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In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees

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In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees Edited by Bart A. Thielges Setijati D. Sastrapradja Anto Rimbawanto GMU ITTO Faculty of Forestry International Tropical Timber Gadjah Mada University Organization In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees Edited by BART A. THIELGES Oregon State University SETIJATI D. SASTRAPRADJA Naturae Indonesiana (NATURINDO) and ANTO RIMBAWANTO Center of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University GMU International Tropical Timber Organization Yogyakarta, 2001 Proceedings of the International Conference on ex situ and in situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees, held on 11-13 June 2001, Yogyakarta, Indonesia This publication was made possible by a generous grant of funds from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – Yokohama, Japan Published by ITTO Project PD 16/96 Rev. 4(F) Faculty of Forestry, GMU Yogyakarta, Indonesia Tel./Fax. 62-274-545 639 E-mail: [email protected] Available from Department of Forest Science Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada Univesity Yogyakarta 55281 ISBN: 979-96652-0-5 Cover design: Polydoor Printed in Indonesia Contents Foreword 1 Report of The International Conference 5 In situ Conservation In situ Forest Conservation: A Broader Vision for the 21st Century - Peter Kanowski 11 The Role of in situ Conservation in Sustainable Utilization of Timber Species - Setijati D. Sastrapradja 37 Status of in situ Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Malaysia - Nor Aini Ab. Shukor 53 Genetic Resource Conservation Strategies for Timber Trees in the Philippines - Edwino S. Fernando 69 In situ Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in Thailand - Rungnapar Pattanavibool 83 Conserving Tropical Forests: Brazil’s Pilot Program - Josef Leitmann 101 Ex situ Conservation Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees: strategies, options and constraints - Erik D. Kjaer, Lars Graudal and Iben Nathan 127 The Status of ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Indonesia - Soekotjo 147 The Status of ex situ Conservation of Dipterocarp in Malaysia in Serving Breeding Programs - Ab. Rasip Ab. Ghani, Mohd Noor Mahat and Norwati Muhammad 161 The Status of in situ and ex situ Conservation of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. in Thailand - Boonchoob Boontawee 171 Ex situ Conservation of Dipterocap Species in West Java and Banten - Atok Subiakto, Hendromono and Sunaryo 183 Practical Experience with ex situ Conservation of Tropical Pines - Ida Theilade, Soren Hald, Alvin Yanchuk, Christian Pilegaard Hansen and Lars Graudal 193 Genetical Studies for Conservation of Tropical Timber Species in Indonesia - Ulfah J. Siregar 207 Genetic Conservation to Serve Breeding Programmes Genetic Conservation in Applied Tree Breeding Programs - Randy Johnson, Brad St. Clair and Sara Lipow 215 Current Status of Tree Improvement in Indonesia - Oemi Hani’in Suseno 231 Ex situ Conservation of Pinus merkusii in Java, Indonesia- Eko B. Hardiyanto and Sri Danarto 263 The Benefits of Tree Improvement Cooperative to Serve Breeding and ex situ Conservation Programs of Gmelina arborea Roxb. - F. Suhartono Wijoyo 271 Ex situ Genetic Conservation of Acacia mangium for production plantation forests in South Sumatra - Sabar T.H. Siregar 289 Potential of Combining A Tree Improvement Program with ex situ Gene Conservation of Duabanga moluccana - Arif Purwanto 295 Current Status and Potential Use of Biotechnology Molecular Approaches to Conserving Tropical Forests for Sustainable Forestry -Yoshihiko Tsumura 299 Genetic Structure of Natural Populations of Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia Using Microsatellite DNA Markers - L.S. Lim, Wickneswari Ratnam, S.L. Lee and A. Latiff 309 A Study of Genetic Variation Using AFLP Technique in Population of Kandelia candel in Ryukyu Islands and Southern Japan - Ko Harada and Takanori Azechi 325 Genetic Divergence of Shorea leprosula in a Single Population Revealed by Microsatellite Markers - Anto Rimbawanto and Keiya Isoda 331 Genetic Variation of Lophopetalum multinervium (Celastraceae) in the Sebuku Sub-Population - Mohammad Na’iem 339 Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dipterocarpus alatus Genetic Resources in Thailand using Isozyme Gene Markers - Suchitra Changtragoon 349 Genetic Markers for Assesing Diversity and Improvement of Several Tropical Forest Tree Species to Support Conservation Program - Enny Sudarmonowati, N.S. Hartati, B.H. Narendra, M. Basyuni, U.J. Siregar and D. Iriantono 355 Mating System Parameters of Drybalanops oblongifolia Dyer. (Dipterocarpaceae) Planted in Peninsular Malaysia – Kevin K.S. Ng, S.L. Lee and S.L. Look 369 Estimation of Genetic Variation of Shorea leprosula in the Hedge Orchard of the PT. INHUTANI I Dipterocarp Center, East