wiltu machen ein gutt wasseg fSr die gesbulst,eso nym vollicjj plud und weg- barten plud, papelen plud, daten, coren- plud, karenplumen, der rotten cle, beissen cle, rosen vehen distel plud, dar zu nim nachtschaden und feuchel und laub stSck und haselburcz und maria pletter, und das num alles zesamen, und das kraut pren besunder, und nim dan das selbe basser, und misch gs durch ein kutrolff glas, und halt das uber J a r .

Gesner records the variant gutterenn not in the meaning distillation vessel but receptacle:

Das fUrsatzglag dareyn das hiraug gedestilliert wasser empfangen wirdt / 1 st mertheil ein glasine phiolen / gutterenn / Oder angster / mit einem langen haip / in welches muntloch die roren oder schnabel dep helms eyn gestossen wirdt: damit der edle geruch der wasseren nit verrieche.

(I, f. XLa)

Finally, under the group of terms for glass vessels into which the substance to be distilled is placed there

Is urinal which, as has already been seen, is also a syn­ onym for kutrolf. Brunschwig uses urinal to designate a glass vessel in which the substance is heated by the sun rather than by fire:

Der ander modus vnd synn z8 distillieren on flier das geschicht vnd mag geschehen an der sunnen on alien kosten oder feller / vnd i s t daz du mympst e in glap daz oben vnd vnden gar hohe glich wyt ist / genant ein vrinal / als dise f i g u r .

(1.9, f. VIIa) Pig. 34: urinal

This term, too, derives from Latin, and the vessel for which it stands was used in o'rher areas than d istil­ lation. It may be that the vessel was first of all, as

Schelenz suggests (p. 32) a kitchen apparatus which was then brought into the laboratory and used as a chemical apparatus. The term originally meant "urine glass" and is derived from Latin urina, "urine." In Salerno during the eighth and ninth centuries there developed the pro­ cess of examining the urine In an attempt to detect 104 various Illnesses. The vessel called urinale was the

104 See Lexer, II, 790, and Benecke-MUller-Zarncke, I I I , 194b . 125 chief one used in the process. The use of urinal to designate a distillation apparatus, is, however,short­ lived possibly because of its relation to 'urine.' Texts after the sixteenth century have the meaning "Harnglass."

In the following section the vessels which belong to the category of "Stehkolben," that is, those which re­ ceive the distillate, will be discussed.

The word most often documented is Brunschwig's vlole, a synonym for fSrsetzer gleser (pi.) in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book:

Sich gebUrt z8 haben fUrsetzer gleser genant violen mit langen helsen vnd eng munt locher zu entpfohen das wasser schnabel oder roren des alem- bick. des form also ist. (1.4, f. Ila)

F ig . 35i v io le 1 2 6 Like Brunschwig, Gesner also records viola as a

designate for a receptacle in distillation:

Das fUrsatz glap dareyn das hiraup gedestilliert wasser empfangen wirdt / ist mertheil ein glasine phiolen / gutterenn / Oder angster / mit einem langen haip / in welches muntloch die roren oder schnabel dep helms eyn- gestossen wirdt: damit der edle geruch der wassern nit verrieche.

(I, f. XLa)

Phlole is used and is known in the seventeenth and 105 eighteenth centuries. However, the Conversations- 106 lexlkon of the nineteenth century considers it outmoded.

viole is from Greekand means "Trinkschale":

originally it meant "kesselartiges Geschirr mit Boden" and 107 in Homer "Totenurne.11 Since it was originally a

shallow drinking vessel, its form must have been altered.

105 See Adelung, III, 1601, and Campe, Erganzungs- band, 477: "Phiole, die Kugelflasche. Viellelcht auch, well sie mit einem Halse versehen zu sein pflegt, die Langhalsflasche.

