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A Study of Pacific Islander Migration to American Samoa and the United

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A Study of Pacific Islander Migration to American Samoa and the United iW"MN&WifHOOI&i&PPAhMM;P 1Ii4I;;;;;.",;; THE CONTEMPORARY PACIFIC· SPRING 1994 The Northeast Passage: A Study of Pacific Theater, G. White and L. Lind­ Pacific Islander Migration to American strom, 1990). Samoa and the United States, by Den­ The first two chapters attempt to set nis Ahlburg and Michael J. Levin. the regional and theoretical context for Pacific Research Monograph 23. Can­ the presentation ofdetailed census data berra: National Centre for Develop­ on Pacific Islander migration to the ment Studies, Research School of United States and American Samoa in Pacific Studies, Australian National chapters 3 and 4 respectively. In chap­ University, 1990. ISBN 0-7315-0678-2, ter 1 the authors identify the three main viii + 94 pp, tables, appendixes, bibli­ international migration flows affecting ography. A$25. "south Pacific island nations." In order of importance they are: movement Remittances and Their Impact: A from Pacific Islands to the Pacific rim Study ofTonga and Western Samoa, by countries of New Zealand, the United Dennis A. Ahlburg. Pacific Policy States, and Australia; movement from Paper 7. Canberra: National Centre for one Pacific Island polity to another; Development Studies, Research School and movement from the Philippines to ofPacific Studies, Australian National Papua New Guinea and western Mi­ University, 1991. ISBN 0-7315-°958-5, cronesia. Generally, this is correct, but vii + 70 pp, tables, appendixes, bibli­ in technical terms problems abound. ography. A$25. Obviously, we're not just talking about the south Pacific anymore, and Northeast Passage is a coauthored we're not always talking about nations. research monograph bringing together It is the "borderless" character ofcur­ the perspectives ofDennis Ahlburg, an rent political relationships between the economist from the University ofMin­ Cook Islands, Tokelau, Niue, and New nesota's Center for Population Analysis Zealand, between New Zealand and and Policy who focuses on economic­ Australia, and between American demographic linkages in macromodels Samoa, the Micronesian polities, and of developed and developing countries, the United States, that makes possible and Michael J. Levin, an anthropolo­ the most important of the migration gist at the US Census Bureau, who has flows just referred to. (Lack of borders been instrumental in upgrading the should also be central to the discussion quality and accessibility of census data of "Return Migration" in chapter 5, but on American-affiliated Pacific polities is not). Any contemporary attempt at and populations. The title Northeast discussing "Migration from the Pacific" Passage is obviously a play on North­ must address borders, or lack of bor­ west Passage, but readers expecting ders, as a factor throughout the region. historical comparisons with European Instead, Ahlburg and Levin's ahistori­ migration to the New World, or any cal analysis discusses Pacific Islander history at all, need to look elsewhere migration in terms offostering increas­ (Lewthwaite's article in the Journal of ing dependency between sending and Pacific History, 1973; Franco in The destination countries. BOOK REVIEWS 249 Chapter 2 concentrates on "Issues in imply a level of dependence unaccepta­ Migration." The issues here are framed ble to the governments ofmost small in terms of an econometric cost-benefit Pacific nations" (85). The dependency analysis. Factors and variables dis­ perspective is rather worn, however. cussed are migration in the presence of These movements are more accurately unemployment, migration and subsi­ viewed in terms ofindividuals taking dized education, emigration and remit­ the initiative to improve their lives, and tances, migration and the return of the lives of their families, through sub­ skilled migrants (if they return are they stantial risk-taking in overseas labor still migrants?), migration and the markets. People do not leave their "bright lights," and migration reduc­ homelands wondering what impact tion. These are, of course, critical their relocation will have on national­ issues from the standpoint oforthodox level development. They leave in theories ofeconomic development and search of better opportunities for them­ migration. Unfortunately, the authors selves and their families. Ifthe unit of are unable to adequately address these analysis is the family, and not the issues because of a lack of available nation, then migration and overseas data. employment has been and is a success­ Despite substantial problems in ful strategy for development at home. framing the regional and theoretical The academic discourse on migra­ issues, the monograph makes a valu­ tion has been for too long