Year 8 History Revision Booklet 3

1. How did and change during the Industrial Revolution?

2. Why was Jack the Ripper never caught?

3. How have people from Rochdale and Greater Manchester fought for their rights? Home Learning

4. How did WW1 impact the lives of people on the Home and Western Fronts? Task 1 – Key words: give a definition of each of these key terms from the Power and Protest topic.

Key words Definitions

Protest

Suffragette

Suffragist

Massacre

Peterloo

Reform

Government

Democracy

Cavalry

Hussar

Yeomanry

Militant

Radical Task 2 – Read the information on the next slide about 4 key movements of the 19th and early 20th century. Use 4 colours to highlight the origins, aims, actions and outcomes of each movement. Then compete the PEE paragraph below.

Origins – When did it start? Who were the Actions – What methods did they use to Outcomes – What were the consequences of Aims – What did the protesters want to change? leaders? achieve their aims? their protest? Did they achieve their aims?

Imagine you are now living back in 19th century Rochdale, you need to decide which of these 4 movement groups you would join and support. Practice your PEE paragraphs to explain why you would join this movement. Remember to include the details of your aims; what methods will you use; and how will you know you have achieved your aims?

______1. The Chartists: 2. The Movement:

Chartism was a working-class movement from 1839 to 1848 started by Feargus O’Connor, John Frost and William Robert Owen (1771–1858) is considered as the father of the movement, and the inspiration behind the Rochdale Lovett. Pioneers. Owen believed in providing his workers with a good environment and access to education for themselves and their children to improve their lives. The Rochdale Pioneers were a group of 28 individuals from Rochdale, The Chartists wanted to make 6 key changes to the political system of Britain which together they called “The , that were inspired by Robert Owen’s ideals and formed in 1844. People’s Charter”. These points included: every man over 21 able to vote, votes to be done in secret, MPs were to be paid, MPs did not need to have property to serve in Parliament, constituencies to be equal in size and The Industrial Revolution transformed British working life as the invention of more complex machines forced skilled population, elections to be held every year. workers into poverty. Robert Owen and the Rochdale Pioneers wanted to help those in poverty. The Rochdale Pioneers were tradesmen who decided to band together to open their own store and sell food items at fair prices One of the methods used by the Chartists to persuade Parliament was the collection of petitions. The theory was which most people could not otherwise afford – “honest food for honest prices”. that Parliament would be impressed with the number of people who supported the Chartists and would push through popular change. Petitions were collected in 1839, 1842 and 1848. The petitions were so big that they had The Rochdale Pioneers established a “rule book” in 1844 which listed their objectives and methods of achieving to be carried into Parliament in carriages. The last petition had 5 million signatures on it however some argued this. Their top 4 are listed as: establish a collection of shops to sell necessary goods at affordable price, to provide that it might not have been very accurate. Many of the signatures were faked as apparently Queen Victoria's high quality housing to improve domestic (home) living conditions for members, provide employment for members signature was on the last petition! with fair wages, and to lobby and petition the government to makes laws that enforced these goals.

In the end the Chartists movement collapsed and many of its leaders were arrested. Although the Chartist The Rochdale Pioneers are considered the first successful cooperative movement – it now has over 1 billion movement was not successful, Parliament did eventually adopt five of the six demands from the charter. Many members! The movement itself did not have much of an impact on Britain nationally and the government took very historians believe that it was the initial pressure from the Chartist movement that led to the British electoral system little notice. However, as more and more movements copied the principles of the Pioneers the more pressure the becoming fairer. government felt until it began implementing some small changes such as a minimum wage.

