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Developing Dive Site Risk Assessment Model (Dsram) to Enhance Tourism Safety and Sustainability in Perhentian Island

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Developing Dive Site Risk Assessment Model (Dsram) to Enhance Tourism Safety and Sustainability in Perhentian Island Journal of Sustainability Science and Management eISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 15 Number 1, January 2020: 125-135 © Penerbit UMT DEVELOPING DIVE SITE RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL (DSRAM) TO ENHANCE TOURISM SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN PERHENTIAN ISLAND MUHAMMAD AZALI HASMUNI ANUAR, NURUL HAQIMIN MOHD SALLEH* AND JAGAN JEEVAN Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Recreational scuba diving sport in marine tourism industry has grown rapidly every year. Scuba diving is one of the primary attractions for tourist to visit Perhentian Island. It is worth mentioning that scuba diving is not just a recreational activity, but it is also a survival skill. Divers are exposed to many risks which ultimately depend on many factors such as diver condition, equipment and dive site. Statistically, the accident rate at dive site is notably increasing every year around the world. So far, no mathematical model has been developed for assessing the dive site risk dealing with multiple criteria. As a result, this paper aims to develop a Dive Site Risk Assessment Model (DSRAM) with the objectives to identify, prioritize, assess and map the dive sites’ risk level in Perhentian Island. A hybrid method called Fuzzy Evidential Reasoning (FER) is utilised in this proposed model. The results have shown that the most influential risk factors at dive site are found to be boat traffic, followed by current, hazard, wave, visibility, marine life threat and depth. It is expected that dive site risk levels produced by DSRAM can be used as safety guidance for commercial scuba divers and tourism operators (e.g. dive centre) in their diving routines. In addition, the DSRAM model will also contribute significant benefits to a sustainable tourism industry by enhancing the safety of recreational scuba diving sport. Keywords: Scuba diving, dive site risk assessment model, tourism safety and sustainability, analytical hierarchy process, evidential reasoning. Introduction Currently, the certified scuba divers are Today, recreational coastal water activities such rapidly increasing due to safer and affordable as snorkelling, scuba diving and fishing are diving equipment (Davis and Tisdell, 1996). popular among tourists. With good accessibility Despite this increasing figure, scuba diving such as modern diving and snorkelling accident is also notably increasing every year equipment, it creates more leisure time for around the world (Buzzacott et al., 2016). tourist to be involved in these activities. The According to Trout et al. 2015, the global development of recreational scuba diving sport scuba diving accident has increased from 117 has contributed a multi-billion dollar to the cases in 2010 to 161 in 2012. As a result, it is tourism industry, and it is rapidly increasing worth mentioning that scuba diving is not just (Ong et al., 2012). In Malaysia, recreational a recreational activity, but it is also a survival scuba diving sport has contributed over RM1.5 skill. Divers are exposed to many risks, which billion involving diving centre services, basic ultimately depend on many factors such as diver facilities, equipment and accommodation for the condition, equipment and dive site. divers (Rahman, 2017). Malaysia Scuba Diving Association (MSDA) aims a turnover of RM5 Table 1 shows the primary disabling agent billion through this industry by 2020 (Rahman, that causes the scuba diving fatalities. According 2017). As a result, it is noteworthy to mention to Buzzacott et al. (2016), the causes of death are that this scuba diving sport is able to generate determined by the medical examiners assigned revenue for Malaysia’s economy. to fatality cases. Several disabling agents related to dive site are water movement, excessive Muhammad Azali Hasmuni Anuar et al. 126 depth, poor visibility, cold, marine animals, Section 5 and finally, the conclusion is given in caves, entanglement, exit and entry problems, Section 6. boats, diving under a ledge or boat and night Table 1: Primary Disabling Agent Ascribed to 2014 diving. So far, no model has been developed for Breath-hold Incidents assessing the dive site risk dealing with multiple Disabling Agent Count Percentage criteria, making the current research is essential. Medical health 27 48 Therefore, the primary aim of this paper Procedure/Behavior 11 20 Environmental is to develop a Dive Site Risk Assessment 7 13 conditions Model (DSRAM) for identifying, prioritizing, Boat strike 4 7 assessing and mapping the risk level at dive site. Animal involved injury 4 7 The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is being Poor physical fitness 3 5 performed for factors pair wise comparison based Total 56 100 on expert consideration to get most influence factors (Saaty, 2008). Furthermore, Fuzzy and Source: Divers Alert Network Annual Report (2016) Evidential Reasoning (FER) is being