XI, 208: "Phiole ist in aiteren chemischen und alchymistischen Schriften der jetzt ausser Gebrauch ge- kommene Name fUr ein giasernes Gefap mit langem. engem Halse und Mundloch, aber weitem, rundem Bauche. '

^■^See Schulz, Phiole flala occurs in OHG glosses as nom. pi. fialun

(Gh. 12 = Ahd. Glossen in Gregorii homil.; cod. . 108 tegerus. - 10. jh.). It derives from Middle Latin f t o l a .

Brunschwig uses viole in the sense of receptacle for distillation and viol glas, viol gleser (pi.) meaning "Scheideglas," as the following reference from the 1512 edition of the distillation book shows:

Darnach solt du haben Yi°l gleser darinn §1 von wasser zQ scheyden / so s ie vnbgekert m it dem fin g e r das loch verstopffet auggelassen das wasser so der finger darinnen gethon wirt als lang bip das ol kumpt dann das glap wider vnbegkert. Der figur ist also.

(I.11, f. XVIIIb)

108See Graff, III, 495 128

Pig. 36: viol glas

In like manner Paracelsus writes the compound form viol glas (P4, 123), though not for the first time as

Weimann^^^ assumes.

In the texts of the sixteenth century the term receptackel, from Latin receptaculum, meaning vessel to receive the distillate which comes from the retorts, often occurs. One of the earliest, if not the earliest, references for receptackel in the meaning "distillation

■^^Karl-Heinz Weimann, "Die deutsche medizinische Pachsprache des Paracelsus" (Diss. Erlangen, 1951 )> p. 3^0. 129 vessel" is found in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book.

Dar nach den ofen z8 vercleibt vnd ein alembic vff das glap gethon vnd verlutiert / vnd ein receptackel dar fUr geleit / alles wol verlutiert.

(1.17, f. IXa) The meaning of the word receptackel and the function of the apparatus are made very clear in Gesner's work:

Vnd schlach umb die kolben leynine genetzte tScher / damit sy satt bleybind in den lochern / vnd deB wassers dunst nicht haraup dringen mbge. Dip gleychen solt du auch mit leyninen tacheren umbschlahen die helm diser kolben / vnd dise kolben vnnd helm die sollend seyn yrdin verglest oder glasin: demnach so leg rosen in die kolben / vnnd setz auff einen yeden sein eignen helm / vnnd setz vnder yeden schnabel oder zolggen ein receptackel / dareyn das destilliert wasser hiraup fliesse / vnd empfangen w erde. ( I , f . XXIXb ) 130

/

Fig* 37: receptackel

The dictionaries cite receptaculum not only in the meaning of distillation apparatus110 but also in the

Zedler, XXX, 1269: "in the Chymie ist Recep­ taculum ein Reclpiente oder Vorlage, welches ein gross- bSndiges glSsernes Gefag ist, die destillierten FlUssig- keiten, als Wasser, Geist, Ole, u.d.g. aufzufangen. Receptaculum chymicum, ein Vorlageglas, Recipiente." 131 meaning "Fruchtboden" or "Blumenscheide," that is, the part of the flower where the pollinating parts origi- 111 n a t e . 112 In the dictionaries and lexica I have also found the term recipient, from Latin reciplens meaning "recep­ tacle." For the most part the German equivalent fUrsatz glas predominates In the texts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Brunschwig's 1512 edition of the distillation book shows this tendency clearly.

Darnach soltu haben fUrsatzgleser / so man distillieren will Aqua fort / darein zu entpfohen die spiritus vnd geyst bald nach dem mundtloch sich weitern / auff das sich die spiritus bald von elnander th8n / genant Receptackel / in Teutscher zungen fUrsetzgleser / darumb das drin entpfangen wirt das gedistilliert / des figur also ist.

(1.4, f. XIla)

^■^See Heyse's Fremdwbrterbuch, p. 1719*

112See Adelung, III, 1601; Zedler, XXX, 1269; Campe, p. 1719* Fig. 38: fUrsatz glas

Ryff does not write the German term as a compound word in the following passage, but he does make exceed­ ingly clear that this is a vessel which is placed before the retort, "Kolben" or other distillation apparatus to receive the distillate.

