Some Word-Order Correlation Are Lineage Specific

Home , Digul, Mambare River, Wapishana

The evolution of word-order universals: Some word-order correlation are lineage speciﬁc - others might be universal

Gerhard Jäger, Gwendolyn Berger, Isabella Boga, Thora Daneyko & Luana Vaduva

Tübingen University

Association for Linguistic Typology, Canberra

December 15, 2017

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 1 / 26 Introduction

Introduction

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 2 / 26 Introduction Word order correlations

Greenberg, Keenan, Lehmann etc.: general tendency for languages to be either consistently head-initial or consistently head-ﬁnal alternative account (Dryer, Hawkins): phrases are consistently left- or consistently right-branching can be formalized as collection of implicative universals, such as With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional. (Greenberg’s Universal 4) both generativist and functional/historical explanations in the literature

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 3 / 26 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence

languages are phylogenetically structured if two closely related languages display the same pattern, these are not two independent data points ⇒ we need to control for phylogenetic dependencies (from Dunn et al., 2011)

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 4 / 26 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence

Maslova (2000): “If the A-distribution for a given typology cannot be as- sumed to be stationary, a distributional universal cannot be discovered on the basis of purely synchronic statistical data.”

“In this case, the only way to discover a distributional universal is to estimate transition probabilities and as it were to ‘predict’ the stationary distribution on the basis of the equations in (1).”

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 5 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method

The phylogenetic comparative method

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 6 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method Modeling language change

Markov process

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 7 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method Modeling language change

Markov process Phylogeny

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 7 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method Modeling language change

Markov process Phylogeny

Branching process

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 7 / 26 ... transition rates, stationary probabilities and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model

The phylogenetic comparative method Estimating rates of change

if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 8 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method Estimating rates of change

if phylogeny and states of extant languages are known...... transition rates, stationary probabilities and ancestral states can be estimated based on Markov model

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 8 / 26 The phylogenetic comparative method Correlation between features

Pagel and Meade (2006) construct two types of Markov processes: independent: the two features evolve according to independend Markov processes dependent: rates of change in one feature depends on state of the other feature ﬁt both models to the data apply statistical model comparison

Independent model Dependent model

VO PN VO/PN

OV/PN VO/NP

OV NP OV/NP

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 9 / 26 Dunn et al. (2011)

Dunn et al. (2011)

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 10 / 26 Dunn et al. (2011) Dunn et al. (2011)

all 28 pairs of 8 word-order features considered 4 language families: Austronesian, Bantu, Indo-European, and Uto-Aztecan main finding: wildly different results between families conclusion: word-order correlations are lineage-specific

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 11 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models

Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 12 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models This study

Experiments 1 replication of Dunn et al. (2011) with different data 2 model comparison: universal vs. lineage-specific correlations 3 word-order correlations across a world-tree of languages 4 automatically identifying lineage-specificity

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 13 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Data

word-order data: WALS phylogeny: ASJP word lists (Wichmann et al., 2016) feature extraction (automatic cognate detection, inter alia) ; character matrix Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic inference with Glottolog (Hammarström et al., 2016) tree as backbone advantages over hand-coded Swadesh lists applicable across language familes covers more languages than those for which expert cognate judgments are available 1004 languages in total Austronesian: 123; Bantu: 41; Indo-European: 53; Uto-Aztecan: 13

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 14 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Replication of Dunn et al.

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 15 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Comparing universal and lineage-speciﬁc models

so far: fitting a separate model for each language family advantage: good fit of the lineage-specific data disadvantage: many parameters (8 per family for a dependent model) statistical model comparison: quantifying to what degree the data support the excess parameters of lineage-specific models models to be compared: universal: one set of rates (8 parameters), applying to all 4 families lineage specific: a separate set of rates for each family comparison via Bayes Factor (implementation with RevBayes; Höhna et al. 2016)

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 16 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Results

very strong evidence for universality:

noun-adjective ↔ noun-numeral feature pair Bayes Factor NA-NNum 16.24 adposition-noun ↔ verb-object PN-VO 15.22 PN-NG 9.45 VO-NRc 9.21 strong evidence for universality: PN-NRc 8.69

NRc-VS 8.18 universal NG-VO 7.92 adposition-noun ↔ verb-object ↔ noun-genitive ↔ noun-relative NG-NRc 6.55 NA-NRc 6.49 clause PN-ND 5.42 ND-NRc 4.32 VO-VS 3.15 strong or very strong evidence for lineage speciﬁcity: PN-VS 1.71 NA-ND 0.54 behavior of noun-adjective and noun-numeral ND-VO 0.37 NA-VO -2.07 ND-NG -3.17 NNUM NG NA-PN -3.40 NNum-VS -8.13 NNum-NRc -8.40 NA-VS -9.66 VS PN NG-VS -9.84 NA-NG -10.94 ND-NNum -12.12 ND-VS -15.01 PN-NNum -16.37 NNum-VO -17.57 NA VO NG-NNum -28.63 lineage-speci ﬁ c

ND NRc

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 17 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Results

universal (PN/VO) lineage-speciﬁc (NG/NNum)

Austronesian

PN NG NNum 1.18 VO 9.15 4.91 1.6

4.06 0.51 NG GN NumN 11.35 NNum 1.24 0.22 0.92 9.1 GN 3.98 NumN PN NP Bantu

OV 1.07 VO NG NNum 4.85 8.87 0.38 0.37 13.22 4.8 NG GN

NumN 4.08 NNum 3.92 2.74 3.86 4.2 GN NP NumN OV Indo-European

NNum 4.09 4.86

3.87

0.56 NG GN NumN NNum 2.5 4.5

3.23

0.7 GN NumN

Uto-Aztecan

NNum 3.46 4.41

4.61

2.63 NG GN NumN NNum 2.02 5.8

3.76

2.14 GN NumN

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 18 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Using the world tree

Glottolog family Macro-Area

Atlantic-Congo.D27 BANGUBANGU MUTINGWA

Atlantic-Congo.KOUNDOUMOU BAMBOMBA BOMITABA

Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD PLATEAUX CONGO Atlantic-Congo Atlantic-Congo.BANGUBANGU KABAMBARE Africa

Atlantic-Congo.HEMBA BWINYANYEMBA Atlantic-Congo.KONGO SAN SALVADOR 2

Atlantic-Congo.H166 KONGO MANYANGA

Atlantic-Congo.B78 IWUM WUUMBU SUD TEKE Atlantic-Congo.K15 MBUNDA GANGELA Atlantic-Congo.KONGO SAN SALVADOR

Atlantic-Congo.IBOLO BAMBOMBA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.SONGOLA KASENGA

Atlantic-Congo.B44 LUMBU YI BANDA Atlantic-Congo.LEGA SHABUNDA 2

Atlantic-Congo.SONDE GISOONDI

Atlantic-Congo.SONGOLA ULINDI Atlantic-Congo.LEGA SHABUNDA Atlantic-Congo.L31a LUBA KASAYI Atlantic-Congo.HEMBA MAMBWE Atlantic-Congo.NGWI MATEKO KINGOLI Atlantic-Congo.L21 KETE KATAMB Atlantic-Congo.H12 VILI MAYUMBA Atlantic-Congo.SONDE KYAANZA Atlantic-Congo.TOUKOULAKA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD EKEMWA Atlantic-Congo.B63 NDUUMO KUYA Atlantic-Congo.OYUOMI TCHERRE Atlantic-Congo.D28 HOLOHOLO Atlantic-Congo.L51 SALAMPASU

Atlantic-Congo.ENYA KIBOMBO

Atlantic-Congo.LEGA MWENGA Atlantic-Congo.B87 MBUUN LABAEMPI Atlantic-Congo.B70 TEKE OMVULA

Atlantic-Congo.LUMBU YI TANDU Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42Atlantic-Congo.H42 HUNGANA HUNGANA HUNGANA HUNGANAAtlantic-Congo.KONGO 3 2 4 1 MBOMA Atlantic-Congo.MASHI ZAMBIA Atlantic-Congo.BANGUBANGU Atlantic-Congo.L21 KETE IPILA Atlantic-Congo.RUUMBU KIMWAANSA Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA LIWEME Atlantic-Congo.K15Atlantic-Congo.K15 MBUNDA MBUNDA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.L221Atlantic-Congo.L221 LWALWA LWALWA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.OYUOMI MBAMA Atlantic-Congo.YAKA PELENDE Atlantic-Congo.MOKENGUI BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.L32Atlantic-Congo.L32 KANYOK KANYOK 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.ENYA MANDA Atlantic-Congo.BUJA BUMBA YAMOLOTO Atlantic-Congo.KWANYAMA 2 Atlantic-Congo.LIOUESSO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.SONDE FESHI Atlantic-Congo.BONDEKO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.TEE TEKE KALE Atlantic-Congo.L22 MBAGANI Atlantic-Congo.K14Atlantic-Congo.K14 LWENA LWENA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.NKOMO KELLE Atlantic-Congo.KWANGALI 2 Atlantic-Congo.B414 VARAMA Atlantic-Congo.H41 MBALA 1 Atlantic-Congo.MULONGAAtlantic-Congo.MULONGA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA SIBITI Atlantic-Congo.UMBUNDU 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD SAIO Atlantic-Congo.K11 CIOKWE Atlantic-Congo.MBUKUSHU Atlantic-Congo.HOLOHOLO Atlantic-Congo.BUJA MONOGO BUMBA Atlantic-Congo.B77aAtlantic-Congo.B77aAtlantic-Congo.TEKE KUKUYA KUKUYA 2 BOUNDJI 1Atlantic-Congo.NKOMO OLOLI Atlantic-Congo.KWANYAMA Atlantic-Congo.MONGO LOSAKANI NTOMBA Atlantic-Congo.BOSSELAAtlantic-Congo.MATOKO BOMITABA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.TEKE KOMONO Atlantic-Congo.B86 DZING BISEY Atlantic-Congo.MBALANHU Atlantic-Congo.MBANZA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.B42Atlantic-Congo.SHIRA SANGU 2 BWALI Atlantic-Congo.NGANGELA Atlantic-Congo.MFINU KIFULUNGA Atlantic-Congo.L62 NKOYA Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KUMAKUMA Atlantic-Congo.KWANGAAtlantic-Congo.KWANGAAtlantic-Congo.KWANGA 2 1 4 Atlantic-Congo.TSAMBAAN YANZ Atlantic-Congo.B431 VUNGU Atlantic-Congo.KWANGALI Atlantic-Congo.KWANGA 3 Atlantic-Congo.NDONGA 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOTALAAtlantic-Congo.MBOUA BOMITABA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.HERERO 2 Atlantic-Congo.BAMBOMBAAtlantic-Congo.BOLEKE BOMITABA EPENA Atlantic-Congo.UMBUNDU Atlantic-Congo.D55 BUYU Atlantic-Congo.DZING KAANTSAAtlantic-Congo.SAKATAAtlantic-Congo.KESAA SAKATA KESHA Atlantic-Congo.TEKE NTYO 3 Atlantic-Congo.D14 ENYA Atlantic-Congo.IWUM WUUMBU 1 Atlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBOAtlantic-Congo.ZOOMBO 2 4 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.TEKE NTYO 2 Atlantic-Congo.LUYANAAtlantic-Congo.LUYANA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.YABA MBETI Atlantic-Congo.KISONGE Atlantic-Congo.TUMBWE