employed to formalizing the human reasoning that faces Literature Review on Risk Assessment in conflicts in multi-criteria decision-making Scube Diving (Wang et al., 2006). As a result, this model can In general, the acronym for scuba diving is ‘self- assist divers to identity which dive sites are contained underwater breathing apparatus’. suitable based on their interest and capability. Since 1990 until 2016, several studies have been The remainder of this paper is organized as conducted by the researchers in the particular follows. Section 2 discussed the literature review area of scuba diving risks such as Edmonds et al. followed by research methodology in Section 3. (1990), Wilks et al. (2000), Ihama et al. (2008), Section 4 presents the dive site risk assessment Denoble et al. (2008), Denoble et al. (2011) and in Perhentian Island. Results are discussed in Divers Alert Network (2016). The details of Table 2: The summary of existing research in scuba diving risk Authors Research Information This paper assessed the risks of dying while diving, reviewed measures of recreational diving facility rates, explored fatality rates and safety Denoble et al. (2011) criteria from other fields and the fatality rates based according to estimation methods, demographics and diving practices. This paper is focused on disabling injuries that are more relevant to diving safety than the subsequent cause of death and drowning. This Denoble et al. (2008) paper found the most common disabling injuries are drowning and cardiac incidents. This paper focused on risk management for scuba diving operator in Wilks & Davis (2000) Australia Great Barriers in order to choose the most appropriate methods to reduce diving risk. This paper investigated the causes of scuba diver death from 1982-2007 Ihama et al. (2008) and discussed the qualified age and sex for scuba diving, experience and unexpected accident during scuba diving. This paper discussed the environment factors that influence the scuba diving fatalities, the study cases demonstrated that although diving is Edmonds & Walker (1990) safe but when other factors combined, the person cannot handle the complexity of equipment and environment. This report shown scuba diving fatalities causes, incident report, Buzzacott et al. (2016) incident analysis, etc. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 15 Number 1, January 2020: 125-135 DEVELOPING DIVE SITE RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL (DSRAM) 127 these studies are summarized in Table 2. So far, will be a different sight of level due to the depth there is no research been carried out on dive site of dive site and geographical condition. For risk assessment and there is no mathematical example, the more depth of dive site location, the model has been developed to assess dive site less light absorption at the location. Recreational risk in the literatures. diver who dives in tropical water obviously has a In order to assess dive site risk, seven factors lower risk compared to diver who dives in cold, have been identified from the review of several dark waters with little visibility (Germonpré, literatures, which are water depth, visibility, 2006). current, wave, hazard, boat traffic and marine Ocean surface current movement is life threat. Water depth is one of the identified generated by wind direction, earth rotation or risk factors in DSRAM model. Each dive site the position of landforms that interact with the has a different water depth level. When a diver current. Current may happen due to differences dive in a deeper parameter, the total pressure of of density in water mass caused from temperature oxygen that is inhaled will be drastically boosted and salinity changes (Wunsch, 2002). This (Martin, 1997). The deeper the diver dive, there phenomenon can endanger diver who are in will be more pressure on diver body. Under the trap in the current circulation. Some currents sea level around 14.5 square inch of air pressure are relatively permanent and some of them are to diver body, the pressure is unnoticeable temporary. These differences caused by wind because diver body's fluid is pushing outward blowing over the surface, unequal heating and with the same force. When diver ascend, there cooling and wave (PADI Open Water Diving will be more pressure on the diver body because Manual, 2016). Therefore, there are places that there is more water above him and exerts to the have a permanent current and some are not. diver body. Recreational diver may go deeper Current is an obstacle that a diver can encounter, than 130 feet; the diver will face the risk of the even experienced divers sometimes unable to bends, running out of air and nitrogen narcosis estimate accurately the speed and impact of a increases when the diver goes deeper (Martin, current (Mike, 2010). 1997). The deeper they go, the higher the risk The cause of waves is from wind or bad that they will be exposed. The understanding weather whereby the friction between wind and of air pressure effect and decompression illness water surface instigates the growth of waves. can help the diver to be more cautious when the When the wind starts to blow, waves will appear diver dive more than 130 feet.
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