Why Does Disaggregated Student Data Matter? Making the Invisible Visible

Presented by: May Toy Lukens, Project Director, AANAPISI Program South Seattle Community College Education Committee| Olympia | February 8, 2013 The Emerging Demographic

CARE (2011). The Relevance of Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders In the College Completion Agenda

Why it matters to Asian American and Native American Pacific Islanders

National Demographics

With exception of Native Hawaiians, immigration waves brought different groups at different times, under various circumstances 16.6 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in US, 5.4% of population* The Asian population is fastest growing race in past decade: grew from 10.2 million in 2000 to 14.7 million in 2010, a 43% increase * The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone population is the smallest major race group of 540,013 *

* Census 2010

“Asian American students are both highly visible and invisible on U.S. campuses. They are highly visible in their record numbers and when touted as a "model minority." At the same time, they often are invisible in campus policies and programs.”

Hune, S. (2002). Demographics and Diversity of Asian American College Students. New Directions for Student Services (97), 11-20. Fiction & Fact * Citing Teranishi’s 2008 CARE Report

Fiction Fact

• AAPI Students are • AAPI student growth is “taking over” higher parallel to other populations education • AAPI population is ▫ “overrepresentation” concentrated in a small ▫ “model minority” myth percentage of institutions giving false impressions

• AAPI students are represented in a broad range of disciplines

CARE. (2008). Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Facts, Not Fiction: Setting the Record Straight . New York: College Board. Fiction & Fact * Citing Teranishi’s 2008 CARE Report

Fiction Fact

• AAPI students are • Even distribution between 2- concentrated in selective and 4-year institutions four-year institutions • Majority attending public universities • Enrollment is growing faster at 2-year colleges than at 4-year colleges • AAPI community college enrollment growing fastest in the Midwest and South

CARE. (2008). Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Facts, Not Fiction: Setting the Record Straight . New York: College Board. Fiction & Fact * Citing Teranishi’s 2008 CARE Report

Fiction Fact

• AAPIs are homogenous, • AAPIs are ethnically diverse monolithic, “all the same” • AAPIs and their families speak many languages and dialects • Immigration histories matter • Economic, social and cultural capital varies greatly

CARE. (2008). Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Facts, Not Fiction: Setting the Record Straight . New York: College Board. “Model Minority” Stereotype

• Term originated in 1966 as a “wedge” stereotype to further divide Whites and African Americans • Myth: Asian Americans do not struggle, naturally good at math, accepted to/succeed at top institutions, higher socio- economic status (therefore no need for aid) • Concept is re-visited in recent Affirmative Action debates Picture: Race Bending, www.racebending.com Reality… Who are Asian American and Pacific Islanders?

Asian American Pacific Islander

Origins in the original peoples of the Origins in the original peoples of Hawaii, Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands Indian subcontinent • Carolinian Guinean • Chamorro • Saipanese • Bangladeshi • Malaysian • Chuukese • Samoan • Bhutanese • Maldivian • Burmese • Nepalese • Fijian • Solomon Islander • Cambodian • Okinawan • Guamanian • Chinese • Pakistani • I-Kiribati • Tahitian • Filipino • Singaporean • Kosraean • Tokelauan • Hmong • Sri Lankan • Mariana Islander • Tongan • Indian • Taiwanese • Marshallese • Yapese • Indo Chinese • Thai • Native Hawaiian • Polynesian • Iwo Jiman • Vietnamese • Ni-Vanuatu • Micronesian • Japanese • Palauan • Melanesian • Korean • Papua New • Laotian As defined by Census 2000 13

Educational Attainment Other Important AAPI Education Issues One out of four High school Only 14% of AAPI students drop-out rate Native is Limited among Hawaiians and English Southeast Pacific Proficient Asian Islanders 25 and/or lives in Americans: years of age a household 40% of Hmong, and older have where parents 38% Laotian, at least a have limited and 35% of bachelors English Cambodian degree. proficiency. populations.

Source: White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/aapi/data/critical-issues Bellevue White Center (Home of Microsoft) (Our Service Area)

AAPI 28% 25%

Median Household $84,503 $42,682

Per Capita Income $46,943 $19,323

Bachelor Degree 60.7% 12.7%

Source: Census 2010 The challenge of collecting

reliable disaggregated data…

Race % Hispanic & Latino %

American Location Population Black or Hispanic or White, not Location Indian and Native Some other Two or White African- Asian Latino, any Hispanic or Alaska Hawaiian race more races American race Latino Native

United States 281,421,906 75.1 12.3 0.9 3.6 0.1 5.5 2.4 12.5 69.1 United States

Washington 5,894,121 81.8 3.2 1.6 5.5 0.4 3.9 3.6 7.5 78.9 Washington

Snohomish Co. 606,024 85.6 1.7 1.4 5.8 0.3 1.9 3.4 4.7 83.4 Snohomish Co.

Spokane Co. 417,939 91.4 1.6 1.4 1.9 0.2 0.8 2.8 2.8 89.8 Spokane Co.

Stevens Co. 40,066 90.0 0.3 5.7 0.5 0.2 0.7 2.7 1.8 89.1 Stevens Co.

Thurston Co. 207,355 85.7 2.4 1.5 4.4 0.5 1.7 3.9 4.5 83.4 Thurston Co.

Wahkiakum Co. 3,824 93.5 0.3 1.6 0.5 0.1 1.6 2.5 2.6 92.7 Wahkiakum Co.

Walla Walla Co. 55,180 85.3 1.7 0.8 1.1 0.2 8.2 2.6 15.7 78.8 Walla Walla Co.

Whatcom Co. 166,814 88.4 0.7 2.8 2.8 0.1 2.5 2.7 5.2 86.2 Whatcom Co.

Whitman Co. 40,740 88.1 1.5 0.7 5.5 0.3 1.2 2.6 3.0 86.7 Whitman Co.

Yakima Co. 222,581 65.6 1.0 4.5 1.0 0.1 24.4 3.5 35.9 56.5 Yakima Co. Collection of Ethnicity at the College

College Enrollment Application Discrepancy in the Data Reported

An example: Loss of 18% fidelity* in reporting between CENSUS RACE and RACE ETHNIC categories:

• A native Hawaiian student identified as multiracial • An American Filipino student identified as Hispanic • A Japanese student identified as international • A Kampuchean student identified as Hispanic • A Vietnamese student identified as multiracial

* Based on Data Warehouse student data table for 2010-2011 Disaggregated data…

…it matters

May Toy Lukens [email protected] 206-934-5196