Atlantic-Congo.KOYO EHAMBE MAKUA Atlantic-Congo.IWUM WUUMBU 2 Atlantic-Congo.KWANGE Atlantic-Congo.MAKOMA Atlantic-Congo.LUMBWE Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KIBONGO Atlantic-Congo.LAALI TEKE 2 Atlantic-Congo.NKHUMBI Atlantic-Congo.C36e Atlantic-Congo.EPENABOLOKI NGIRI BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.LAALI TEKE 1 Atlantic-Congo.NYENGO Atlantic-Congo.KANIO BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.NDONGA Atlantic-Congo.NGUNGWEL Atlantic-Congo.HANGALA Atlantic-Congo.CHOKWE Atlantic-Congo.MBUNDU Atlantic-Congo.MBUNDA Atlantic-Congo.HERERO Atlantic-Congo.NYANGA Atlantic-Congo.LWELAtlantic-Congo.LWELAtlantic-Congo.SAKATA KILORI KILORI 3 2 KUTU Atlantic-Congo.B41 SHIRAAtlantic-Congo.YAKA SUD Atlantic-Congo.NKOYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.MWENYI Atlantic-Congo.BENE BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.DCIRIKU Atlantic-Congo.SAKATA KIBAI Atlantic-Congo.SIMAAAtlantic-Congo.SIMAAAtlantic-Congo.SIMAA 2 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.LUNDAAtlantic-Congo.LUNDA 2 1 Atlantic-Congo.KWANDI Atlantic-Congo.TEGE EWO Atlantic-Congo.MBALA 5 Atlantic-Congo.SHIYEYI Atlantic-Congo.MITUKU Atlantic-Congo.KOONGO Atlantic-Congo.MBOWE Atlantic-Congo.BABOLEAtlantic-Congo.ELEKU IMPFONDO BONGINDA Atlantic-Congo.MBALAAtlantic-Congo.KANYOK 4 Atlantic-Congo.LAMBA MBOLE BALANGA Atlantic-Congo.NSELEMBILI Atlantic-Congo.MBALA 3 Atlantic-Congo.KEBWE Atlantic-Congo.ZAMBA BAMONGO Atlantic-Congo.DZING SEDZO Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KUCU WELAAtlantic-Congo.KOTA ANKUTCU MANDUNGWE Atlantic-Congo.MBAMBAAtlantic-Congo.OMBAMBA 1 Atlantic-Congo.BEMBEAtlantic-Congo.BEMBE 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.C84Atlantic-Congo.C84 LELE LELE LUHILEEL LUHILEEL 4 2 Atlantic-Congo.BOMA NORD Atlantic-Congo.LUVALE Atlantic-Congo.C84 LELE LUHILEEL 3 Atlantic-Congo.RUUND Atlantic-Congo.BOTONGO DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.NSONTENY Atlantic-Congo.YAKA yaf Atlantic-Congo.KIHOLU Atlantic-Congo.NKOYA Atlantic-Congo.LWEL KILORI Atlantic-Congo.MBUMI Atlantic-Congo.LANGA MBOLE BAMBULI Atlantic-Congo.SANGU 1 Atlantic-Congo.BEEMBE Atlantic-Congo.KWEZO Atlantic-Congo.DIRIKU Atlantic-Congo.LUMBU 2Atlantic-Congo.VARAMA Atlantic-Congo.KWESE Atlantic-Congo.NGOMBE LIKULA Atlantic-Congo.LIUWA Atlantic-Congo.LUNDA Atlantic-Congo.NSEKSHAA Atlantic-Congo.NDUMU 2 Atlantic-Congo.LAADI 1 Atlantic-Congo.ZIMBA Atlantic-Congo.MAHONGWEAtlantic-Congo.ITANGA SAMA BOMITABA Atlantic-Congo.NSEMOHBIAtlantic-Congo.MBOMPIYA Atlantic-Congo.NDUUMOAtlantic-Congo.NDOUBA Atlantic-Congo.LAADI 2 Atlantic-Congo.PENDE Atlantic-Congo.MBOMFOLIAtlantic-Congo.MBUMBUUAtlantic-Congo.MASHYOO Atlantic-Congo.MBEDE 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBALA Atlantic-Congo.LOBALA LILOKA Atlantic-Congo.NTSIAMI Atlantic-Congo.IBONGOAtlantic-Congo.ISANGUAtlantic-Congo.YIPUNU Atlantic-Congo.B871 MPIIN 2 Atlantic-Congo.LEGA Atlantic-Congo.ENYA Atlantic-Congo.C36d LINGALA 2 Atlantic-Congo.TEKEAtlantic-Congo.B85d NTYO 1 TSONG Atlantic-Congo.PUNUAtlantic-Congo.PUNUAtlantic-Congo.BEMBE 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.LUBA Atlantic-Congo.MOUNDA DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.YANZ KIYEY Atlantic-Congo.VUNGU Atlantic-Congo.YAKA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KUNYI Atlantic-Congo.HOLU Atlantic-Congo.EDZAMA DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.TSAANGI Atlantic-Congo.NDUMU Atlantic-Congo.GISIRA Atlantic-Congo.KETE Atlantic-Congo.ELEKU IBENGE Atlantic-Congo.NTELERE Atlantic-Congo.KANINGI Atlantic-Congo.LAADI Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA DE BIKORO Atlantic-Congo.MBEDE Atlantic-Congo.LUYI Atlantic-Congo.KOTA MEKAMBO Atlantic-Congo.NGONGO 1 Atlantic-Congo.NDWAMAAtlantic-Congo.NSEJIME Atlantic-Congo.FUMU 1 Atlantic-Congo.NZEBIAtlantic-Congo.NZEBIAtlantic-Congo.FUMU 1 2 2 Atlantic-Congo.SUKU Atlantic-Congo.BABOLEAtlantic-Congo.KINAMI DZEKE DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.NGONGO 2 Atlantic-Congo.DUMA 2 Atlantic-Congo.YAKA Atlantic-Congo.LOKELE YEPOLOMA Atlantic-Congo.NSEJAUAtlantic-Congo.NDJABI Atlantic-Congo.OBELIAtlantic-Congo.OYABIAtlantic-Congo.BWISI Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHIAtlantic-Congo.DZEKE NGOLO DIBOLE Atlantic-Congo.KEMPEE Atlantic-Congo.OBAA Atlantic-Congo.MAZOO Mande Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA BANDUNDU Atlantic-Congo.C10 GANDO Atlantic-Congo.DZINGAtlantic-Congo.SAKATAAtlantic-Congo.NDUMA B Atlantic-Congo.KELAU Atlantic-Congo.SIENE Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA INONGO Atlantic-Congo.LOKELEAtlantic-Congo.SENGELEAtlantic-Congo.TETELA YAWEMBE MBELO YYONDO Atlantic-Congo.TEKE EST Atlantic-Congo.TIENEAtlantic-Congo.TIENE 3 1 Atlantic-Congo.LEBAA Atlantic-Congo.C24 KOYO ZWE Atlantic-Congo.NZADIAtlantic-Congo.NZADI 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.DUMA Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHI BUNJI Atlantic-Congo.BOGONGOAtlantic-Congo.MPUONOAtlantic-Congo.DZING A Atlantic-Congo.VILI Atlantic-Congo.LOKELE YALEMBA Atlantic-Congo.MPUTAtlantic-Congo.MPUT 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHI OLEE Atlantic-Congo.BOMBOMAAtlantic-Congo.BONGILIAtlantic-Congo.BONGILI 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.MPUT 1 Atlantic-Congo.MPIIN 1 Atlantic-Congo.BOMAAtlantic-Congo.SANY Atlantic-Congo.IBEEAtlantic-Congo.IYAA Papunesia Atlantic-Congo.NTOMBA NJALE Atlantic-Congo.LINGALA 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBUUNAtlantic-Congo.YANZAtlantic-Congo.YANZAtlantic-Congo.YANZ 1 3Atlantic-Congo.TIENE 2 Atlantic-Congo.BIRA MIALA BUNIA Atlantic-Congo.MAHONGWEAtlantic-Congo.LINGOMBEAtlantic-Congo.BOBANGIAtlantic-Congo.TIENE 2 Atlantic-Congo.MPE Atlantic-Congo.KUSU MATAPA Atlantic-Congo.BANGALAAtlantic-Congo.LIFONGA Atlantic-Congo.LOKELEAtlantic-Congo.MONGOAtlantic-Congo.C81 ISANGI OPALA DENGESEAtlantic-Congo.B25 KOTA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KONDA TWELIA Atlantic-Congo.LINGALA Atlantic-Congo.MFINU Atlantic-Congo.BUSHONGAtlantic-Congo.BUSHONGAtlantic-Congo.BUSHOONGAtlantic-Congo.WUMBVU 1 2 2 Atlantic-Congo.DING Atlantic-Congo.NGOMBEAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBAAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBAAtlantic-Congo.LOBALA 3 2 Atlantic-Congo.C80Atlantic-Congo.C831 SHUWA ILEBO Atlantic-Congo.TEKE Atlantic-Congo.BOAAtlantic-Congo.ESO ABAMAKE YALEMBAAtlantic-Congo.C80 MBINGI Atlantic-Congo.ISONGOAtlantic-Congo.MABALEAtlantic-Congo.LIKOKAAtlantic-Congo.PANDE Atlantic-Congo.BIRAAtlantic-Congo.BOA SEDZABO BABANDA Atlantic-Congo.EGBUTAAtlantic-Congo.LIBINZAAtlantic-Congo.LIBOBI Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA NSAOAtlantic-Congo.WUMBVUAtlantic-Congo.ZAMBA Atlantic-Congo.LONTOMBAAtlantic-Congo.WONGOAtlantic-Congo.YAKAAtlantic-Congo.NDASAAtlantic-Congo.NDASAAtlantic-Congo.NGONDI 2 axk 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.LEKE Atlantic-Congo.A61Atlantic-Congo.KWELE NGORO ASOM HAKOKU Atlantic-Congo.GENGELEAtlantic-Congo.WONGO 1 Atlantic-Congo.ETON CAMEROON Atlantic-Congo.BENGE BATI Atlantic-Congo.MBOSHIAtlantic-Congo.DOKO Atlantic-Congo.BUM A CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.C301 BODOAtlantic-Congo.LOMONGOAtlantic-Congo.NTOMBA 1 2 Atlantic-Congo.KWESO NGULOAtlantic-Congo.NGELEMA 1 Atlantic-Congo.BUJA Atlantic-Congo.BATANGA BALUNDUAtlantic-Congo.B11cAtlantic-Congo.B11cAtlantic-Congo.XEPINZIPINZIAtlantic-Congo.NGELEMAAtlantic-Congo.C45 GALWAGALWA 21 LEBEO 2 Atlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.KAKO SOUANKE BATOURI Atlantic-Congo.PAGIBETEAtlantic-Congo.NTOMBAAtlantic-Congo.TETELA Atlantic-Congo.KOTA Atlantic-Congo.B312Atlantic-Congo.BOA HIMBA BUTA Atlantic-Congo.AKWA Atlantic-Congo.LENGOLAAtlantic-Congo.MONGO 2 Atlantic-Congo.NGELIMA Atlantic-Congo.OMBO Atlantic-Congo.MANDI CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.A72a EWONDO Atlantic-Congo.LENGOLA Atlantic-Congo.KUSU Atlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.FANGAtlantic-Congo.BOMWALIAtlantic-Congo.MPONGWE NTUMU GABON 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBESA Atlantic-Congo.XETSOXOAtlantic-Congo.XEHIMBA Atlantic-Congo.BOLIA Atlantic-Congo.NGOMAtlantic-Congo.KOONZIMEAtlantic-Congo.MPYEMOAtlantic-Congo.MPYEMO KELEAtlantic-Congo.KOMO 21 2 Atlantic-Congo.FANG MEKEAtlantic-Congo.OKANDEAtlantic-Congo.NYALI 2 Atlantic-Congo.MBANGWEAtlantic-Congo.BOMWALIAtlantic-Congo.XEBOBEAtlantic-Congo.LILIKO Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.KOOZIME 3 Atlantic-Congo.KOMO Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.SEKIYANIAtlantic-Congo.TSOGO 2 4 Atlantic-Congo.BODO Atlantic-Congo.A51 BAFIA TUMI TINGON Atlantic-Congo.A62 KALONGE Atlantic-Congo.BEKWILAtlantic-Congo.MYENEAtlantic-Congo.NYALI Atlantic-Congo.EWONDOAtlantic-Congo.BUJEBAAtlantic-Congo.XEBIAAtlantic-Congo.BIRA Atlantic-Congo.BUM B CAMEROONAtlantic-Congo.A60 MMAALA Atlantic-Congo.BUBEAtlantic-Congo.PINZI Atlantic-Congo.MANEHASAtlantic-Congo.BALONDOAtlantic-Congo.KAKOAtlantic-Congo.KWELAtlantic-Congo.POVE 2