4. The Suffragettes: 3. The Suffragists: The Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded in Manchester Oct. 1903 led by Emmeline Pankhurst. The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) formed in 1897 led by Milicent Fawcett. Women were Originally members of the Suffragist Movement yet unhappy with the progress made caused a split in the treated and legally recognised as second class citizens as they could not vote in elections, employment movement as methods were viewed as ineffective. opportunities and wages were lesser than men (even when doing the same job), couldn’t even ask for a divorce themselves only the husband could! Still demanded the same changes and improvements as the Suffragists, had no issue with them as the problems they faced remained the same. The Suffragists wanted political, economic and social equality between men and women. They mainly demanded the right to vote in all types of political elections on the same terms as men because they paid the same taxes to Focus on aggressive and violent methods, determined to ensure the government and public knew they were the government as men, yet not given any right or opportunity to have a voice in how the country was run. serious about their demands and were a force to fear. Seen as the “bad cop” of the women’s rights movement: disrupted government meetings, spat at and attacked MPs and police officers, demanded the vote immediately, Focus on peaceful and legal means – trying to dispel view that women were not as clever and capable as men. refused to negotiate, “terrorist” / “criminal” acts – planted bombs in houses of MPs know to be against female Petition made 31st March 1894 – collected nearly 250,000 signatures. Seen as the “good cop” of the women’s rights, set fire to public buildings, willing to be arrested and sent to prison, refused to pay taxes and complete rights movement – signed petitions, organised peaceful rallies, displayed banners and posters, handed out leaflets census (national survey required by law), hunger strikes in prison, chained themselves to fences outside – refused to use violent methods! government buildings, suspected suicide with Emily Wilding Davison.

The Suffragists caused an “anti-suffrage league” to be established against them which increased in popularity from Gained more media attention than Suffragettes believing negative publicity was better than no publicity. Huge 104 members in 1889 to 37,000 in 1907. They gained more support from both men and women than ever despite increase in membership as former supports of Suffragists abandoned peaceful methods. Strong reaction from achieving nothing significant in terms of change. Many female members thought the lack of progress was not government – refuse to negotiate with WSPU and strict law enforcement used. Force feeding in prisons gained because of their aims but rather their methods causing a split in the movement which created the Suffragettes. movement a lot of sympathy from the public – government seen as violent and shouldn’t treat own citizens this way. Task 3 – Read about the five problems ordinary people faced in the early 1800s that contributed to the protest at Peterloo in 1819 (next slide). Use the arrow graph to rank the significance of the problems, ensure to include a brief description of the problem and an explanation for your judgment.

Biggest Problem

Smallest Problem Reason 1 – Rotten Boroughs These were constituencies that had very small numbers of voters who could often send 2 MPs to Parliament. An extreme case was Dunwich in Suffolk, most of Dunwich had fallen in the sea due to coastal erosion, the 30 people left could still elect 2 MPs. They sold their vote to the highest bidder. Whereas Dunwich had 30 people and 2 MPs, newer big cities like Manchester had no MPs. It was unfair, small rural (countryside) places had more say than big cities. The whole country was not being represented.

Reason 2 – A secret ballot Reason 3 – Members of Parliament (MPs) were not paid The ballot is where you put your vote. The voting was not done Only men could become a Member of Parliament. MPs did not in secret- everyone could see who you were voting for. This get paid so they had to be rich and usually own lots of land so meant that some people could be intimidated or bribed to vote that they could support themselves. This meant only rich for specific people. People could be made to vote for people people could become MPs. This meant that only rich people they didn’t want to. Someone could buy a vote, buy a MP who were in Parliament, maybe they would not try and fight for would work for them. Or buy a seat in Parliament for things that working or middle class people would want. themselves.

Reason 5 – Food prices Reason 4 – Only 2% of the population could vote The Corn Laws in 1815 had meant that imported (brought in Most people were not able to vote. To be able to vote for an from abroad) corn prices were kept at a high level. Whilst this MPs you needed to be male and in many places own property, was to try and protect British producers it meant normal this meant the majority of men were not allowed to vote. This people struggled to buy grain. Bread prices were very high, so may mean that only issues that the 2% wanted would be was unemployment this meant that many people could not discussed, 98% of the population would have no voice to get afford to live. Many soldiers who had recently fought in the change. Battle of Waterloo against France came home to find that they could not afford to eat and couldn’t get a job. Task 4 – Complete the gap fill by using the key terms below. You can only use each term once. Then use this information to complete the inference square on the next slide. A meeting was organised for August 16th by the Manchester Patriotic Union – a group made up of ______who wanted to change the law regarding the vote. When they heard about the meeting the local Magistrates were ______about a large group meeting. They though a riot may happen so they organised for the ______to be in Manchester on the day. The crowd came from all over Greater Manchester, they walked into ______field carrying banners. There were families with children and picnics wearing their best clothes. One of the main speakers was ______, he arrived at 1.20pm – he wanted better rights for workers and the vote for every man. The Magistrates were getting concerned at the size of the growing crowd. At ______the magistrates decided the ______was too big so the town was in danger, they ordered that Hunt and other leaders should be arrested. The magistrates ordered the army to enter St Peter’s Field, a path was cleared by the Manchester Special ______. The Manchester ______were the first to arrive and followed a path to arrest Hunt but the soldiers started to use their ______(curved swords) to cut through the crowds who in turn started to panic. As a result of the ______using their swords the crowds tried to run away causing further panic and crushes. There was a ______as people tried to flee at the same time whilst the ______arrive and are ordered to disperse the crowd which led to further panic. By 2pm most of the crowd had fled, 18 people were dead and more than 400 ______, some by the sabres others by being crushed in the crowd.