Dann wiewol sunst ein yede gliglin solche tropffende feuchte empfahen mochte / sind doch die rgceptackel Oder rechten fUr setz gliser auff ein sunderlich form vnnd gestalt nutz / nUtglichen erdacht worden / Solcher gliser solt du vil haben / in vngleiche grog nach der art der Instrument / welchen du solche f Ur - setzen wilt. (I, f. XXIIIa) 133 In another passage, however, Ryff does write the

compound:

w£l ich dir welter / was noch mehr zu solchem operieren von nSten ist / gleicher mag in kurtzem anzeygen / Vnnd slnd solchs etlich eugerliche Instrument / so du alle zeit bei dir haben solt / vnd erstlich die fUr- setz gliser oder Receptackel / welche jre besundere form vnnd gestalt haben s o lle n .

(I, f. XXIII3)

Gesner's text shows the function of this d istil­ lation vessel very clearly:

Der Kinel Oder r8r / welcher von Helm weyt hirfir geht / vnd vndersich bogen ist / wirt genannt mit mancherley namen / als da ist ein Kannel / Schnabel / ROren. Darumb dag durch deg selbigen hole / die aufgetribenen vnd zusamen kommend innwendig im limbo (das ist im inneren faltz oder saum / beym absatz deg helms / welcher zu ringweyg harumb gehet / vnd die aufgetribnen tropflin inn sich fasset / haraup iouffend in das fUr- satzglag oder receptackel.

( I , f . XXXVII3 )

A slight variant is Brunschwig’s fUrsetzer gleser which he uses in the 1500 edition of the distillation book in connection with the term vlole:

Sich gebllrt z8 haben fUrsetzer gleser genant violen mit langen helsen vnd eng munt lBcher za entpfohen das wasser schnabel oder rBren des alembick. des form also ist.

(1.4, f. II3) 134

I

Fig* 39: fUrsetzer glas

Brunschwig speaks of a special form of the "fUrsetz- glas" or "receptackel" in the 1597 edition of his dis­ tillation book. Here the vessel receives the moisture through a spout projecting from the middle rather than th e to p .

Fig. 40: fUrsetzglas 135

FBrsetzgltser as a term for a receptacle with a spout in the middle also occurs in Lonitzer's book; in the following passage he notes that this shape is best.

Fursetzgliser beste art ist / welche die feuchte vom Distillierhelm in mitte empfahen / durch ein rSrlin / vnd oben wie du hieneben verzeychnet sihest / geheb vnnd gantz seind / damlt die warmen spiritus nicht oben aup mogen.

(f. IIIb ) H 'a Grimm's Deutsches Wbrterbuch documents the term fursetzglas for the second half of the sixteenth century

(Sebiz feldbau, 1579) J Brunschwig, however, supplies an earlier use of the term and thus makes possible a pre­ dating of the term.

Grimm1^ refers to the form vorsetzglas which shows the prefix vor- that later predominates. In Paracelsus' chemical writings (1618) one reads: "darein man das vorsetzglaszlein stellen mag." (741 ).

After the sixteenth century the term retains its prefix fUr-, vor- but not in the combination with setzen.

113IV, 763; XII2, 444. Ll4 IV, 763. 1 3 6

Rather, It is used with a form of legen, as in vorlage. 1 1 5 The Deutsches Wbrterbuch J records Vorlage as a seven­ teenth-century technical term without specific documen­ ta t i o n :

vorlage. ein glas zum vorlegen dag eine abfliessende flUssigkeit darin aufgefangen werde, namentlich zum vorlegen vor eine Retorte.

The term does not occur in Brunschwig's text, but the idea of "dar flir geleit" and "dar fUr gesetzt" is pre­ valent, as in the following passage: "vnd setz ein glas dar fUr / also die rSr des helms in das glap gang."

