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Setting the Priority Medicinal Plants for Conservation in Indonesia Cahyaningsih, Ria; Magos Brehm, Joana; Maxted, Nigel

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Setting the Priority Medicinal Plants for Conservation in Indonesia Cahyaningsih, Ria; Magos Brehm, Joana; Maxted, Nigel University of Birmingham Setting the priority medicinal plants for conservation in Indonesia Cahyaningsih, Ria; Magos Brehm, Joana; Maxted, Nigel DOI: 10.1007/s10722-021-01115-6 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Cahyaningsih, R, Magos Brehm, J & Maxted, N 2021, 'Setting the priority medicinal plants for conservation in Indonesia', Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 2019-2050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01115-6 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Genet Resour Crop Evol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01115-6 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE Setting the priority medicinal plants for conservation in Indonesia Ria Cahyaningsih . Joana Magos Brehm . Nigel Maxted Received: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 January 2021 Ó The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Setting priority species for conservation Keywords Prioritisation Á Priority Á Conservation Á planning in a large and biodiverse country such as Medicinal plants Á Indonesia Indonesia is crucial. At least 80% of the medicinal plant species in South East Asia can be found in Indonesia, whether they are native or introduced. However, their conservation is currently ineffective Introduction due to limited human and financial resources. By examining factors such as species’ occurrence status, For centuries, the diversity and wealth of Indonesian rarity and part of the plant harvested, the various medicinal plants have been recognised worldwide. Indonesian medicinal plant species can be prioritised This was first noted by the French botanist Bontius for conservation planning. In this study, various (1658) in the list of Java medicinal plants compilation threatened plant species have been included in the (de Padua et al. 1999) and the Portuguese botanist priority list as well as those listed in related legislation. Georgius Everhardus Rumphius (1627–1702) in his Some 233 species within 161 genera and 71 families work entitled Het Amboinsche kruidboek (Herbarium are recommended for prioritisation. An inventory of Amboinense) (Rumphius, 1741–1755; Veldkamp these priority species was produced presenting com- 2011). Medicinal plants are still widely used in piled data including vernacular names, plant habit, Indonesian traditional medicine (Jamu), a tradition harvested plant part, uses, distribution, whether it is that is similar to Ayurveda in India and Traditional conserved ex situ, and their DNA barcoding. Signif- Chinese Medicine (TCM) in China (WHO 2009). icantly 41.20% of priority species have no information These traditional Indonesian remedies remain widely on their current conservation status in either in situ or used today, in urban as well as rural areas and among ex situ national or international genebanks. all social classes. About two-fifths of the national population use traditional medicine, and most tradi- tional healers in Indonesia use Indonesian indigenous medicine (WHO 2009). R. Cahyaningsih (&) Á J. Magos Brehm Á N. Maxted School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, As a country rich in medicinal plants, it is difficult Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK to quantify the exact number of plants in Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] but it is estimated that 2,000 (Erdelen et al. 1999; WHO 2009) to 7,500 medicinal plants (Hamid and R. Cahyaningsih Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Sitepu 1990) are regularly used out of a total of around Kota Bogor, Indonesia 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol 30,000–40,000 plant species within the country necessary knowledge and scored their appraisal. Allen (Ministry of National Development Planning 2016). et al. (2014) prioritised European medicinal plants by There are high levels of endemicity and expected selecting only native species. medicinal plant uniqueness in Indonesia is estimated Producing checklists that consist of the name of the to be at about 40%–50% of the total flora of each species, the author details, inventories and additional island, except Sumatera which has only 23% (Ministry information is essential to formulating the conserva- of National Development Planning 2016). tion strategies (Magos Brehm et al. 2017) and these Medicinal plants are valuable species not only for form the groundwork for further action. Establishing personal health care (de Padua et al. 1999) but also for priorities for conservation can be based on current their economic value as they are traded by local conservation status, the threat of genetic conservation, communities (Hawkins 2007). Indonesia’s medicinal and legislation (Maxted et al. 1997). Inventory is also plants’ economic value equates to as much as US$14.6 needed to describe a country’s species richness: an billion annually (Ministry of Environment The Repub- essential tool in conservation management (Magos lic of Indonesia 2013). Globally, the trade of medicinal Brehm et al. 2008). Considering these arguments, the plants in 2005 was more than US$3 billion (Jenkins economic value of medicinal plants in Indonesia and et al. 2018) and this is estimated to grow to be worth the need to prioritise conservation efforts, this project US$5 trillion by 2050 (WHO 2009). aims to analyse available data concerning Indonesian Indonesia is a vast country, with a land area of medicinal plants for active in situ and ex situ 1,919,440km2 spread over thousands of islands (Min- conservation and to provide a priority list of species. istry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia 2014). Conservation of Indonesian species is thus challenging and costly. Human population growth, land conver- Methods sion, deforestation and climate change all contribute to medicinal plant loss, as well as overharvesting for The checklist of medicinal plants of Indonesia was medicinal trade (Voek 2004; Hawkins 2007;Ma compiled in Excel from relevant literature. The et al. 2010). Hamilton (2004) argues that the loss of literature used was as follow: local knowledge regarding medicinal plants and their 1. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) use is a global concern. book series, specifically: Medicinal and Poisonous The economic value of medicinal plants in Indone- Plants 1 (de Padua et al. 1999), Medicinal and sia, coupled with other threats and a lack of resources Poisonous Plants 2 (van Valkenburg and Bun- for their conservation, makes it urgent that active yapraphatsara 2002), Medicinal and Poisonous conservation programmes are put in place. An obvious Plants 3 (Lemmens and Bunyapraphatsara 2003), initial step would be for some form of prioritisation of and Spices (de Guzman and Siemonsma 1999). species and an assessment of the criteria which might Only species distributed in Indonesia were be used. This has not been previously attempted in selected. Poisonous plants were included but in Indonesia, however a number of studies have been lower number and only if they had a medicinal conducted elsewhere. Dhar et al. (2000) did undertake function (de Padua et al. 1999). Spice plant species such an exercise in the Indian Himalayas prioritising were included as well because traditional people consumers (using medicinal plants) and biologists use them in medication (de Guzman and Siemon- (concerned about their conservation). The outcome sma 1999). was to prioritise conservation for species that are 2. Indonesian Medicinal Plant Indexes (Eisai 1986; harvested in a destructive manner, that have restricted 1995). distribution and for which there are limited propaga- 3. Atlas of Indonesian Medicinal Plants series 1–6 tion techniques. van Andel et al. (2015) prioritised the (Dalimartha 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009). medicinal plants in West Africa based on commercial Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P.Karst. (Ganoder- demand, whether they are wild-harvested, and their mataceae) was excluded from the list as it is fungi. occurrence in undisturbed vegetation types. Dery et al. (1999) conducted prioritisation in the Shinyanga Region of Tanzania involving local people with the 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol 4. The Useful Plants of Indonesia (Heyne 1987). Maluku) regardless of their global distribution, Only species with records of medicinal use was and that have never been introduced elsewhere selected. (with data obtained from literature and online 5. Rare Indonesian Medicinal Plants stated in IBSAP through http://powo.science.kew.org/; POWO (Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action 2019) are listed as a priority. Plants never intro- Plan) based on Rifai et al. (1992) and duced elsewhere could describe their slow natural Zuhud et al. (2001) (The National Development distribution and unavailability of propagation Planning Agency 2003). Usnea misaminensis technique. (Vain.) Motyka, the Parmeliaceae family, was c.
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