Atlantic-Congo.L33 LUBA SHABA Atlantic-Congo.L33 LUBA Atlantic-Congo.SONGYE Atlantic-Congo.KILUBA Atlantic-Congo.L35 SANGA Atlantic-Congo.KAONDE 2 Atlantic-Congo.KAONDE Atlantic-Congo.MBUGWE Atlantic-Congo.VALANGI Atlantic-Congo.DHAISO Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.KAMBA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.THARAKAAtlantic-Congo.GIKUYUAtlantic-Congo.GIKUYUAtlantic-Congo.LUGANDA 2 Atlantic-Congo.J15Atlantic-Congo.SOGA GANDA 2Atlantic-Congo.GWEREAtlantic-Congo.GWEREAtlantic-Congo.MASABA 2 Atlantic-Congo.J31c BUKUSU Atlantic-Congo.SAMIAAtlantic-Congo.NYALA KENYA Atlantic-Congo.LOGOLIAtlantic-Congo.ISUKHAAtlantic-Congo.J321Atlantic-Congo.J321 MARAMA KISA Atlantic-Congo.JITAAtlantic-Congo.KWAYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.JITAAtlantic-Congo.REGI 2 Atlantic-Congo.TALINGATANZANIA Atlantic-Congo.LHUKONZOAtlantic-Congo.J42Atlantic-Congo.NANDEAtlantic-Congo.NANDE NANDEAtlantic-Congo.NANDEAtlantic-Congo.J531 SWAGA SHUTEMBO 2 Atlantic-Congo.SAKE 2 Atlantic-Congo.HUNDEAtlantic-Congo.HUNDEAtlantic-Congo.J24Atlantic-Congo.KIKEREWEAtlantic-Congo.ZIBA 2Atlantic-Congo.HAYA KEREBE Atlantic-Congo.POMO Atlantic-Congo.HAYA 2 Atlantic-Congo.ZINZAAtlantic-Congo.HIMA 2 RDC Atlantic-Congo.SAKE 1 Atlantic-Congo.RUTOOROAtlantic-Congo.RUNYOROAtlantic-Congo.J13Atlantic-Congo.NKOREAtlantic-Congo.RUNYANKOREAtlantic-Congo.RUNYANKORE NKORE RUTOORO HIMA KIGA RUKIGA Atlantic-Congo.NKONGHO Atlantic-Congo.VIRAAtlantic-Congo.FULIRUAtlantic-Congo.J52 HAVU 2 Atlantic-Congo.NNINONG Atlantic-Congo.MASHIAtlantic-Congo.SHI DRC Atlantic-Congo.BAKOKO Atlantic-Congo.J53Atlantic-Congo.VINZAAtlantic-Congo.J62 SHI 2 2 RUNDI Atlantic-Congo.HAAtlantic-Congo.KIRUNDIAtlantic-Congo.KINYARWANDA Atlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.RWANDAAtlantic-Congo.SENGA KIGOYI RERA TWA KINIGI CHAMA Atlantic-Congo.TUMBUKAAtlantic-Congo.TUMBUKAAtlantic-Congo.CHUWABUAtlantic-Congo.CHILOMWEAtlantic-Congo.MAKWAAtlantic-Congo.MAKWA MALAWI ZAMBIEALUA 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Otomanguean.MEPHAAOtomanguean.TEOCUITLAPAOtomanguean.TLACOAPAKuliak.IK 2 ACATEPEC MEPHAA MEPHAA Atlantic-Congo.BWAMUAtlantic-Congo.KASEMAtlantic-Congo.PANA Kuliak.NYANGIKuliak.TEPESAraucanian.RANQUELCHEAraucanian.MAPUDUNGUN 23 Dogon.NYAMBEENGGEAtlantic-Congo.TURKAAtlantic-Congo.VIEMOAtlantic-Congo.LAMA 21 Araucanian.MAPUDUNGUNElamite.ELAMITEWiru.WIRUDuna.DUNANuclear Trans New Guinea.INIAI Atlantic-Congo.NDUT FALOR NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KYAKAGuinea.ENGA Guinea.MAIBIGuinea.YARIBAGuinea.LEMBENA ENGA Dogon.DOGONAtlantic-Congo.NALU JAMSAY NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.HULI Guinea.ANGALGuinea.SAUGuinea.KEWA HOLE Timor-Alor-Pantar Atlantic-Congo.SERERDogon.WALOAtlantic-Congo.ANII SINEKUMBE NuclearNuclearKarankawa.KARANKAWAJarawa-Onge.JARAWA TransTrans NewNew Guinea.KEWAGuinea.POLE EASTS POLE Dogon.TEBULDogon.ANA TINGA URE Jarawa-Onge.ONGEGreat Andamanese.AKAR BALE Atlantic-Congo.FULFULDEAtlantic-Congo.BIAFADAAtlantic-Congo.PALORAtlantic-Congo.PAJADEAtlantic-Congo.LEHARAtlantic-Congo.SAFEN 2 GreatGreatGreat Andamanese.SOUTHAndamanese.AKA Andamanese.OKOAndamanese.AKA BEA KOLBOJUWOI ANDAMAN Mande.WORODUGUKAKANDogon.AMPARI PA GreatGeelvinkKusunda.KUSUNDANakh-Daghestanian.BATS Andamanese.AKA Bay.DEMISA KEDECARI Australia Atlantic-Congo.PULARAtlantic-Congo.NONDogon.BUNOGEDogon.YANDA Nakh-Daghestanian.AKKINNakh-Daghestanian.CHECHENNakh-Daghestanian.INGUSHNakh-Daghestanian.LAKNakh-Daghestanian.KUBACHI CHECHEN DARGI Mande.MANINKAKANMande.KARANJANKANMande.BARALAKAKANMande.TENENGAKANAtlantic-Congo.FULA EASTERN Nakh-Daghestanian.MUIRINakh-Daghestanian.DARGWANakh-Daghestanian.KAJTAKNakh-Daghestanian.XAJDAKNakh-Daghestanian.SANZHI DARGI DARGIDARGI Mande.FINANGAKANMande.KOROKAKAN Nakh-Daghestanian.ICARINakh-Daghestanian.UDINakh-Daghestanian.ARCHINakh-Daghestanian.KHINALUG DARGI 2 Mande.JULAMande.GBELEBANKAKANMande.VANDUGUKAKANMande.NOWOLOKAKANMande.WOJENEKAKANMande.JULAMande.MAUKAKAN VEHICULAIREDogon.DOGON DE KONG Nakh-Daghestanian.TSAKHURNakh-Daghestanian.RUTULNakh-Daghestanian.BUDUKHNakh-Daghestanian.KRYZNakh-Daghestanian.KUBA LEZGI Mande.MANINKAKANMande.BODUGUKAKANMande.SIENKOKAKANMande.SAGAKAKANMande.KOYAGAKANMande.KANIKAKAN KITA Nakh-Daghestanian.MIKRAKHNakh-Daghestanian.LEZGINakh-Daghestanian.AGULNakh-Daghestanian.NORTHERNNakh-Daghestanian.TABASARAN LEZGI TABASSARAN Atlantic-Congo.MANJACAMande.XAASONGAXANGO COSTAMande.TUDUGUKAKAN DEMande.SIAKAKAN BAIXO Nakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVAR ZAKATALY KUSURANTSUKHKARAKH Mande.FOLOKAKANMande.KOROKANMande.NIGBIKAN Nakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.AVARNakh-Daghestanian.HUNZIBNakh-Daghestanian.BEZHTA HIDBATLUKHANDALAL Mande.SOUTHERN BOBO MADARE Nakh-Daghestanian.BEZHTANakh-Daghestanian.KHWARSHINakh-Daghestanian.INKHOKWARINakh-Daghestanian.SAGADINNakh-Daghestanian.MOKOK 2TSEZ TSEZ Nakh-Daghestanian.HINUKHNakh-Daghestanian.TSEZNakh-Daghestanian.TOKITINNakh-Daghestanian.AKHVAKHNakh-Daghestanian.NORTHERN KARATA AKHVAKH Mande.LELEMande.BAMBARA GUINEA Nakh-Daghestanian.SOUTHERNNakh-Daghestanian.ANDINakh-Daghestanian.KARATANakh-Daghestanian.BAGWALAL MUNI AKHVAKH Mande.MANDINKAMande.MALINKE Nakh-Daghestanian.TINDINakh-Daghestanian.CHAMALALNakh-Daghestanian.BOTLIKHNakh-Daghestanian.GODOBERICoosan.HANIS COOS Atlantic-Congo.MANJACAMande.DUUNGOMAMande.KURANKO CHUROMande.MARKAMande.BOLON Kartvelian.SVANKartvelian.GEORGIANKartvelian.LAZKartvelian.MINGRELIANPeba-Yagua.YAMEO Atlantic-Congo.BOMUMande.BUSAMande.YALUNKAMande.JERI NIGERIABOBO KUO Yukaghir.YUKAGHIRYukaghir.KOLYMATurkic.TURKMENTurkic.TURKISH 2YUKAGIR TUNDRA Mande.KONO Turkic.TURKISHTurkic.TEREKEMETurkic.AZERBAIJANITurkic.AZERBAIJANI 2 AZERI NORTHSOUTHERNNORTH 2 Mande.BOZOMande.BOZOMande.BOZOMande.BOKOBARU HAINYAHO JENAAMA TIEYAHO Turkic.DARATurkic.QUCHANTurkic.ASADLITurkic.SHURAKTurkic.DOUGHAI GAZ KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI 2 Mande.LIBERIANMande.SAMOMande.ILLOMande.YAKOUBAMande.SEEKUMande.BANKA Mande.SUSUKPELLEMande.LIGBI MATYAMande.VAI BUSA Turkic.DARATurkic.ZEYARATTurkic.SHIRWANTurkic.SHEYHTurkic.LOTF GAZABAD TEYMUR KHORASANI KHORASANIKHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI 1 Atlantic-Congo.MANKANYAMande.KPELLEMande.LOMAMande.YAUREMande.GUROMande.WAN GUINEA LIBERIA 2 Turkic.JONKTurkic.MARESHKTurkic.GUJGITurkic.QARATurkic.LANGAR KHORASANI BAGHKHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI Atlantic-Congo.BAYOTMande.KYENGAMande.SHANGAMande.TOURAMande.MWANMande.BENGMande.MANNMande.WAN Turkic.RUHTurkic.PIRTurkic.CHARAMTurkic.HARWTurkic.JOGHATAY KOMAJ ABAD E OLYASARJAM KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI KHORASANI Atlantic-Congo.PAPELMande.SONINKEMande.BOKO Turkic.SOLTANTurkic.HOKMTurkic.CRIMEANTurkic.KUMYKTurkic.NOGAI ABAD ABAD TURKISH KHORASANI KHORASANI Khoe-Kwadi.KHOEKHOEGOWABAtlantic-Congo.KERAKAtlantic-Congo.DIOLAMande.GAGU Turkic.SALARTurkic.KHAKASTurkic.DOLGANTurkic.SAKHA 2 Atlantic-Congo.JOLAMande.MENDEMande.BISA Turkic.TOFATurkic.TUVANTurkic.ALTAITurkic.SHORTurkic.MIDDLE CHULYM Tuu.MASARWATuu.XOONMande.KPELLE MASARWAMande.BANDI KAKIA Turkic.UZBEKTurkic.UYGHURTurkic.KHALAJTurkic.CHAGATAITurkic.TATAR IRAN Khoe-Kwadi.MASARWA TATI Turkic.BASHKIRTurkic.KAZANTurkic.MISHERTurkic.KARACHAYTurkic.CHUVASH