(1.18, f. IXb).

Ruland (p. 403) offers a good reference for Vorlage in the seventeenth century:

Receptaculum est vas amplum et globosum distillantes humores recipiens, vulgo ein Vorlage a p p e la tu r .

115 IV, 763. CHAPTER FIVE

OTHER TERMS FOR DISTILLATION APPARATUS

In this final chapter the following terms will be explained: kessel, pfanne, cappel, and kachel which designate the vessels into which one puts chemical mix­ tures to be distilled and which may hold other distilla­ tion vessels such as the flask. Also included is drelf8g, "tripod,” a flat instrument which may support a kettle or a pan for heating.

kessel means the spouted kettle to hold the glass vessel in the distillation furnace. The apparatus' use is made very clear in the following passage from the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book:

Der se c h ste modus vnd sin n vonn dem distillieren in balneum marie / oder in duplo vase / daz ist also das das glap stand in einem warmen wasser daz do Ist in em kessel oder kUpfern cappeln mit eingr kUpfferin rbren / wie ich vor gezogt hab das der ofen nit nag werde ob das wasser wolt Uber louffen.

(1.13, f. VIII3)

137 138 Brunschwig also explains in the following from the 1500 edition of the distillation book that the kettlefigures in the "balneum mariae" process, is made of copper and is related to the vessel called cappel.

Darnach gebSrt zehaben kUpfferin kessel oder kUpfferin cappeln in der wyte drithalb vierteil einer ellen / in der tyefe ouch also mit einer kUpffern rgren halb ellen lang / vnd die ror soli ston .ii. zuerch finger oben am end also hie stot / dar in zu dis- tillieren in balneum marie / oder in ventre equino / als ich hernach zeigen will.

(1.4, f. Ia)

Pig* 41: kessel 139 kessel can also designate a part of the "brennofen," as a passage In Ulstadt's text shows:

Darnach setz den DreyfuP in einen Ofen der einen welten Kessel hab / wie das Balneum Marie ist / das der Kessel halber oder die zwey drittheyl yoll Wassers sey. Vnd solt den Dreyfap in den selben Kessel stellen / vnd der selb Kessel sol wie du hie sihst / ein ge- mawert seln.

(I, f. IIIa)

Modern German Kessel (Engl-, kettle) derives from

Germanic *katlla, a borrowed form from Latin catll(l)us,

"a small bowl," a diminutive form of catinus, "a bowl, a deep v e s s e l f o r co oking." The Old High German and Middle

High German form is kezzel. The term kessel offers further proof that many distillation apparatus were origi­ nally kitchen utensils.

The word kessel is, however, characterized as a term in distillation only through the context. It gets a speci­ fic meaning in the compound form, as in Dlstllllerkessel

(see the passage from the 1597 edition on the following page), or similarly in other technical languages in com­ pounds such as BrSukessel, FSrbekessel, Fischkessel.

116 Kluge, p. 365 9 s.v. Kessel. 140

Lag erstllch ein solchen Ofen bereiten / wie ich dich hernach alle D istillier- ofen kUnstlich wil leren bereiten / von vngebachen Ziegelsteinen / Wann du ein solchen Ofen bereit hast / vnd ein gemeinen D istillierkessel mit seinen roren darein gesetzt hast / so lag dir von Eychenholtz ein starck dick Gefeg machen.

(I, f. VIb)

Pig. 42: Distilliet’kessel

As has been seen above (pages 137 and 138) cappel is a synonym to kessel. However, cappel stands for a spoutless vessel according to the illustration in the

1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book; its size depends on the shape of the distillation furnace.