Radicals Worried Army St Peter’s Henry Hunt 1.30 pm Yeoman

crowd constables sabres cavalrymen bottleneck Hussars wounded What are the positives of it’s How accurate is it’s information? What are the positives of it’s Nature? Purpose?

What is its Content What is the Nature (type of (information it gives)? source)?

Cut them down, don’t be afraid, they are not armed, courage my boys, and you shall have a vote of thanks, and he that kills most shall be made a knight and your exploits shall live forever in a song. Shame, shame, murder, massacre.

The figure with scales in the sky- on scale is the word reformer on the other Peculators. A peculator is someone steals money that they should be looking after.

Oh pray sir, don’t kill mummy, she only came to see Mr Hunt

‘Manchester Heroes’ print published in September 1819

What is the Purpose (reason What is the Origin (date and for being made)? author)?

What are the positives of it’s What are the positives of it’s Origin? Purpose? Task 5 – Significance circles – Pick the top 5 consequences and explain why you believe this consequence is the most to the least important. The bigger the circle the more significant.

What were the consequences of the Peterloo massacre?

1. 18 People died and more than 400 people were injured.

2. The Home Secretary wrote a letter to the Manchester Magistrates, in it he congratulated them for the action they had taken.

3. Parliament did not give the vote to ordinary people. Instead Parliament passed 6 Acts (laws) that aimed to stop people like those at Peterloo meeting. It banned meetings of more than 50 people at any one time.

4. Organisers of the meeting were charges, Henry Hunt was sent to prison for two years whilst other received a one year sentence. They were charged with “assembling with unlawful banners at an unlawful meeting for the purpose of exciting discontent.”

5. Tax on newspapers increased so it would be harder for working class people to get hold of news.

6. When news of the event got out and the deaths of women and children reported, many people found an idea worth fighting for and decided to join their own reformer group. They were disgusted that a peaceful protest had been met with such violence.

7. Many radicals were inspired by the people and events at Peterloo, poems and songs were written.

8. Many people joined the Chartist who were also demanding Parliamentary change.

Task 6 – On Friday 14th of December 2019, the 101st anniversary of the first UK election in which women were able to vote, a statue of Emmeline Pankhurst was unveiled in Manchester. The statue came with Mrs Pankhurst’s most famous expression: “deeds not words”. Answer the questions below.

Q1. What can you remember about the lives of women in 1900? (try to include social, political, education, employment). ______

Q2. What do you think Mrs Pankhurst meant by the slogan: “deeds not words”? ______Task 7 – The Suffragists and the Suffragettes had similar aims but their methods of protests were very different! Look at the four sources below and answers the questions on the next slide.

Source Source 1 2

Source 3

Source 4 Source 1: Describe the method of protest being used. Is it passive or active? Source 2: Describe the method of protest being used. Is it passive or active? Used by the Suffragists or Suffragettes? Used by the Suffragists or Suffragettes?

How much impact would this method have? Do you think it would be How much impact would this method have? Do you think it would be successful? Explain your answer. successful? Explain your answer.

Source 3: Describe the method of protest being used. Is it passive or active? Source 4: Describe the method of protest being used. Is it passive or active? Used by the Suffragists or Suffragettes? Used by the Suffragists or Suffragettes?

