Overview of the Alignment of Arawakan Languages*
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Is Kanakanavu an Ergative Language?
Voice and transitivity in Kanakanavu Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Erfurt vorgelegt von Ilka Wild Erfurt, März 2018 Gutachter der Arbeit: Prof. Dr. Christian Lehmann, Universität Erfurt Prof. Dr. Volker Gast, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Datum der Defensio: 6. August 2018 Universitätsbibliothek Erfurt Electronic Text Center URN:nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530 Abstract This is a dissertation on the Kanakanavu language, i.e. that linguistic phenomena found while working on the language underwent a deeper analysis and linguistic techniques were used to provide data and to present analyses in a structured manner. Various topics of the Kanakanavu language system are exemplified: Starting with a grammar sketch of the language, the domains phonology, morphology, and syntax are described and information on the linguistic features in these domains are given. Beyond a general overview of the situation and a brief description of the language and its speakers, an investigation on a central part of the Kanakanavu language system, namely its voice system, can be found in this work. First, it is analyzed and described by its formal characteristics. Second, the question of the motivation of using the voice system in connection to transitivity and, in the literature less often recognized, the semantic side of transitive constructions, i.e. its effectiveness, is discussed. Investigations on verb classes in Kanakanavu and possible semantic connections are presented as well as investigations on possible situations of different degrees of effectiveness. This enables a more detailed view on the language system and, in particular, its voice system. -
On Numeral Complexity in Hunter-Gatherer Languages
On numeral complexity in hunter-gatherer languages PATIENCE EPPS, CLAIRE BOWERN, CYNTHIA A. HANSEN, JANE H. HILL, and JASON ZENTZ Abstract Numerals vary extensively across the world’s languages, ranging from no pre- cise numeral terms to practically infinite limits. Particularly of interest is the category of “small” or low-limit numeral systems; these are often associated with hunter-gatherer groups, but this connection has not yet been demonstrated by a systematic study. Here we present the results of a wide-scale survey of hunter-gatherer numerals. We compare these to agriculturalist languages in the same regions, and consider them against the broader typological backdrop of contemporary numeral systems in the world’s languages. We find that cor- relations with subsistence pattern are relatively weak, but that numeral trends are clearly areal. Keywords: borrowing, hunter-gatherers, linguistic area, number systems, nu- merals 1. Introduction Numerals are intriguing as a linguistic category: they are lexical elements on the one hand, but on the other they are effectively grammatical in that they may involve a generative system to derive higher values, and they interact with grammatical systems of quantification. Numeral systems are particularly note- worthy for their considerable crosslinguistic variation, such that languages may range from having no precise numeral terms at all to having systems whose limits are practically infinite. As Andersen (2005: 26) points out, numerals are thus a “liminal” linguistic category that is subject to cultural elaboration. Recent work has called attention to this variation among numeral systems, particularly with reference to systems having very low limits (for example, see Evans & Levinson 2009, D. -
A View from Amazonia
1 The value of language and the language of value: a view from Amazonia Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (The Cairns Institute/SASS, JCU) Abstract. The concept of 'value' is manifold. Something judged good, proper and desirable in human life is judged as 'valuable'. Being valuable may have economic connotations of 'worth' — to do with the degree to which desirable objects may bring material benefits. In this paper, I concentrate on the Tariana, a representative of the Vaupés River Basin linguistic area in the far-corner of north-west Brazilian Amazonia. I focus on how the value of language as the mark of identity is expressed in Tariana. I then turn to the expression of meanings to do with evaluation ('good, proper, as it should be' versus 'bad, adverse', 'other', or 'correct' versus 'incorrect'(), with a special focus on the danger of 'otherness'. The concept of monetary worth came into the society, and the language, through the introduction of market economy within the last two or three decades. At the end, the findings are put within the perspective of Amazonian languages and cultures in general. 1 Value in language The concept of 'value' is manifold. Something judged good, proper and desirable in human life may be looked upon as 'valuable'. Having 'value' may go together with economic connotations of 'worth', that is, the degree to which desirable objects may bring material benefits. The term 'value' in English (and also French, Portuguese and some other familiar Indo-European languages) extends beyond 'worth' and 'evaluation' into 'the ability of a thing to serve a purpose or cause an effect, as in news value'. -