TATAR TATAR BALKAR Sandawe.SANDAWETuu.XOONTuu.KAM NUENKA KE Turkic.CRIMEANTurkic.KAZAKHTurkic.KARAKALPAKTurkic.KYRGYZTurkic.KARAIM TATAR Khoe-Kwadi.GXANAKxa.KUNGShabo.SHABO EKOKA Mochica.MOCHICAUralic.NENETSUralic.SELKUPUralic.MATORISCHUralic.KARAGASSISCH Otomanguean Khoe-Kwadi.KORANAKhoe-Kwadi.NARONKhoe-Kwadi.KHWE Uralic.KHANTYUralic.MANSIUralic.KILDINUralic.SOUTHUralic.NORTH SAAMI SAAMI Khoe-Kwadi.NAMAKhoe-Kwadi.NAMAKhoe-Kwadi.NAROKhoe-Kwadi.KXOEKhoe-Kwadi.GWITuu.BATWATuu.NG 2 KE Uralic.LULEUralic.INARIUralic.SKOLTUralic.INGRIANUralic.FINNISH SAAMISAAMI SAAMI Khoe-Kwadi.KWADIKxa.JUHOANTuu.XOONTuu.AUNI Uralic.VEPSUralic.LIVEUralic.ESTONIANUralic.KARELIAN VORO Kxa.KAUENTuu.NUKxa.KUNGTuu.NU EN Uralic.ERZYAUralic.MOKSCHAUralic.HUNGARIANUralic.CSANGOUralic.UDMURT MORDWINISCH Uralic.KOMIUralic.MEADOWUralic.TSCHEREMISSISCH ZYRIANPERMYAK MARI URZUMKOZMODEMJANSK Hadza.HADZA Kawesqar.QAWASQARAtlantic-Congo.BAINOUKMongolic.MOGHOLMongolic.MONGUORMongolic.SANTA MONGOLIAN GUNYAAMOLO Mongolic.KANGJIAMongolic.SHIRAMongolic.BONANMongolic.TACHENGMongolic.DAUR YUGUR DAGUR Kxa.HOAN Mongolic.KALAQINMongolic.BURIATMongolic.KHAMNIGANMongolic.KALMYK RUSSIAMONGOLIA MONGOL Mongolic.MONGOLIANTungusic.MANCHUTungusic.MANCHUTungusic.XIBE 2 3 Tungusic.AIHUITungusic.SIBETungusic.ULCHATungusic.UILTATungusic.NAYKHIN MANCHU MANCHU NANAI Tungusic.NANAITungusic.HEZHETungusic.JURCHENTungusic.NANAITungusic.UDEHE CHINA Tungusic.OROCHITungusic.KURTungusic.EVENKITungusic.SOLONTungusic.EWENKI URMI POLIGUS 1 LITERARY Tungusic.OROQENTungusic.NEGIDALTungusic.EWENKITungusic.EVEN 2 VERCHOVSKI Tungusic.EWENIndo-European.SAURASHTRADravidian.BRAHUIDravidian.KUIDravidian.KUVI Dravidian.MANDADravidian.PENGODravidian.TELUGUDravidian.TULU INDIA 2 Dravidian.KORAGADravidian.KURUMBADravidian.KANNADADravidian.BADAGADravidian.TODA KORRA ALU Dravidian.BETTADravidian.IRULADravidian.RAVULADravidian.TAMILDravidian.MALAYALAM KURUMBA Dravidian.PALIYANDravidian.ULLATANDravidian.KURUXDravidian.KURUKHDravidian.SAURIA NEPALI PAHARIA Dravidian.KUMARBHAGDravidian.NORTHWESTERNDravidian.PARJIDravidian.ABUJHMARIADravidian.SOUTH BASTAR PAHARIA GONDI KOLAMI Dravidian.SOUTHDravidian.DORLIDravidian.HILLDravidian.NORTHDravidian.NORTHERN MARIA GONDI EASTERNBASTAR GONDIGONDI GONDI GONDI Dravidian.WESTERNDravidian.SOUTHERNDravidian.ADILABADEtruscan.ETRUSCAN GONDI GONDI 2 Indo-European.BRETONIndo-European.WELSHIndo-European.CORNISHIndo-European.OLDIndo-European.GAELIC IRISH SCOTTISH Indo-European.IRISHIndo-European.MANXIndo-European.ALBANIANIndo-European.ALBANIAN GAELIC GHEGTOSK Indo-European.VLACHIndo-European.ROMANIANIndo-European.ROMANIANIndo-European.SARDINIAN MEGLENO2CAMPIDANESE Indo-European.SARDINIANIndo-European.LATINIndo-European.CORSICANIndo-European.SICILIAN UnnamedInSource LOGUDARESE Indo-European.DALMATIANIndo-European.PORTUGUESEIndo-European.GALICIANIndo-European.ARAGONESEIndo-European.ASTURIAN Indo-European Indo-European.JUDEOIndo-European.SPANISHIndo-European.OCCITANIndo-European.GASCONIndo-European.LANGUEDOCIEN ESPAGNOL ARANESE Indo-European.VALENCIANIndo-European.BALEARIndo-European.CATALAN CATALAN 2 Indo-European.ITALIANIndo-European.NEAPOLITANIndo-European.FRENCHIndo-European.ARPITAN GROSSETO CALABRESE TUSCAN Indo-European.NONESIndo-European.ROMANSHIndo-European.ROMANSH GARDENESEFASSANO SURSILVANVALLADERGRISHUN Indo-European.ROMANSHIndo-European.FRIULIANIndo-European.LIGURIANIndo-European.LIGURIAN STELLA RAPALLOGENOESESURMIRAN Indo-European.NONESIndo-European.ROMAGNOLIndo-European.EMILIANOIndo-European.EMILIANO FERRARESEREGGIANOCARPIGIANO RAVENNATE Indo-European.LOMBARDIndo-European.PIEMONTESEIndo-European.PIEMONTESE PLESIOBERGAMO VERCELLESELANZOCARMAGNOLA TORINESE Indo-European.PIEMONTESEIndo-European.OLDIndo-European.LATVIANIndo-European.LITHUANIANIndo-European.OLD PRUSSIANCHURCH BARBANIA SLAVONIC Indo-European.BOSNIANIndo-European.SERBOCROATIANIndo-European.CROATIANIndo-European.SLOVENIANIndo-European.NASHTA Indo-European.BULGARIANIndo-European.MACEDONIANIndo-European.BELARUSIANIndo-European.UKRAINIANIndo-European.RUSSIAN Indo-European.NINILCHIKIndo-European.CZECHIndo-European.SLOVAKIndo-European.KASHUBIANIndo-European.POLISH RUSSIAN Indo-European.UPPERIndo-European.LOWERIndo-European.GREEK SORBIAN ANCIENTSORBIAN 2 Indo-European.HITTITEIndo-European.COMMONIndo-European.TOCHARIANIndo-European.GOTHIC TOCHARIAN BA Austronesian.LONG TERAWAN BERAWAN Indo-European.OLDIndo-European.ENGLISHIndo-European.SCOTSIndo-European.FAROESE FRISIANENGLISH Indo-European.OLDIndo-European.ICELANDICIndo-European.NORWEGIANIndo-European.GJESTALIndo-European.SANDNES NORSE NORWEGIAN NORWEGIAN RIKSMAL Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA Austronesian.LONGANTAISAKAAustronesian.MUKAHAustronesian.BARIO VANGAINDRANO ANAP MELANAU KENYAHKELABIT Indo-European.DANISHIndo-European.NORWEGIANIndo-European.SWEDISHIndo-European.JAMTLANDICIndo-European.NORWEGIAN BOKMAALNYNORSK TOTEN Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKA BETSIMISARAKA ANTAMBOHOAKAAustronesian.CENTRAL ZAFISIROAustronesian.LUN FARAFANGANA MANANJARY BERAWAN BAWANG Indo-European.OLDIndo-European.OLDIndo-European.CIMBRIANIndo-European.YIDDISH SAXONLOWHIGH EASTERN FRANCONIANGERMAN Austronesian.MALAGASY SOUTHERN BETSIMISARAKAAustronesian.WESTERN ANTAIMOROAustronesian.EASTAustronesian.REJANG MANAKARA BERAWAN PENAN KAYAN Indo-European.YIDDISHIndo-European.BERNESEIndo-European.ALSATIANIndo-European.SWABIANIndo-European.SAXON UPPER WESTERN GERMAN Austronesian.BUKARAustronesian.SEBOPAustronesian.MODANGAustronesian.BINTULU Austronesian.SAABANSADONGAustronesian.TRING BIDAYUH KENYAH Indo-European.STANDARDIndo-European.LIMBURGISHIndo-European.LUXEMBOURGISHIndo-European.NORTHIndo-European.PLAUTDIETSCH FRISIAN GERMAN AMRUM Austronesian.NGAJU OLOHAustronesian.SEGAI MANGTANGAI Indo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.FRISIANIndo-European.STELLINGWERFSIndo-European.ZEEUWS WESTERN FRISIAN LOW SAXON Austronesian.DARO MATU Indo-European.DUTCHIndo-European.AFRIKAANSIndo-European.BRABANTICIndo-European.WESTVLAAMSIndo-European.FRANS VLAAMS Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY TANDROY TANDROYAustronesian.NGAJUAustronesian.BIATAH MAHAFALYAustronesian.BIDAYUH MAHAFALYAustronesian.KANOWITAustronesian.NAROMAustronesian.BELAITAustronesian.LELAK AMBOVOMBE PULOPETAKAMPANIHY BIDAYUH BAU Indo-European.ARMENIANIndo-European.WESTERNIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.AVESTAN 2ARMENIAN ARMENIANCLASSICAL Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY NORTHERN SOUTHERN PLATEAU BETSIMISARAKA SIHANAKA BETSIMISARAKAAustronesian.KAPUASAustronesian.NGAJU SAKALAVAAustronesian.BOLONGAN AMBATONDRAZAKA Austronesian.LAHANANFENOARIVOAustronesian.TANJONGAustronesian.BUKITANAustronesian.KIPUT VEZO MAHANORO BAAMANG TOLIARAKAHAYAN EAST Indo-European.PARACHIIndo-European.KURDISHIndo-European.GURANIIndo-European.BALOCHI KURMANJIEASTERNCENTRAL Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY PLATEAU PLATEAU BETSILEOAustronesian.MURUNG MERINA SAKALAVA ANTANANARIVOAustronesian.SINGHIFIANARANTSOAAustronesian.BUKAT MAINTIRANO SIANG Indo-European.BALOCHIIndo-European.KIRMANJKIIndo-European.IRONIndo-European.DIGORIndo-European.YAGHNOBI OSSETIAN OSSETIAN WESTERN Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.DUSUN