How much impact would this method have? Do you think it would be How much impact would this method have? Do you think it would be successful? Explain your answer. successful? Explain your answer. Task 8 – Read the information about women’s work during World War One and its contribution to some women gaining the vote in 1918. Then write a newspaper report about a typical day for women during WW1.

When World War One broke out the whole suffrage movement immediately scaled back and even suspended some of their activities. Emmeline Pankhurst remarked that there was no point in continuing the fight for the vote when there might be no country in which they could vote. As men left their jobs and went overseas to fight in the war, Suffragist and Suffragette leaders volunteered their members to take their place.

During the war, women served the nation and did men's work in many ways, especially as munitions factory workers and nurses. By 1916 there was a crisis over the shortage of war materials. The Army needed thousands of guns and millions of bullets and shells. Thousands of women answered the call to work in munitions factories making bombs and missiles. Working with explosives could be very dangerous. There were accidents and women got killed or injured. Despite this, many women were ready to do the work, not only to help the war effort but also because it was better paid than most women's jobs. By 1918, women were making almost all of Britain's munitions.

Before war broke out, there were approximately 120,000 trained nurses working in hospitals in the town and the countryside. There were also many untrained nurses who helped look after ill people in their local area. Many midwives had little or no medical training but had great experience of helping pregnant mothers and delivering children. During World War One many wounded soldiers were looked after in large country houses which were turned into military hospitals or convalescent homes for wounded soldiers. One example is Woburn Abbey – one of the most advanced hospitals of the time, the bedrooms became wards as did some of the outside areas which were used to treat up to 2,500 soldiers who had infections, wounds, fractures, burns and shellshock.

When women were given the vote in 1918, almost every person who supported the motion in Parliament said that they deserved it because of their efforts during the war - they had proved that they could work in areas often seen as ‘men’s work’. But this change was not just a result of war - women had been campaigning for decades to be given the right to vote. Only women who were householders over the age of 30 (6 million women) got the vote in 1918; women over 21 did not get the vote until 1928. Historians including Arthur Marwick have argued that the Great War only accelerated a process that had started well before 1914.

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4. “The difference between the suffragette and 1. What is the difference between active and passive 8. What does the word suffrage mean? suffragist movement is the suffragettes used protest? a. The word suffrage means having the right to peaceful methods of protest.”? a. Active protest is effective e.g. laws are changed. vote in political elections. a. True Passive protest is ineffective e.g. nothing b. The word suffrage means believing in the right b. False changes. to vote.

b. Active protest is violent e.g. damaging property. c. The word suffrage means a woman who seeks 5. Why is Emily Davison important for the history of Passive protest is peaceful e.g. refusing to obey. to get votes for all women. protest movements? c. Active protest is protest is peaceful e.g. refusing a. Founded the suffragettes organisation. to obey. Passive protest is violent e.g. damaging 9. What is a historical interpretation? b. Became a martyr for the suffragettes. property. a. A view of history formed some time after the c. Organised peaceful rallies for the event took place. suffragettes. 2. Which of the following was a cause of the Peterloo b. A historical source created at the time the

massacre? event took place. 6. Which of the following was a reason for women a. Because people wanted reform of parliament c. An eye-witness account of a historical event. gaining the right to vote? so that the female working class could vote. a. The British decided to copy European b. Because people wanted reform of parliament 10. The Representation of the People Act (1918) gave countries that gave women the vote. so that the male working class could vote. some women the right to vote. Which? b. King George V supported women having the c. Because people wanted reform of parliament a. Women aged over 21. right to vote. so that male and female working class could b. Women aged over 28. c. The contributions made by women during vote. c. Women aged over 30. the First World War.

3. Which of the following was a consequence of the 7. Which is the correct definition of the word Peterloo massacre? Mark out of 10: “protest”? a. It led to the future development of voting rights a. A protest is the act of saying or showing for the upper class men. publicly that you object to something. b. It led to the future development of voting rights b. A protest is sitting an exam to prove that for all citizens. you are able to do a job. c. It led to the future development of voting rights c. A protest is taking part in a project to help for the working class men. make a difference.