Darnach cappeln von wysser erden. dar von man den goltschmiden oder mlintz m e istern schm eltz d ig e l machet. etlich Uber glasurt. etlich nit von den gemeinen / die wyte dritthalb viertel einer ellen. vnd die tyeffe als lang. doch etlich grosser / etlich cleiner nach der gestalt der offen / deren form alsoist. (1.4, f. Ia) 141

Fig. 43: cappel

The term cappel derives from a mixture of Middle

Latin capella (French chapelle), "cover of the distilla­ tion apparatus" and Middle Latin cupella (diminutive of 117 Latin cupa), "vat," French coupelle, "test pan."

The etymology of the word clearly shows that this distillation apparatus was originally used as a crucible and was borrowed from the goldsmith; this is quite clear in the above reference from the 1500 edition of

117 Kluge, p. 3^9; Deutsches Wttrterbuch, V, 1 8 3, s.v. Kapelle; II, 6 0 5 , s.v. capelle; TrUbner, IV, 95, s.v. Kapelle; Weigand, p. 9 8 3, s.v. Kapelle; Hermann Paul, p. 338, s.v. Kapelle. 142

distillation book. However, in the text it means a vessel

for distilling.

Contemporary texts such as the 1478 WUrttemberglsche

MUnz- und Metallkunde by Binder-Ebner record the former

meaning, i.e. "crucible," "testing pan" as in the follow­

ing? "DartzS so sBllen wir och haben ainen Probierer, der

da wyg d ie Muntz u ff d er C apell zS b ro b ie re n .

In this meaning the word survives to the present

time. As documentation the verb capellieren meaning 119 "Gold oder Silber auf der Capelle lHutern," which,

however, does not occur in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's

distillation book, may be mentioned.

It should be pointed out that cappel never means,

as does Middle Latin capella, "Helm eines D estillier-

kolbens" in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation

book. Rather, it always means a kettle-like, usually iron

container in which retorts or "Kolben" are heated. In the following passage the "capella" is used in a distillation

process which Brunschwig describes as distlllatlo per arenam because the glass vessels containing the

~^®Schwgblsches WSrterbuch, IV, 209• 119 Deutsches Wbrterbuch, II, 6 0 5 , s .v . c a p e l l i e r e n . 143

substances to be distilled can also be put into a "capella"

with sand or ashes.

Der d r i t t modus des andern wegs das man das glag in ein cappell setzt dar in gereden eschen 1st genant distillatio per c in e r e s . Der v ie rd modus des andern wegs das man sant fUr die eschen in die cappel thut dar in das glap stot genant distillatio per arenam.

(1.3, f. Ia) The word occurs in other sixteenth-century texts in

the meaning, but more and more the orthography changes to

Capelle (with one g_), as in Ulstadt's work:

Auch magst du vier Capellen / oder Sedel machen / also das in jeglichen ein Cu­ curbits steh / dar ein man die Matery zu dem Ausgang d ein s fBrnemens behender / vnd l e l c h t l l c h e r kommen. Das Rhor aber / das in der mitten ist / soil nicht hoher dann der Ofen sein.

(I, f. XIIIb)

or in Lonitzer’s:

Der ander ist ein Capell ge­ nant / ist nit so hoch / mit einem breyten ranfft / nach notturfft. MOgen auch von Kupffer gemacht w erden.

(I, f. IIb) The 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book contrasts the spoutless "capell" with the spouted

"kessel," noting that another difference between the two vessels is that the "capell" is not as tall. 144

Der ander mit B. verzelchnet / mag bil- llcher ein Capell dann ein Kessel / ge­ nant werden / bedarff / wie obgesagt / solcher h8he nit / sol ein runden breit- ranfft haben / damit er sich anhalte / vnd jnnerhalb dep Ofen nit dorffe vnder- bawen werden / sonder dap du Jhn nach deinem gefallen / ein vnnd aup heben magst / vnd solchen Ofen zu beyden Kesseln / Kupffer vnd jrdin / zum Wasser / aschen vnd Sand / brauchen. (I8b)

JL

Fig. 44: capell kessel

Another difference between the "capell" and the "kessel" which the two preceding references show is that the

"capell" has a "ranfft," a wide rim for lifting it in and out of the distillation furnace. 145

Later reference works such as Zedler's lexicon

(V, 622-33) seem to prefer the modification Sand-Capelle on the basis of Latin catinus arenarlus.