about able contribution to contemporary nations and national borders. Move­ Pacific demography. Chapters 3, 4, and ments from Polynesia and Micronesia 5 are loaded with useful data from the to the American rim and Polynesian 1980 US census, much ofwhich is from migration to New Zealand are largely previously unpublished tabulations, or borderless; that is, they are not "immi­ from the 1980 American Samoa enu­ gration" in the technical sense of cross­ meration. The authors present a ing national borders. Certainly more wealth of statistical information on Polynesian and Micronesian voices are demographic characteristics, income needed in shaping the regional migra­ and employment characteristics, edu­ tion debate. In addition, a North cation and language ability, and migra­ American perspective is needed to tion experience for Pacific Island mi­ recast the migration debate as it is grants to the United States and to argued in the rim countries. Although American Samoa. Northeast Passage is about American Chapter 6 is one page ofconcluding Samoa and the United States, the comments emphasizing the migration­ authors say little beyond the standard as-dependency perspective prevalent national-level, dependency argument. throughout the 1980s. The authors They do, however, provide impressive conclude that "continued migration data for reinterpretation. and an economy driven by rents (aid and remittances rather than by produc­ In Remittances and their Impact, tive export-oriented activities) may Ahlburg aims "to assist policy makers ....'Mi!i&J&!W6';"g;gAi THE CONTEMPORARY PACIFIC. SPRING 1994 and planners to assess the impact and Samoan communities are likely to con­ maximize the benefits of migration and tinue to grow via the family reunifica­ remittances." Chapter I, which tion principle in US immigration presents an overview ofchanging policy. Again, a North American migration patterns, the costs and bene­ perspective on the migration and remit­ fits oflabor export, and future scenar­ tance debate is likely to be very differ­ ios, has several problems, however. ent from a New Zealand or Austra­ The data suggesting a changing pattern lian one. ofPacific migration, from circulation Chapter 2 suggests some questions to unidirectional permanent out-migra­ arising from remittance theory: "Is tion, range from spurious to nonexis­ remitting to be viewed as altruism or tent. Comparative macro-level data are investment? ... How are remittance of questionable value, and the concepts payments enforced? ... Do remit­ of "labour export" and "labour export­ tances decline over time and genera­ ing nations" commodify human beings tions?" In chapter 3 Ahlburg presents in the interest of macro-models. The some useful data and discussion on the biggest problem, however, is with magnitude and source ofremittances Ahlburg's future scenarios. He argues for Tonga and Western Samoa and that "Migration may decline because of suggests that "Tongan and Western an unwillingness by New Zealand, Samoan dependence on remittances is Australia and the United States to among the highest in the world." accept large numbers ofPacific Island­ In chapter 4, Ahlburg discusses the ers, given the uncertain future eco­ adverse effects ofmigration and remit­ nomic performance ofthe host coun­ tances on the economies ofTonga and tries and the increasing competition for Western Samoa. Recognizing the immigrant places as the world popula­ "scanty" evidence, he suggests that tion grows" (3). remittances increase income inequality Similarly, in chapter 5, "The Future in Western Samoa, but decrease ofMigration and Remittances in income inequality in Tonga. Chapter 5 Tonga and Western Samoa," he asserts presents a number of future scenarios that "the future ofmigration depends assuming four different levels ofinter­ on the immigration policies ofthe national migration by Western Sa­ receiving nations, New Zealand, Aus­ moans and Tongans, and chapter 6 tralia and the United States. These presents related policy options. countries are adopting or will soon In Remittances and Their Impact, adopt points based schemes to select Ahlburg combines a strong dependency migrants. The schemes are straight­ theory orientation with a neo-Malthu­ forward measures of human capital on sian concern for the future ofglobal which Pacific islanders are unlikely to labor. He is correct in pointing out that do well in the international competi­ most nations are already closing their tion for immigrant places." The United doors to surplus global labor. Today, States has no such points-based immi­ in this broader global context, the gration scheme, and Tongan and relatively open, borderless movements BOOK REVIEWS 251 ofPacific Islanders into the United sia and French Polynesia which are States take on even greater theoretical dependent on massive military expen­ and practical significance.
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