SAKALAVAAustronesian.KATINGANAustronesian.KUALANAustronesian.BEKATI MORONDAVA MALANG Indo-European.SHUGHNIIndo-European.SARIKOLIIndo-European.VAFSIIndo-European.TALYSHIndo-European.JUDEO TAT 2 Uto-Aztecan Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.TAMBUNANAustronesian.DUSUNAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.DUSUN TANOSY MASIKOROAustronesian.LARA TOLAGNARO TEMPASUK MIARYDUSUN WITU Indo-European.JUDEOIndo-European.SHAHMIRZADIIndo-European.SORKHEIIndo-European.SANGISARIIndo-European.LASGERDI TAT Austronesian.MALAGASY ANATANKARANAAustronesian.DUSUNAustronesian.LAWANGANAustronesian.KADORIH VOHEMARAMBILOBE DEYAH Indo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.TAJIKIndo-European.PERSIANIndo-European.NATANZI FARSI Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.TIMUGON ANATANKARANA TSIMIHETYAustronesian.BISAYAAustronesian.BISAYAAustronesian.TUNJUNGAustronesian.TAWOYANAustronesian.SAMIHIMAustronesian.SIANG Austronesian.PAKUBARAMANDRITSARA ANTALAHA BETROKA MURUTBRUNEI SABAH Indo-European.GILAKIIndo-European.MUNJANIIndo-European.YIDGHAIndo-European.CENTRALIndo-European.SHIMSAL WAKHIGOJAL WAKHI Austronesian.MALAGASY Austronesian.EMBALOHSAKALAVA AMBANJA Indo-European.CHAPURSANIndo-European.ISHKOMANIndo-European.YASINIndo-European.ORMURIIndo-European.LAKKI MARWATWAKHI WAKHI WAKHI PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASY Austronesian.TUTONGSAKALAVA MAJUNGA 2 Indo-European.KARAKIndo-European.BANNUIndo-European.MIRANIndo-European.WANAIndo-European.WANECI PASHTO SHAHPASHTOPASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.BURUSUAustronesian.TIDONG Indo-European.KANDAHARIndo-European.PISHINIndo-European.QUETTAIndo-European.CHAMANIndo-European.PASHIN PASHTO KAKARIPASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.BONGGIAustronesian.IDAAN Indo-European.PARACHINARIndo-European.THALIndo-European.HANGUIndo-European.ZAKHAIndo-European.SHINWARI PASHTO KHELPASHTO PASHTO AFRIDIPASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY FIANARANTSOA TANDROY 12 Indo-European.NINGRAHARIndo-European.JAMRUDIndo-European.TIRAHIndo-European.BARIndo-European.MALLAGORI PASHTO AFRIDI AFRIDI PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY SAKALAVA MAHAFALY 21 Indo-European.MOHMANDIndo-European.DIRIndo-European.MARDANIndo-European.BAJAURIndo-European.MINGORA PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY ANTAMBAHOAKABETSIMISARAKA AMBOSITRA VEZO Indo-European.MADYANIndo-European.SWABIIndo-European.BATAGRAMIndo-European.BAFFAIndo-European.OGHI PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASYAustronesian.MALAGASY ANTANKARANA ANTAISAKA ZAFISOROSIHANAKA TAIMORO MERINA BARA Indo-European.JALLOZAIIndo-European.CHERATIndo-European.PESHAWARIndo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.CHARSADDA PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO PASHTO Austronesian.MALAGASY TSIMIHETY Indo-European.KASHMIRIIndo-European.EASTERNIndo-European.SHEKHANIIndo-European.GAWARIndo-European.DAMELI BATI2 KATIVIRI Indo-European.DAMELIIndo-European.ZUGUNUKIndo-European.GURUIndo-European.KRAKALIndo-European.USHU KHOWARKALASHA KALASHA KALASHA Austronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.PALEMBANG JAKARTA MALAY Indo-European.PARGAMIndo-European.ODIRIndo-European.CHATORKHANDIndo-European.KESUIndo-European.GARAM KHOWAR KHOWAR CHISHMA NISAR KHOWARKHOWAR KHOWAR Austronesian.MINANGKABAU Indo-European.KOHISTANIIndo-European.TORWALIIndo-European.KALKOTIIndo-European.KALAMIIndo-European.INDUS KOHISTANI INDUS Austronesian.SEKOLAAustronesian.AMBONESEAustronesian.JAMBIAustronesian.BESEMAH LONTHOIRAustronesian.BUSHI BANDA MALAYMALAY Indo-European.SAVIIndo-European.PURIGALIndo-European.ASHRETIndo-European.BIORIIndo-European.USHOJO PHALURA PHALURA PHALURA Austronesian.SEKOLAAustronesian.TERNATEAustronesian.MANADONESEAustronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.BRUNEIAustronesian.OGANAustronesian.KUBU NEIRA BANDAPASAR 2 Indo-European.SHINAIndo-European.SHINAIndo-European.DOMAAKIIndo-European.BUNJI SHINA2KOHISTANIGURESI Austronesian.BANJARESEAustronesian.KUPANGAustronesian.AMBONAustronesian.MALAY MALEIS MALAYMALAY Indo-European.GOHARABADIndo-European.SAZINIndo-European.TANGIRIndo-European.HARBANIndo-European.DAREL SHINA SHINA SHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.AI BANDA Indo-European.JELILIndo-European.KHINARIndo-European.JALKOTIndo-European.PALASIndo-European.KOLAI CHILAS SHINASHINA CHILASSHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.SALAKOAustronesian.TEMUANAustronesian.DELANG BADAMEA Indo-European.GILGITIndo-European.CHALTIndo-European.NAGARIndo-European.HUNZAIndo-European.HARAMOSH SHINA SHINASHINA SHINA Austronesian.OLDAustronesian.MALAYAustronesian.URAK ORAustronesian.MUALANGAustronesian.SEBUYAUAustronesian.TAMUAN MIDDLE JAVANESE PATTANI LAWOI Indo-European.BAGROTIndo-European.PUNIALIndo-European.GUPISIndo-European.RONDUIndo-European.SATPARA SHINA SHINASHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.TENGGERAustronesian.MADURESEAustronesian.REMUNAustronesian.IBAN NGADAS Indo-European.BROKIndo-European.BROKSKATIndo-European.GULTARIIndo-European.KACHURAIndo-European.KHARMANG SKAD SHINA SHINA SHINA Austronesian.OLDAustronesian.YOGYAKARTAAustronesian.KERINCIAustronesian.KERINCIAustronesian.ACEH JAVANESE 2 Indo-European.DASHKINIndo-European.ASTORIndo-European.SANSKRITIndo-European.PALIIndo-European.MALDIVIAN SHINA SHINA Austronesian.MENGGALA TULANGAustronesian.CHAM BAWANGAustronesian.MALANGAustronesian.LUBU Austronesian.LOMLAMPUNG EASTERN NYO Indo-European.VEDDAIndo-European.SINHALAIndo-European.DOLENJSKIIndo-European.BUGURDZIIndo-European.SREMSKI GURBET ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Tai-Kadai Austronesian.TALANGAustronesian.PERJAYAAustronesian.RANAUAustronesian.SUKAUAustronesian.NORTHERNAustronesian.CHAMAustronesian.SUNDANESE PADANGAustronesian.SUMBAWA ULU LAMPUNG KOMERING WESTERN ROGLAI API Indo-European.BANATISKIIndo-European.KOSOVOIndo-European.MACEDONIANIndo-European.GURBET ROMANIARLI GURBET ARLIROMANIDZAMBAZI ROMANI ROMANI ROMANIAN Austronesian.WAYAustronesian.KRUI LIMA LAMPUNG API Austronesian.KAYUAustronesian.ABUNGAustronesian.LAMPUNGAustronesian.KOTAAustronesian.KALIANDA AGUNGAustronesian.DAYA SUKADANA PENDATANG NYO AGUNG ABUNGAustronesian.SASAKAustronesian.BALI LAMPUNG LAMPUNGLAMPUNG KOMERINGKOTABUMI NYO APIAPI Indo-European.GREEKIndo-European.SOFIAIndo-European.EASTIndo-European.VLAXIndo-European.LOVARA ROMANISLOVAK ERLI ROMANY ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.LAMPUNGAustronesian.SUNGKAIAustronesian.BELALAUAustronesian.PUBIANAustronesian.CHRUAustronesian.JARAIAustronesian.TSAT NYO LAMPUNG MELINTING API Indo-European.SINTIIndo-European.FINNISHIndo-European.SEPECIDESIndo-European.WELSHIndo-European.URSARI ROMANI ROMANI ROMANIROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.KAYUAustronesian.ADUMANISAustronesian.WAY AGUNG KANANAustronesian.RADE ULUASLI LAMPUNG KOMERINGKOMERING API Indo-European.CRIMEANIndo-European.GURVARIIndo-European.LATVIANIndo-European.LITHUANIANIndo-European.NORTH RUSSIAN ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.JABUNG LAMPUNG API Indo-European.BURGENLANDIndo-European.SELICEIndo-European.ROMUNGROIndo-European.HUNGARIANIndo-European.NAWAR ROMANIZUTT