French Creole
Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole Jo-Anne S. Ferreira UWI, St. Augustine/SIL International Mervyn C. Alleyne UWI, Mona/UPR, Río Piedras Together known as Kheuól, Karipúna French Creole (KFC) and Galibi-Marwono French Creole (GMFC) are two varieties of Amazonian French Creole (AFC) spoken in the Uaçá area of northern Amapá in Brazil. Th ey are socio-historically and linguistically connected with and considered to be varieties of Guianese French Creole (GFC). Th is paper focuses on the external history of the Brazilian varieties, and compares a selection of linguistic forms across AFC with those of GFC and Antillean varieties, including nasalised vowels, the personal pronouns and the verbal markers. St. Lucian was chosen as representative of the Antillean French creoles of the South-Eastern Caribbean, including Martinique and Trinidad, whose populations have had a history of contact with those of northern Brazil since the sixteenth century. Data have been collected from both fi eld research and archival research into secondary sources. Introduction Th is study focuses on a group of languages/dialects which are spoken in Brazil, French Guiana and the Lesser Antilles, and to a lesser extent on others spoken in other parts of the Americas (as well as in the Indian Ocean). Th is linguistic group is variously referred to as Creole French, French Creole, French-lexicon Creole, French-lexifi er Creole, French Creole languages/dialects, Haitian/Martiniquan/St. Lucian (etc.) Cre- ole, and more recently by the adjective of the name of the country, particularly in the case of the Haiti (cf. -
Factory Schools Destroying Indigenous People in the Name of Education
For tribes, for nature, for all humanity A Survival International Report Factory Schools Destroying indigenous people in the name of education Whoever controls the education of our children controls our future Wilma Mankiller Cherokee, U.S. Contents Introduction 03 Chapter 1: Historic Factory Schooling 04 Historic Factory Schooling 05 Killing the child 07 Dividing the family 09 Destroying the tribe 10 Leaving a devastating legacy 13 Case study 1: Denmark 15 Case study 2: Canada 16 Chapter 2: Factory Schooling today 18 Tribal & indigenous Factory Schooling today 19 Killing the child 20 Dividing the family 22 Destroying the tribe 24 Going to school can prevent learning 27 Going to school often provides only low quality learning 28 Case study 3: Malaysia 31 Case study 4: Botswana 32 Case study 5: Indonesia 35 Case study 6: French Guiana 36 Chapter 3: Prejudice 37 Prejudice in schooling policy and practice 38 “Unschooled means uneducated” 39 “School should be compulsory” 40 “Schooling should follow a single model” 41 Chapter 4: Control 42 Schooling as a means of control 43 Control over land and resources 44 Control over people 46 Case study 7: India – adopted by a steel company 47 Case study 8: India – the world’s largest tribal school 48 Chapter 5: Resistance, self-determination and indigenous 49 education Towards the future 50 Reclaiming indigenous languages in education 51 Education and self-determination 53 Chapter 6: A call to action 54 Education that respects indigenous peoples’ rights 55 Case study 9: Brazil – Yanomami 56 Case study 10: Canada 57 Case study 11: Brazil – Enawene Nawe 58 Case study 12: Mexico 60 Case study 13: Indonesia 61 Case study 14: Australia 62 Case study 15: U.S. -
Some Word-Order Correlation Are Lineage Specific
The evolution of word-order universals: Some word-order correlation are lineage specific - others might be universal Gerhard Jäger, Gwendolyn Berger, Isabella Boga, Thora Daneyko & Luana Vaduva Tübingen University Association for Linguistic Typology, Canberra December 15, 2017 Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 1 / 26 Introduction Introduction Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 2 / 26 Introduction Word order correlations Greenberg, Keenan, Lehmann etc.: general tendency for languages to be either consistently head-initial or consistently head-final alternative account (Dryer, Hawkins): phrases are consistently left- or consistently right-branching can be formalized as collection of implicative universals, such as With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional. (Greenberg’s Universal 4) both generativist and