Capel in the meaning "distillation helmet" seems to occurin G esner1 s work only; Gesner n o tes th a t the "neliwen artzet" (probably those who are using distillation in medicine) call this apparatus Glocken, Hut, or Helm and

C ap el. Dann der H&t ist das gefeg / so oben auff ein kolben gesetzt wird / dag es ein figur vnd gestalt hatt eines haupts / so es mit dem kolben / welcher ein grossen bauch hatt / vergleychet wirdt. Die neliwen artzet nennend disen ein Capel / Glocken / Hut / inn welchen die aufge- tribnen dSnst in tropffens weyg zu wasser werdend. Die unseren nennend jn einen Helm.

( I , f . XXXVIIb )

"pfanne" is a vessel similar to the "cappel," and the term pfanne is used as a synonym to cappel, as the following reference from the 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book shows.

Nach diser angezeigten meinung magst du nach allem deinem gfallen solche D istillier ofen bereiten in mancherley form vnnd gestalt / ein grossen weiten Kessel ein- mauren / darinn viel Kolben bey einander steh e n mSgen / oder mehr k le in e r K essel zusammen stellen / wie solchs etwan die gelegenheit dep platzes / oder andere geschickllcheit erfordert. Den Ofen mit den vilen Kesseln soltu aber insonderheit in dieser hieneben gesetzten proportion auffrichten / welcher von solchem ein- fachen ofelin am wenigsten vnderscheiden 146 wirdt. So du aber elnera jeden Kolben ein besondere jrdine Capell oder Pfannen verordnen woltest / magstu diesen Ofen also bereiten.

( I , f . XIXa )

In the 1500 edition of the distillation book

Brunschwig mentions that the pan may be used in the dis­

tillation process with ashes, but not in sand, because of

the possibility of its melting.

Darnach zynnen helm vnd vnden blyhen pfannen. darnach blyhen helm vnd blyhen pfannen / als etliche closter frowen brennent / als ich zu Strap- burg selber gesehen hab das die pfannenn vnden blyhen warend vnd mit holtz brantent. aber vast cleyn vnd subtile fUer / vnd die pfannen stundent In geredener eschen eyner hend dick vnd nit In sandt / vff daz sie nit schmiltzen.

(1.18, f. IXb)

In another reference, however, he mentions that the pan, like the *'cappel," may be used in the distillation process with sand and placed in the distillation furnace.

Der modus vnd sinn z8 brennen in den gemeynen offen do man vil wasser brennen will / Vnd das geschicht etwan mit holtz / etwan mit kolen / etwan mit lohe klotzen von eim gerber / etwan mit segespenen / vnder den alien ist das holtz das vn- n titz e s t. wan warumb d ie w asser g ern brentzen dar von / es sy dan sach das sand vnder die pfan werd geton vff vier zwerch finger / vnd dar vff gesetzt die pfann oder kachel gmacht von erden liber glasurt oder kupfer / vnd dar vmb ge- 147

leyt sandt z8 ring vmb / vnd wol ver- cleibt das du sie nit vp dem offen mit lychter handt haben magest.

(1.18, ff. IXa~b)

Pfanne is a synonym to capell in Gesner's text:

Die Capellen abgr oder Pfannen (in den gemeinen rosenhuten) so aup bley gemachet sind / habend for das vierdt den preyp.