VENDROMANI ROMANI ROMANI Austronesian.LAMPUNG Indo-European.DOMARIIndo-European.DARAIIndo-European.NEPALIIndo-European.DANUWARIndo-European.ORIYA Austronesian.BATAKAustronesian.BATAKAustronesian.ILIR MANDAILING KOMERING ANGKOLA Indo-European.CHAKMAIndo-European.ASSAMESEIndo-European.BENGALIIndo-European.RAJBANSHIIndo-European.LAMANI UnnamedInSource Austronesian.ANAIWOIAustronesian.KOMERING BAJAU Indo-European.KUMAUNIIndo-European.MARATHIIndo-European.VAAGRIIndo-European.GUJARATIIndo-European.KONKANI BOLI Austronesian.INDONESIANAustronesian.PITULUAAustronesian.BAJOEAustronesian.KAROAustronesian.TOBAAustronesian.GAYO BAJAUBATAK Indo-European.URDUIndo-European.HINDIIndo-European.AGRAIndo-European.HADOTIIndo-European.MARWARI GUJARI Austronesian.LAKARAMBAAustronesian.BOEPINANGAustronesian.PADEIAustronesian.MORAMOAustronesian.LAPULUAustronesian.LUWUKAustronesian.LAURUAustronesian.LEMO LAUT BAJAU Indo-European.MAITHILIIndo-European.BHOIPURIIndo-European.BHOJPURIIndo-European.DARAIIndo-European.DANG 2 Austronesian.LANGARAAustronesian.KOLOAustronesian.KALEROANGAustronesian.KAYUADI BAWAH LAUT BAJAU Indo-European.RANAIndo-European.MORANGIndo-European.SADRIIndo-European.CHITWANIndo-European.PUNJABI MAJHI Austronesian.SIBUTUAustronesian.BAJAUAustronesian.PANGUTARANAustronesian.BALANGINGIAustronesian.LAKONEA SOUTHERN WEST COAST BAJAU SAMASAMA Indo-European.WESTERNIndo-European.PAHARIIndo-European.MANDEALIIndo-European.CHURAHIIndo-European.CHAMBEALI MAHASU PANJABI SHAHPUR Indo-European.BHATTIYALIIndo-European.SERAIKIIndo-European.BALAKOTIndo-European.SINGOIndo-European.SHERPUR DI GARHIHINDKO HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.INABAKNONAustronesian.SAMAL Indo-European.PESHAWARIndo-European.MANSEHRAIndo-European.ATTOCKIndo-European.JAMMUNIndo-European.KOHAT CITY HINDKOCITY HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.NORTHERNAustronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.REJANGAustronesian.MAPUNAustronesian.YAKAN CATANDUANES SORSOGON Indo-European.ATTOCKIndo-European.TALAGANGIndo-European.PAKHAIndo-European.WADIndo-European.KAGHAN PAGGA GOLAM CITYGUJARI HINDKO HINDKO HINDKO HINDKO Austronesian.MARINDUQUEAustronesian.NORTHERNAustronesian.MOKENAustronesian.LIBONAustronesian.IRIGA SORSOGON TAGALOG Indo-European.SOUTHERNIndo-European.NORTHERNIndo-European.CENTRALIndo-European.MENDHAR AZAD GUJARI HAZARAAZAD KASHMIR KASHMIR GUJARI GUJARI GUJARI Austronesian.KALAGANAustronesian.KALAGANAustronesian.LEGAZPIAustronesian.DARAGAAustronesian.NAGAAustronesian.BUHIAustronesian.OAS TAGAKAOLO KAAGAN Indo-European.GILGITIndo-European.SETTLEDIndo-European.TRANSHUMANTIndo-European.CHITRALIndo-European.DIR GUJARI GUJARI GUJARISWAT GUJARISWAT GUJARI Austronesian.MANDAYANAustronesian.MANDAYANAustronesian.MANDAYAN ISLAM CARAGA BOSO PISO Indo-European.KUNARJicaquean.JICAQUETakelma.TAKELMAKalapuyan.KALAPUYAEast Bird's Head.MEYAH GUJARI Austronesian.BANTONAustronesian.ROMBLOMANONAustronesian.MANSAKAAustronesian.MANSAKAAustronesian.KALAGAN BANTOANON 22 Yanomamic.SANIMAYanomamic.SANUMAYanomamic.YANOMAMIYanomamic.YANOMAMEYanomamic.YANOMAM Austronesian.ROMBLOMANONAustronesian.CEBUANOAustronesian.AKLANONAustronesian.TAUSUG 1 Yanomamic.SHIRISHANAYanomamic.NINAMYanomamic.YANAMNorth Halmahera.WEST 2 MAKIAN Austronesian.BUHINONAustronesian.WARAYAustronesian.MASBATENYOAustronesian.KINARAY ALBAY BICOLANO WARAY A North Halmahera.SABALEHalmahera.TALAPAOHalmahera.TAGONOHalmahera.TAFASOHOHalmahera.NGOFABOBAWA Austronesian.UMIRAYAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.SURIGAONONAustronesian.BUTUANONAustronesian.MAMANWAAustronesian.CAPIZNON DUMAGET BICOLANO AGTA North Halmahera.BOBAWAHalmahera.MALAPAHalmahera.TIDOREHalmahera.SAHUHalmahera.TABARU Austronesian.SUBANUNAustronesian.SUBANONAustronesian.HILIGAYNONAustronesian.CUYONON SINDANGAN SIOCON North Halmahera.MADOLEHalmahera.MODOLEHalmahera.PAGUHalmahera.TOBELOHalmahera.GALELA 2 Mayan Austronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MOROAustronesian.MAGUINDANAO KALAMANSIG Austronesian.TAGALOGWESTERN MAGINDANAU DIBABAWON COTABATOBUKIDNON NorthSape.SAPEWalio.TUWARIWalio.WALIOWalio.WOSWARI Halmahera.LODA Austronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.MARANAOAustronesian.IRANUN ILIANEN TIGWA ATA Walio.YAWIYOAmto-Musan.AMTOAmto-Musan.MUSANLeft May.OWINIGA 2 Austronesian.BROOKESAustronesian.MANOBOAustronesian.KAGAYANEN POINT SARANGANI PALAWAN Left May.AMAMay.NIMOMay.NAKWI 2 NAKWI Austronesian.CANIPAANAustronesian.QUEZONAustronesian.TAGABAWAAustronesian.BINUKID PALAWAN LeftSepik.IWAMSepik.ABAU May.ITERIMay.BOMay.ROCKY 2 PEAK Austronesian.TAGBANWAAustronesian.PALAWANOAustronesian.BATAKAustronesian.TAUTAustronesian.MOLBOG PALAWANABORLAN BATAK BATU 2 Sepik.ABAUSepik.NAMIASepik.AWTUWSepik.POUYESepik.KARAWA Austronesian.MINANGALIAustronesian.SOUTHWESTAustronesian.TAGBANUAAustronesian.SOUTHERN LOWER TANUDAN PALAWANO ABORLANKALINGA Sepik.BAHINEMOSepik.KAPRIMANSepik.ALAMBLAKSepik.SANIOBosavi.BIAMI Austronesian.KALINGAAustronesian.LIMOSAustronesian.KALINGAAustronesian.FINALLIGAustronesian.MOLBOGAustronesian.BATAK GUINAANG KALINGA LIMOS Sepik.HEWASepik.GABIANOSepik.PAKASepik.PIAMESepik.KWANGA Austronesian.IFUGAO BAYNINANAMGANAD Sepik.KWOMASepik.MENDESepik.WOGAMUSINSepik.YESSANSepik.MEHEK PNG MAYO Austronesian.KANKANAYAustronesian.BONTOCAustronesian.ITNEGAustronesian.IFUGAOAustronesian.BALANGAW NORTHERNGUINAANGBINONGAN BATAD Ndu.HANGANdu.KWUSAUNNdu.YENGORUNdu.BOIKINNdu.NYAURA HUNDI Austronesian.KALLAHANAustronesian.KALLAHANAustronesian.ILONGOTAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.KANKANAEY KELEYQIQ KAYAPA KAKIDUGEN BONTOCPROPERIFUGAO Ndu.NGALANdu.MANAMBUNdu.MAPRIKNdu.WOSERANdu.YELOGU Austronesian.SAMBALAustronesian.PANGASINANAustronesian.INIBALOIAustronesian.IBALOI BOTOLAN Burushaski.BURUSHASKIBurushaski.MURTAZABADBurushaski.HAIDERABADBurushaski.NAZIMABADBurushaski.UYUM NAGAR HUNZA HUNZA BURUSHASKIHUNZA BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI Austronesian.ATTAAustronesian.ILOKANOAustronesian.IBANAG PAMPLONA Burushaski.HOPERBurushaski.CENTRALBurushaski.GANISHBurushaski.HUSSAINABADNuclear Trans New Guinea.DAONAGAR HUNZA YASIN HUNZA BURUSHASKIBURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI BURUSHASKI Austronesian.DUMAGATAustronesian.CASIGURANAustronesian.GADDANGAustronesian.ITAWITAustronesian.ISNAGAustronesian.ISNEG CASIGURAN NEGRITO Nuclear Trans New Guinea.KINIAGEIMAGuinea.ANGGURUKGuinea.TANGMAGuinea.HITIGIMAGuinea.PYRAMID DANIDANIWODO YALI Austronesian.SANGILAustronesian.DUPANINGAN SARANGANIAustronesian.YOGADAustronesian.AGTA ISLANDS AGTA Nuclear Trans New Guinea.MIDGuinea.NGGEMGuinea.WANOGuinea.UPPERGuinea.LANI GRAND PYRAMID VALLEY DANI DANI Austronesian.SANGIRAustronesian.SANGIRAustronesian.SANGIL 2 Puinave.PUINAVEPuinave.PUINABEKakua-Nukak.KAKUAKakua-Nukak.CACUAKakua-Nukak.NUKAK Austronesian.TONSAWANGAustronesian.RATAHANAustronesian.TONSEAAustronesian.TALAUDAustronesian.BANTIK Kakua-Nukak.NUKAKNatchez.NATCHEZVilela.VILELACanichana.CANICHANAYuki-Wappo.WAPPO MAKU Austronesian.TAGBANWAAustronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.TONTEMBOANAustronesian.TONDANOAustronesian.TOMBULU TAGBANWA KALAMIAN Yuki-Wappo.YUKICandoshi-Shapra.CANDOSHILengua-Mascoy.SANAPANALengua-Mascoy.LENGUA 2 ENLHETANGAITE