Kalimantan Using DNA Markers - Keiya Isoda, Irsyal Yasman, Anto Rimbawanto and Istiana Prihatini 377 Forest Plantation Commercial Plantation Strategy to Reduce Pressure on Tropical Forest Resources - D. Baskaran Krishnapillay and M.A.A. Razak 387 Dipterocarp Plantation: the Strategy and the Approaches of PT. INHUTANI I - Irsyal Yasman and Muhandis Natadiwirya 405 Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Trees: An experience of PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma in Forest Concessionaire - Nana Suparna 411 Establishment of Meranti Trial Plantations in Indonesia - Chikaya Sakai 419 Potential of Carbon Sequestration After Reforestation and Grass Establishment on Tropical Degraded Soils - Iin P. Handayani, P. Prawito, P. Lestari and M.S. Coyne 427 Possibility of Timber Estate Development on Degraded Coal-Mined Lands in Sumatra Region - Hery Suhartoyo and Ali Munawar 439 Strengthening Tree Farming Activities to Reduce Pressure on Natural Forests and Support Sustainable Timber Production – Mulawarman and James Roshetko 449 Miscellaneous Conservation of Soil Microbial Diversity from the Tropical Rain Forests: Its Importance to Plantation Forestry Development and for Future Biotechnology - Oka Karyanto 459 Additional Activities to ex situ Conservation of Paraserianthes falcataria: Development of Its Rhizobial Symbiont - Oka Karyanto, Muhammad Nai’em and Suhardi 481 Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in an Over-burned Tropical Rain Forest in East Kalimantan - Handojo Hadi Nurjanto and Suhardi 491 Population Genetic Study of Shorea leprosula using RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) - Istiana Prihatini, Anto Rimbawanto and Keiya Isoda 503 Study on the Reproductive Phenology of Eucalyptus pellita: Flowering Pattern, Breeding System, and Pollination Mechanism of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell Growing on the Wanagama Education Forest of Yogyakarta - Yeni Widyana Nurchahyani Ratnaningrum, Muhammad Naiem and Sri Danarto 509 Revolving Cutting Techniques (RCT) for Producing Cutting Material of Meranti Without Establishing Hedge Orchard - Atok Subiakto,Chikaya Sakai, Hani Nuroniah and Sunaryo 525 Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake Against the Leaf Blight Disease - Sri Rahayu 529 Plantations in Experimental Forests for Ex Situ Conservation - Kade Sidiyasa, Slamet Riyadhi Gadas and Nina Juliaty 535 Plantation Forests In East Kalimantan - Riskan Effendi, Slamet Riyadhi Gadas and Abdurachman 543 In situ Conservation of Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) - Merryana Kiding Alo 551 Appendix List of Participants Steering Committee and Organizing Committee Project Steering Committee and Project Executing Team 1 Foreword Forests create vertically stratified habitats upon which virtually all other forest- dwelling organisms – microorganisms, smaller plants, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals -depend. Because forests exert such a major influence upon all that lives above, amidst, and beneath them, and on local and regional climates and soils as well, the loss of biological diversity in the species of trees composing various forest ecosystems is especially significant in terms of its potential for triggering subsequent changes in biodiversity within and among associated organisms. In the tropics, more so than elsewhere, subtle changes in dominant forest cover may lead to major changes in plant species composition – and thus, food chain dynamics – that may in turn initiate much greater and more obvious losses in local and regional biological diversity. Due to their value for a great variety of wood products, many species of tropical forest trees have been severely overexploited over the past two centuries, and especially during the latter half of the 20th Century. To that add the continuing practices of shifting cultivation, the wholesale landscape-level clearing of forests for agriculture and urbanization, and the catastrophic effects of fire and erosion often attendant to those practices, and it becomes obvious that, in tropical forest ecosystems, the key to maintaining biological diversity is to maintain the diversity of the dominant organisms - that is, the trees themselves. Tropical forests typify, to most people, the ultimate source of biological diversity on this planet. Indeed, of the more than 50,000 species of trees, worldwide, greater than 70% of them are tropical endemics. Moreover, the typical species mixtures of tropical forests are remarkably diverse – often, more than 250 tree species may be found growing on a single hectare in a young tropical rainforest. Conversely, in the more-or-less pristine, late-seral or old-growth tropical forests composed of lesser numbers of very large trees, it is not unusual to find only one or two individuals of the same species over an area of ten hectares. And, of course, it is in those very areas where most of the harvesting
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