functional/historical explanations in the literature Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 3 / 26 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence languages are phylogenetically structured if two closely related languages display the same pattern, these are not two independent data points ) we need to control for phylogenetic dependencies (from Dunn et al., 2011) Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 4 / 26 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence Maslova (2000): “If the A-distribution for a given typology cannot be as- sumed to be stationary, a distributional universal cannot be discovered on the basis of purely synchronic statistical data.” “In this case, the only way to discover a distributional universal is to estimate transition probabilities and as it were to ‘predict’ the stationary distribution on the basis of the equations in (1).” Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 5 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method The phylogenetic comparative method Jäger et al. -
OBJETOS MEHINAKO Entre O Rito, a Retribuição E O Mercado
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Sociais OBJETOS MEHINAKO Entre o rito, a retribuição e o mercado Roberta Garcia Anffe Braida São Paulo 2012 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Sociais OBJETOS MEHINAKO Entre o rito, a retribuição e o mercado Tese apresentada à banca examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de doutor em ciências socais pela Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo, sob orientação da Profa. Dra. Dorothea Voegeli Passetti São Paulo 2012 2 Ficha Catalográfica Braida , Roberta Garcia Anffe. OBJETOS MEHINAKO - Entre o rito, a retribuição e o mercado. São Paulo: 2012 pp.210. Tese (Doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo, 2012 Área de Concentração : Ciências socais Orientador : Professora Doutora Dorothea Voegeli Passetti Palavras chave : trocas, cultura material, dádiva, Mehinako, reciprocidade e consumo. Autorizo, exclusivamente, para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese por processos fotocopiadores ou eletrônicos. 3 Tese defendida e aprovada em _____/_____/_____ Banca Examinadora ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 4 Para meus pais, Sandra Garcia e Roberto Tovar 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço em primeiro lugar aos Mehinako, que -
A Conservation Vision for the Tapajos Basin
STUDY BR 2016 A conservation vision for the Tapajos basin © Zig Koch/WWF Living Amazon Initiative © Zig Koch/WWF Living WWF-BRAZIL General Secretary Carlos Nomoto Conservation Supervisor Mario Barroso Science Programme Coordinator Mariana Napolitano e Ferreira Amazon Programme Coordinator Marco Lentini WWF – Living Amazon Initiative Leader Sandra Charity Coordinator of the Responsible Hydropower Development Strategy Damian Fleming Communication Coordinator Denise Oliveira PUBLICATION Technical Coordination: Maps: Mariana Napolitano Ferreira and Paula Hanna Valdujo Science Programme/WWF-Brazil Technical Team: Photography: Mariana Soares, Bernardo Caldas Oliveira, Alessandra Adriano Gambarini e Zig Koch Manzur, Mario Barroso, Sidney Rodrigues Cover photo: Collaborators: Salto São Simão, Rio Juruena, states of Mato Grosso André Nahur, André Dias, Marco Lentini, Frederico and Amazonas, Brazil. Credit: © Zig Koch/ WWF Living Machado, Glauco Kimura, Aldem Bourscheit, Jean Amazon Initiative François Timmers, Jaime Gesisky Graphic Design: Interviewees: Talita Ferreira Enrico Bernard, Arnaldo Carneiro, Cláudio Maretti Writing and Editing: Maura Campanilli Cataloguing C755c A conservation vision for the Tapajos basin. WWF Brazil. Brasilia, 2016. 54p.;il; color 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-85-5574-029-9 1. Basin of the Tapajos – Mato Grosso, Para and Amazonas 2. Hydroelectric Energy - Brazil 3. Impacts 4. Systematic Conservation Planning 1. WWF Brazil II. Title CDU 556 (81) (05) =690 A CONSERVATION VISION FOR THE TAPAJOS BASIN 1st edition Brasilia, Brazil -
Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion. -
Maize As Material Culture? Amazonian Theories of Persons and Things