Austronesian.TRUKUAustronesian.KAPAMPANGANAustronesian.HANUNOOAustronesian.SINAUNAAustronesian.MANIDE TAROKO Lengua-Mascoy.LENGUATimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUIYuchi.YUCHITonkawa.TONKAWAGuaicuruan.KADIWEU TAKALELANG Austronesian.HECUOAustronesian.PARANAustronesian.SQULIQAustronesian.TODA TAROKO ATAYAL Guaicuruan.ABIPONGuaicuruan.MOCOVIGuaicuruan.TOBAGuaicuruan.PILAGAPayagua.PAYAGUA Austronesian.AURANAustronesian.MAYRINAXAustronesian.SKIKUNAustronesian.CIULIAustronesian.ATAYALAustronesian.SEDIQ KULON PAZEHATAYAL Matacoan.MACAMatacoan.NIVACLEMatacoan.CHOROTEMatacoan.WICHI LHAMTES IYOWUJWA GUISNAY Austronesian.TUNGHOAustronesian.TAAIAustronesian.PAZEH SAISIYAT Matacoan.WICHIMatacoan.MATACOMuskogean.CREEKMuskogean.MIKASUKI LHAMTES VEJOZ Austronesian.BUTANGLUAustronesian.TJUBARAustronesian.SAISIYATAustronesian.SIRAYA PAIWAN Muskogean.KOASATIMuskogean.ALABAMAMuskogean.CHICKASAWMuskogean.CHOCTAWFulnio.FULNIO Austronesian.LOWERAustronesian.NANWANGAustronesian.STIMULAustronesian.PILAMAustronesian.PAIWAN PINLANG PUYUMA PAIWAN Timucua.TIMUCUAMayan.CHICOMUCELTECMayan.HUASTECMayan.MOPAN SAN VERACRUZ LUIS PETEN Austronesian Austronesian.AMISAustronesian.FATAANAustronesian.CAustronesian.THAO NATAORAN AMISAMIS Mayan.MOPANMayan.LACANDONMayan.ITZAJMayan.MAYA YUCATECAYUCATAN Austronesian.NATAORANAustronesian.FARANGAustronesian.KAVALANAustronesian.KAVALAN AMIS 2 Mayan.CHOLTIMayan.CHORTIMayan.CHONTAL JOCOTAN TABASCO Austronesian.TAKBANUAZAustronesian.TAKITUDUHAustronesian.ISKUBUNAustronesian.BASAY BUNUN Mayan.CHOLMayan.TOJOLABALMayan.TZELTAL TUMBALATILA BACHAJONOXCHUC Austronesian.MANTAURANAustronesian.TANANAustronesian.BUDAIAustronesian.MANTAURANAustronesian.BUNUN RUKAI Mayan.TZOTZILMayan.ZINACANTANMayan.CHUJ SAN ZINACANTANSAN MATEO ANDRESTZOTZIL IXTATAN 1600 Austronesian.DUHTUAustronesian.MAGAAustronesian.TONAAustronesian.RUKAIAustronesian.TSOU RUKAITSOU Mayan.ACATECOMayan.JAKALTEKOMayan.QANJOBALMayan.MOCHOMayan.JACALTECO SAN SANTA EASTERNWESTERN MIGUEL EULALIA ACATAN Austronesian.ISAMORONGAustronesian.KANAKANABUAustronesian.BABUYANAustron esian.SA IVATAN AROA Mayan.TECOMayan.AGUACATECMayan.AGUACATECOMayan.IXILMayan.JA CALTEC CHAJUL TECTITAN AGUACATAN Austronesian.IRARALAYAustronesian.IVASAYAustronesian.IMORODAustronesian.YAMI IVATAN 2 Mayan.MAMMayan.NORTHERN TACANATECTITAN MAM 231 SAN ILDEFONSO IXTAHUACAN Austronesian.ITBAYATENAustronesian.IVATANAustronesian.NIAS BATANESAustronesian.YAMI NORTHERNSOUTHERN ISLANDS Mayan.MAM TODOSSANTIAGOSANNORTHERN SEBASTIAN SANTOS CHIMALTENANGO CUCHUMATANH 13 Austronesian.TBOLIAustronesian.MENTAWAIAustronesian.SIMALURAustronesian.TAGABILIAustronesian.SICHULE TAGABILI Mayan.MAM SANTODOS RAFAELGASPARILDEFONSOJUAN SANTOS ATITLAN PETZAL IXCHIL CUCHUMATANIXTAHUACAN 2 Austronesian.BILAANAustronesian.BILAANAustronesian.KAIDIPANGAustronesian.BUOL KORONADAL SARANGANI Mayan.MAM SANSANTACABRICAN MARTINJUANPEDRO BARBARA OSTUNCALCO NECTASACATEPEQUEZ Austronesian.MONGONDOWAustronesian.GORONTALOAustronesian.DESAAustronesian.BATUAustronesian.MASIRI WALIATAS Mayan.KEKCHIMayan.MAMMayan.SOUTHERN CAJOLASANCONSEPCION MIGUEL MAM SAN SIGUILA CHIQUIRICHAPA JUAN OSTUNCALCO Austronesian.MATOAustronesian.KUMBEWAHAAustronesian.PASARWAJOAustronesian.WABHULA NO UWE Mayan.WESTERNMayan.POCOMAMMayan.EASTERN KEKCHIPOCOMAM KEKCHIEASTERNSAN LUIS CAHABON SAN JILOTEPEQUE SAN JUAN CRISTOBAL CHAMELCO VERAPAZ Austronesian.TUKANGAustronesian.KAPONTORIAustronesian.BONERATEAustronesian.TODANGA BESI NORTHERNSOUTHERN Mayan.WESTERNMayan.KICHEMayan.USPANTEKOMayan.POQOMCHI QUICHE WESTERN TOTONICAPANSANTA CATARINA IXTAHUACAN Austronesian.WASUAMBAAustronesian.KADATUAAustronesian.KAMBOAAustronesian.LAWELEAustronesian.MUNA Mayan.SACAPULTECOMayan.SIPAKAPENSEMayan.CENTRALMayan.WESTERN QUICHE QUICHE SACAPULAS SANTA MOMOSTENANGO MARIA CENTRO CHIQUIMULA Austronesian.KAIMBULAWAAustronesian.LIABUKAAustronesian.BUSOAAustronesian.WOLIO Mayan.SOUTHERNMayan.TZUTUJILMayan.EASTERN SANSANTIAGOWESTERNQUICHE CAKCHIQUEL JUAN RABINAL LAATITLAN LAGUNA SAN ANDRES ITZAPA Austronesian.LASALIMUAustronesian.KAMARUAustronesian.LAIYOLOAustronesian.WOTU Mayan.KICHEEMayan.QUICHEMayan.NORTHERNMayan.WESTERN RABINAL CAKCHIQUEL CAKCHIQUEL PATZUN SANTECPAN MARTIN JILOTEPEQUE Austronesian.WAWONIIAustronesian.KULISUSUAustronesian.WAWONIIAustronesian.KORONIAustronesian.TALOKI MENUI Mayan.KICHEE NAHUALASANTASAN MIGUEL CLARALUCIA 12 CHICAJ UTATLAN LA LAGUNA Austronesian.MORONENEAustronesian.MORONENEAustronesian.TOMADINOAustronesian.MORIAustronesian.PADOE TOKOTUA ATAS Mayan.KICHEE ALDEACUNENSANTA ARGUETAMARIA12 CHIQUIMULA SOLOLA 21 Austronesian.MORIAustronesian.MORIAustronesian.KODEOHA BAWAH BAWAH WATU Mayan.KICHEE CUBULCOSANTAJOYABAJSANZACUALPA ANTONIO CRUZ 2 DE ILOTENANGO EL QUICHE Austronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.WARUAustronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.WARU MEKONGGALALOMERUI LAIWUIASERA Mayan.KICHEE TOTONICAPANMOMOSTENANGOCHICHICASTENANGOJOYABAJ 1 21 Austronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.TOLAKIAustronesian.RAHAMBUUAustronesian.ARALLEAustronesian.KONDOAustronesian.TOLAKI WIWIRANO KONAWE Mayan.KICHEE SAMAYACZUNILSANCANTEL JOSE 21CHIQUILAJA QUETZ Austronesian.TAORAAustronesian.MAMBI Yeniseian.PUMPOKOLYeniseian.ASSANYeniseian.KOTTYeniseian.ARINTsimshian.COAST TSIMSHIAN Austronesian.TABULAHANAustronesian.TABULAHANAustronesian.MATANANGNGAAustronesian.SALUDENGANAustronesian.MINANGNGAAustronesian.BOTTENG CAMPBELLMCKENZIE Siouan.CATAWBATunica.TUNICAYeniseian.YUGHYeniseian.KETYeniseian.EIGHTEENTH RECENT CENTURY KET Austroasiatic Austronesian.RANTEPALADOAustronesian.SALUAustronesian.SODANGANAustronesian.SEPANGAustronesian.TANETEAustronesian.KIHA HUHU Nambiquaran.MAMAINDENambiquaran.NAMBIKWARANambiquaran.SABANEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.TLINGITHaida.HAIDA Austronesian.SALUAustronesian.MEHALAANAustronesian.TARINDINGAustronesian.PALLU MAKA Chicham.AGUARUNAChicham.JIVAROChicham.HUAMBISAYamana.YAMANAZuni.ZUNI SHUAR Austronesian.DAMAAustronesian.TAUPEAustronesian.TOALAAustronesian.TAE DAMA Chumashan.CRUZENYOChumashan.OBISPENYOChicham.SHUARChicham.ACHUARChicham.AGUARUNA 2 Austronesian.COASTALAustronesian.MAKASARAustronesian.SELAYARAustronesian.KONJO KONJO Klamath-Modoc.KLAMATHChimariko.CHIMARIKOChumashan.CHUMASHChumashan.INESENYOChumashan.VENTURENYO BARBARENO Austronesian.MAKASSARESEAustronesian.BUGINESEAustronesian.SADAN Eskimo-Aleut.INUPIAQEskimo-Aleut.WESTEskimo-Aleut.EASTEskimo-Aleut.ALEUTNuclear-Macro-Je.OFAYE GREENLANDICGREENLANDIC Austronesian.SOPPENGAustronesian.BUDONGAustronesian.PANASUANAustronesian.BANGGAIAustronesian.MANDARAustronesian.MAMUJUAustronesian.TARA BUGINESE BUDONG Eskimo-Aleut.STEskimo-Aleut.CEskimo-Aleut.YUPIKEskimo-Aleut.INUKTITUTEskimo-Aleut.KANGIRYUARMIUTUN YUPIK LAWRENCE SIRENIK EASTERN YUPIK CANADIAN Austronesian.SINDUEAustronesian.CAMPALAGIANAustronesian.TOPOIYOAustronesian.BAREEAustronesian.UMAAustronesian.DAA TAWAILI Chimakuan.QUILEUTESiuslaw.SIUSLAWAlsea.ALSEAKutenai.KUTENAIEskimo-Aleut.YUPIK CENTRAL SIBERIAN CHAPLINO Austronesian.SARUDUAustronesian.SEDOAAustronesian.RAMPIAustronesian.MOMA Wakashan.OOWEKYALAWakashan.KWAKWALAWakashan.DITIDAHTWakashan.MAKAHWakashan.NOOTKA Austronesian.LEMOLANGAustronesian.TAJIO Salishan.LILLOOETSalishan.TILLAMOOKSalishan.BELLAWakashan.HEILTSUKWakashan.HAISLA COOLA