( I , f . XLIVb )

In the 1597 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book, however, "pfanne" is a double vessel whose inner part is the "cappel" and whose outer part serves to hold the sand, ash or water:

Zum Sand und der Aschen laB dir ein jrdin Gefep machen / Aber zu dem Wasser KUpfferin pfannen / welch doppel seyn sollen / doch dermassen in einander geschlossen / dap man es fUr ein eintzig oder gantz Gefep achte. Solcer massen sol er auch eingesetzt werden / dap es gantz dicht auff einander bleibe / doch dermassen / dap man solches Geschirr / wo man wil / gantz mit einander aup- heben mbge / das Wasser daraup zugiessen nach vollbrachter Operation der Dis- tillierung / Welches Gefep / wiewohl es gantz schlecht vnnd einfeltig / doch auch sein eigentliche proportion haben sol / in die runde / so viel mbg- lich gestellet / als die bequemer form / wie hie angezeiget wirt.

( i , f f . x x b - x x i a ) 148

Fig. 45; pfanne and capoel (double vessel)

Another synonym for cappel and pfann is kachel, a term originally designating a kitchen utensil. Meaning

"SchUssel, Tiegel, Topf, vertieftes GefSg" the vessel was transferred to the laboratory for distillation purposes.

Brunschwig records the term in the following passage:

Der modus vnd sin n z8 brennen in den gemeynen offen do man vil wasser brennen will / Vnd das geschicht etwan mit holtz / etwan mitt kolen / etwan mit lohe klotzen von eim gerber / etwan mit segespenen / vnder den alien ist das holtz das vn- nUtzest. wan warum die wasser gern brentzen dar von / es sy dan sach das sand vnder die pfan werd geton vff vier zwerch finger / vnd dar vff gesetzt die pfann oder kachel gmacht von erden Uber glasurt oder kupfer. a_b (X •l8 , ff« IX )

During Brunschwig's time it seems that the term was mostly a dialect word and was especially common in the Upper German area. This explains perhaps why itis absent in Ryff's, Ulstadt's, and Gesner's works. Another explanation is perhaps its almost exclusive use as a 149 term for a kitchen apparatus. Lonitzer does record it and gives hafen as a synonym:

Ein gebrSuchlicher Distillierofen / mit iiij. helmen in des mitte mag mann ein en k le in e n hafen odder Kachel einsetzen / vnd sand darein mann ein en P e llic a n / Oder andere Circulation stellen mag.

(I* f. VIIIb)

dryfSg meaning "tripod," an apparatus commonly used in modern chemistry, is the final term for a distillation apparatus to be explained here. It means the apparatus that supports the kettle or the pan for heating. The word generally refers to a three-legged stool in the kit­ chen (Deutsches Wbrterbuch, II, 1380-81).

The Vocabularius theutonicus of 1482 supplies a pre-'

Brunschwlg reference, though not in the meaning "distilla­ tion apparatus." There one reads: "Tripods, altar oder tryfllssiger Tisch" (Diefenbach, p. 597) and "Chytropus, irdin gefag mit dreyen oder vler fUssen" (Diefenbach, p. 124).

In the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's distillation book and in other texts of the sixteenth century dryfSg means the apparatus placed in the distillation furnace to support other apparatus, as the following passage clearly shows: 150

Der zehende modus vnd wegk ist vonn dem d i s t i l l i e r e n f r y in dem filer / a lso das nut zwllschen dem filer vnd dem glaB ist / als man distilliert aqua fort / vnd ander starck wasser ist not das man e in ysen wie e in d ry fu s in dem ofen m it­ ten im ofen hab in gemuret mit yedem o r t in d ie wend des o fe n s. vnd das das glag von Venedisch scherben gemachet sy vff ein zwerch finger dick von oben bi|5 vnden v|3 dar nach das glas ver- lutiert vonn oben bi9 niden vg eyns zwerch fingers dick vnd dar nach das gla? gefllllet den dritten teyl noch dinen begeren / vnd vff den dryfQfi gesetzt der ouch verstrichen soil sin mit gotem leymen.