Miller, Maize as material culture? MAIZE AS MATERIAL CULTURE? AMAZONIAN THEORIES OF PERSONS AND THINGS THERESA MILLER Introduction: the ‘nature’ of materials in anthropological analyses As a significant sub-discipline within anthropology, material culture studies have been at the forefront of ground-breaking theories regarding the relationships between people and things. A whole genre of object biographies have been produced, based on Kopytoff’s (1986) article on the ‘social life of things’ (cf. Saunders 1999, Thomas 1999, Harrison 2003). Daniel Miller’s (1987) interpretation of Hegel’s dialectical materialism led to a serious discussion of how people and objects mutually reinforce and create each other. While Kopytoff’s theory has been widely criticized for its passive, semiotic approach (Thomas 1999, Holtorf 2002), Miller’s notion of ‘materiality’ (1987, 2010) moved away from the meanings of objects to focus on how they act within the field of social relations. As more anthropologists and archaeologists engage with material culture studies, however, the assumptions on which this sub-field have been based are being called into question. Rival’s edited volume (1998) includes ethnographic accounts attempting to reconcile the symbolic and material aspects of person ̶ thing relationships. Ingold (2007b) adopts a more radical view, bypassing a discussion of symbolism and critiquing ‘materiality’ for being an abstract category. His phenomenological approach calls for an analysis of the material substance and affects/effects of things. Instead of analysing the ‘thinginess’ of things, as is the case in materiality studies, Ingold advocates an exploration of how things are ‘thingly’; that is, how they emerge in the world of both people and things (Ingold 2007b: 9). -
Esteio De Gente: Reflexões Sobre Assimetria E Parentesco a Partir De Depoimentos De Chefes Kalapalo1
@ Revista de Antropologia Social dos Alunos do PPGAS-UFSCar, v.3, n.1, jan.-jun., p.95-126, 2011 Esteio de gente: reflexões sobre assimetria e parentesco a partir de depoimentos de chefes kalapalo1 Antonio Guerreiro Júnior - Veja só, a lua está sentada. - Você está falando da lua cheia? Por que ela está sentada? - Porque ela está chefiando seu pessoal na festa de outra aldeia. Veja como ela está grande e bonita. (Conversa na aldeia em uma noite de lua cheia) Inhalü beha engü uhutinhihüngü ngipi inhalü Os que não são conhecedores não têm/sabem nada dessas coisas, não Tükima uhunalü ihekeni? Para que eles saberiam? (Chefe kalapalo, sobre o conhecimento da fala ritual) Antes mesmo de figurar como uma questão importante nas etnografias, os chefes alto xinguanos2 (anetü3, em kalapalo; anetaõ, em sua forma coletiva) já faziam parte da realidade do contato. Ramiro Noronha (1952), em 1920, falava em “caciques” e “capitães”, e os Bakairi já traduziam a diferença entre chefes e não chefes sob a forma da oposição capitão/camarada (certamente desde muito antes). Dos anos 1940 em diante a figura dos chefes ficou ainda mais marcada, pois eles é que se tornaram, na maioria das 1 Este artigo sintetiza parte da discussão sobre chefia que desenvolvo em minha pesquisa de doutorado, que trata de transformações políticas entre os Kalapalo a partir de uma etnografia do ritual pós mortuário da nobreza (egitsü, em karib, mas popularmente conhecido como Quarup). 2 O Alto Xingu é um complexo sociocultural pluriétnico e multilíngue formado por dez povos falantes de línguas pertencentes a diferentes troncos e famílias linguísticas, localizado na porção sul do Parque Indígena do Xingu (doravante, PIX), no nordeste do estado do Mato Grosso. -
Línguas Arawak Da Bolívia Henri Ramirez Universidade Federal De
LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1-71, e019012, 2019 Línguas Arawak da Bolívia Henri Ramirez Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Brasil http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-3812 Maria Cristina Victorino de França Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Brasil http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-1098 abstract: This summary of the Bolivian subgroup (Mojeño, Baure, Pauna, Tereno) of the Arawak family is extracted from our Encyclopedia of Arawak Languages - with six new languages and two databases (in press). No branch of this family is as cohesive as the Bolivian subgroup: its lexicon, its grammar, with an unusual suprafix A “non-factual”, and two complex vocalic chain shifts (*i > *i > *e > *a ; *a > *ʊ / *o > i / i / u) show a diagnostic unity among its languages. After detailing the historical and dialectical destruction of each of these four languages (16th-18th centuries), as well as their phonological and grammatical structures, we suggest a reconstruction of Proto-Bolivian and a Bolivian-Purus-Kampa-Amuesha supergroup (bpka) among Arawak languages. This contribution ends by listing more than 500 cognate sets for the whole Bolivian subgroup. Since Payne (1991), comparative Arawak studies in the Bolivian subgroup have been extremely chaotic and, in some ways, have regressed rather than advanced. Besides, a thorough analysis of Paikone, Magíana and Apolista leads us to some spurious word lists that force us to revise the status of these languages. keywords: Arawak classification; Bolivian subgroup; Vocalic chain shifts; Spurious data. resumo: Este artigo é um capítulo resumido e extraído de nossa Enciclopédia das Línguas Arawak - acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados (no prelo).