(1.17, f. IXa)

In the centuries after dryfuB loses the connotation

of distillation probably because the distillation pro­ cess changes and because it maintains the strong conno­ tation of "kitchen apparatus." CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION

These, then, are the distillation terras for d istil­

lation apparatus in the 1500 edition of Brunschwig's dis­

tillation book and in related texts of the sixteenth cen­

tury. I have attempted to investigate them according to

th e ir form and meaning in th e German language before

Brunschwig; to establish to what extent the terms are documented in other works of the sixteenth century as well as in works which deal with the art of distillation, and

In other technical texts; and to ascertain to what extent and in which meanings those words survived after the sixteenth century.

Some terms were already a part of the technical vocabulary of distillation before Brunschwig used them in his distillation book. For example, alembic and rosen h8t were used to designate the still-head, and gutterolff meant a distillation vessel.

Still other terms, like brenn 8fflin, Sfflin, fuler helntz, cappel,and urinal, existed In other technical languages. The meaning of offlln and brenn Sfflln was expanded through the new art of distillation so that these

151 1 5 2 terms meant "heating stove" in mining and "baking oven"

in the kitchen as well as "still for distilling." They

occur in the meaning of "distillation furnace" for the

first time in the distillation books by Brunschwig and by

Ryff. fuler heintz in Brunschwig’s text is a term for a

specially constructed still for distilling, though the

characteristics (slow burning, low fuel-cost) of the still were known earlier by miners, cappel, as has been shown,

originally designated the crucible or testing pan used by the goldsmith. In Brunschwig’s text, however, it means a vessel for distilling, although in later centuries this meaning disappears and the original meaning survives. urinal originally meant "urine glass" and was used in medical terminology to designate a vessel for examining urine for the purpose of detecting various illnesses.

The use of urinal to designate a distillation apparatus was short-lived, probably because of its relation to urlna, "urine."

Terms like balneum marlae, kessel, and kachel existed in German but in a different meaning. In the case of balneum marlae we have seen that the term origi­ nally meant a distillation process in a waterbath, and that this meaning survives in chemical and pharmacy texts in later centuries. Brunschwig is the first to expand balneum mariae to mean "still," but the term loses this 153 connotation, kessel originally designated a kitchen

apparatus; it was characterized as a distillation term

only through the context and got its specific meaning in

the compound form D lstlllierkessel. kachel also origi­

nally designated a kitchen apparatus. But it, too, was

used to designate a distillation vessel though for a

short period of time probably because of its almost ex­

clusive use as a term for a kitchen apparatus.

There are, further, German translations of Latin

terms and germanized forms of terms of foreign origin which gradually predominate in the sixteenth-century texts. Examples are helm for alembic, blinder helm for alembicus coecus, fUrsetz glas for receptaculum, and 6 wind offlin for furnus anemlus. Germanized forms of foreign terms are alembic, for Latin alemblcum, but the

German term helm supplants it as the designate for the still-head. Likewise, receptackel is the germanized form for Latin receptaculum, but it, too, is supplanted by a

German term , fU rsetz g l a s , in th e d i s t i l l a t i o n t e x t s .

Two terms, helm and rosen hut, designate the still as well as the still-head in Brunschwig’s 1500 text. The earlier meaning of rosen hut is "uppermost part of the still," but Brunschwig expands the meaning to connote also the still. The latter meaning is not evident after the 154

sixteenth century, and helm instead of rosen h8t means

"still-head" after the sixteenth century.

Finally, there are terms in Brunschwig's text that

mean both apparatus and distillation process. For example,

balneum mariae means not only "distillation process in a waterbath" but also "still," and alembic stands for the

still-head as well as the distillation process in an

"alembic" in the phrase per alemblcum.

By using terms to designate more than one apparatus; by using terms in already established meanings and giving them new meanings; by using terms in other technical

languages to designate distillation apparatus, Brunschwig plays a major role in the development of the technical language of distillation in Early New High German. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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