Austronesian.TAJEAustronesian.BADAAustronesian.TAJEAustronesian.PENDAUAustronesian.DONDOAustronesian.TOMINIAustronesian.LAUJE TANAMPEDAGI INDONESIA PETAPA Salishan.COEURSalishan.OKANAGANSalishan.COLUMBIASalishan.SHUSWAPSalishan.THOMPSON DALENE WENATCHI COLVILLE Austronesian.DAMPELASAustronesian.BOANOAustronesian.TOTOLI Salishan.CHEHALISSalishan.QUINAULTSalishan.KALISPELSalishan.MONTANASalishan.SPOKANE PENDUPPERSALISH DOREILLE Austronesian.LAUJEAustronesian.BALAESANGAustronesian.CHAMORROAustronesian.TIRURAY AMPIBABO Salishan.SECHELTSalishan.PUGETSalishan.LUSHOOTSEEDSalishan.TWANASalishan.COWLITZ SALISH Austronesian.WANUKAKAAustronesian.KAMBERA Salishan.STOLOSalishan.NOOKSACKSalishan.SQUAMISHSalishan.COMOXSalishan.SLIAMMON Austronesian.SOUTHERNAustronesian.LEWAAustronesian.ANAKALANGAustronesian.BALILEDOAustronesian.LAMBOYAAustronesian.PONDOKAustronesian.WEJEWAAustronesian.SAVU KAMBERA Salishan.SALISHSalishan.SAANICHSalishan.CLALLAMSalishan.COWICHANSalishan.MUSQUEAM STRAITS Austronesian.UMBUAustronesian.GAURA RATUAustronesian.MAMBORUAustronesian.DHAO Austronesian.BIMANGGAI NGGAURAKAMBERA Pomoan.POMOPalaihnihan.ATSUGEWIPalaihnihan.ACHUMAWISalishan.SAMISHSalishan.SONGISH EASTERN Austronesian.ALORAustronesian.SIKAAustronesian.SOA Pomoan.KASHAYAPomoan.POMOPomoan.SOUTHEASTERN NORTHEASTERNCENTRALNORTHERN POMO Austronesian.ALORAustronesian.LAMALERAAustronesian.NGADHAAustronesian.KEDANGAustronesian.ENDEAustronesian.KEOAustronesian.LIO KALABAHI Cochimi-Yuman.PAIPAICochimi-Yuman.COCHIMIYana.YANASeri.SERIPomoan.SOUTHERN POMO Austronesian.LAMAHOLOTAustronesian.ALORAustronesian.PALUE Austronesian.ROMAAustronesian.KISARBARAHUSA ILE MANDIRI KABIR Cochimi-Yuman.DIEGUENOCochimi-Yuman.HAVASUPAICochimi-Yuman.WALAPAICochimi-Yuman.YAVAPAICochimi-Yuman.KILIWA Austronesian.MANGGARAIAustronesian.SELARUAustronesian.LUANGAustronesian.NILA Cochimi-Yuman.MOHAVECochimi-Yuman.MARICOPACochimi-Yuman.YUMACochimi-Yuman.COCOPACochimi-Yuman.TIPAI Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.LETINESEAustronesian.SERUAAustronesian.TEUN DAMAR 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Pama-Nyungan.LAMALAMAPama-Nyungan.UMBUYKAMUPama-Nyungan.PARIMANKUTINMAGiimbiyu.ERRE COASTALINLAND Austronesian.ADZERAAustronesian.YAROSAustronesian.MARI Pama-Nyungan.THAYOREPama-Nyungan.YIRPama-Nyungan.LENINGITIJPama-Nyungan.LINNGITHIGHPama-Nyungan.MPAKWITHI YORONT ANGUTHIMRI Austronesian.KMAGHAAustronesian.TATABAAustronesian.DUNGUNTUNG MARINGEMARINGEAustronesian.WAMPURAustronesian.DUWETAustronesian.LATEP CHEKECHEKE HOLOHOLO Pama-Nyungan.WAGAYAPama-Nyungan.NGANYAYWANAPama-Nyungan.KUUKUPama-Nyungan.KUKUPama-Nyungan.WIK MUNGKAN UWANH YAU Austronesian.LELEGHIA MARINGEAustronesian.MARALANGOAustronesian.SUKURUMAustronesian.SIRASIRAAustronesian.GUWOTAustronesian.ZENAGAustronesian.PATEPAustronesian.DAMBI CHEKE HOLO Pama-Nyungan.YALARNNGATiwi.TIWITangkic.GANGULIDATangkic.GANGGALIDATangkic.KAYARDILD Austronesian.KUMARUAustronesian.WAGAUAustronesian.MAPOSAustronesian.BUANGAustronesian.BUASIAustronesian.PIU Pama-Nyungan.MAYKULANPama-Nyungan.MAYIPama-Nyungan.MAYAGUDUNAPama-Nyungan.KALKUTUNG YAPITHAKURTI Austronesian.MANGAAustronesian.HOTE Pama-Nyungan.WALMAJARRIPama-Nyungan.GURINDJIPama-Nyungan.WARLPIRIPama-Nyungan.WARUMUNGUPama-Nyungan.NGAWUN Austronesian.TOWANGARAAustronesian.SAMBIOAustronesian.YAMAPAustronesian.ROINJIAustronesian.MATO Pama-Nyungan.MANTJILTJARAPama-Nyungan.BADIMAYAPama-Nyungan.NHANDAPama-Nyungan.WAJARRIPama-Nyungan.JARU Austronesian.NENGAYAAustronesian.YABEMAustronesian.JABEMAustronesian.LABUAustronesian.TAMI Pama-Nyungan.KOKATAPama-Nyungan.PINTUPIPama-Nyungan.NGAANYATJARRAPama-Nyungan.YULPARIJAPama-Nyungan.MARTU WANGKA Austronesian.BUANGAustronesian.BUKAUAAustronesian.YAPESEAustronesian.KELA MAPOS Pama-Nyungan.NYUNGAPama-Nyungan.NYOONGARPama-Nyungan.NGADJUNMAYAPama-Nyungan.WANGKAPama-Nyungan.PITJANTJATJARA EASTERN WIRU YANKUNTJATJARA Austronesian.BUGAWACAustronesian.NUMBAMIAustronesian.SIPOMAAustronesian.KAIWAAustronesian.SOMA Pama-Nyungan.PANYTYIMAPama-Nyungan.NYANGUMARTAPama-Nyungan.MARTUTHUNIRAPama-Nyungan.NYUNGA SOUTHNORTHERN WESTERN Austronesian.TAHANEAustronesian.GIMANAustronesian.WOSIAustronesian.BULI Pama-Nyungan.YANDRUWANDHAPama-Nyungan.PUNTHAMARAPama-Nyungan.YINDJIBARNDIPama-Nyungan.KURRAMAPama-Nyungan.NGALOOMA Austronesian.NGOFAGITAAustronesian.SAKETAAustronesian.MAILOAAustronesian.BIGAAustronesian.AS Pama-Nyungan.MURUWARIPama-Nyungan.ARABANAPama-Nyungan.WANGGANGURUPama-Nyungan.PITTAPama-Nyungan.DIYARI PITTA Austronesian.NGOFAKIAHAAustronesian.BUTLEHAustronesian.AMBELAustronesian.KAWE Pama-Nyungan.BADJIRRIPama-Nyungan.WANGAAYBUWANPama-Nyungan.WIRADHURIPama-Nyungan.BIGAMBALPama-Nyungan.GAMILARAAY NGIYAMBAA Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.MATBATAustronesian.WAUYAIAustronesian.GEBEAustronesian.LOTE MAKIAN Pama-Nyungan.ADNYAMATHANHAPama-Nyungan.BANGGARLAPama-Nyungan.KAURNAPama-Nyungan.MALYANGAPAPama-Nyungan.DARLING Austronesian.MALEUAustronesian.TAKIAAustronesian.DAMI Pama-Nyungan.DYANGADIPama-Nyungan.DARRKINYUNGPama-Nyungan.AWABAKALPama-Nyungan.YAYGIRPama-Nyungan.GUMBAYNGGIR Austronesian.MENGENAustronesian.MALEU 2 Pama-Nyungan.DHURGAPama-Nyungan.THURAWALLowerPama-Nyungan.SYDNEYPama-Nyungan.WORIMI Sepik-Ramu.ANOR Austronesian.MISOOLAustronesian.LANGANYANAustronesian.MATUKARAustronesian.BILIAUAustronesian.BILBILAustronesian.BOLAAustronesian.VITU MAYA Pama-Nyungan.YORTAPama-Nyungan.KERAMINPama-Nyungan.CAMBERRAPama-Nyungan.NGARIGUPama-Nyungan.NGUNAWAL YORTA LANGUAGE Austronesian.GEDAGEDAustronesian.WUVULUAustronesian.SEIMATAustronesian.GITUAAustronesian.TUAMAustronesian.MUTUAustronesian.KOVEAustronesian.LUSIAustronesian.SIO Pama-Nyungan.COLACPama-Nyungan.WOIWURRUNGPama-Nyungan.PALLANGANMIDDANGPama-Nyungan.DHUDHUROAPama-Nyungan.BIRRDHAWAL Austronesian.SALAWATIAustronesian.GEDAGEDAustronesian.BARIAI MAAYA 2 Pama-Nyungan.MADHIPama-Nyungan.MADIMADIPama-Nyungan.BUNGANDITJPama-Nyungan.WARRNAMBOOLPama-Nyungan.WATHAWURRUNG MADHI Austronesian.SAWAI UnnamedInSourceAustronesian.BARIMAustronesian.LUKEPAustronesian.KIS Pama-Nyungan.YUGAMBALPama-Nyungan.WAALUBALPama-Nyungan.DJADJALAPama-Nyungan.WEMBAWEMBAPama-Nyungan.WEMBA WEMBA Austronesian.KAIEPAustronesian.ARE Pama-Nyungan.MBABARAMPama-Nyungan.WULIWULIPama-Nyungan.DUUNGIDJAWUPama-Nyungan.GURENGPama-Nyungan.GIDABAL GURENG Austronesian.MANGAPAustronesian.KAIRIRUAustronesian.WOGEOAustronesian.MANAMAustronesian.UBIR Pama-Nyungan.GUGUPama-Nyungan.GUUGUPama-Nyungan.YIDINYPama-Nyungan.DYAABUGAYPama-Nyungan.KUNJEN BUJUN YIMIDHIR Austronesian.MALASANGAAustronesian.ANUKI Pama-Nyungan.WARUNGUPama-Nyungan.WULGURUPama-Nyungan.NYAWAYGIPama-Nyungan.WARGAMAYPama-Nyungan.KOKO YALANDJI Austronesian.AROPAustronesian.GHAYAVIAustronesian.WEDAU LOKEP 12 Pama-Nyungan.WIRRIPama-Nyungan.BIRRIPama-Nyungan.GANGULUPama-Nyungan.BAYALIPama-Nyungan.DYIRBAL AUSTRALIA Austronesian.GAPAPAIWAAustronesian.HAIGWAIAustronesian.TAWALAAustronesian.DIODIOAustronesian.SUAUMailuan.MAILU Pama-Nyungan.KUNGGARIPama-Nyungan.BIDJARAPama-Nyungan.MARGANYPama-Nyungan.GUWAMUPama-Nyungan.GUNYA Austronesian.YAKAIKEKEAustronesian.IAMALELEAustronesian.BUHUTUAustronesian.DOBUMailuan.DOMUMailuan.LAUA Pama-Nyungan.DJAMBARRPUYNGUPama-Nyungan.RITHARNGUPama-Nyungan.DJINANGPama-Nyungan.DJINBAPama-Nyungan.WIRANGU Austronesian.BWAIDOKAAustronesian.MINAVEHAAustronesian.DAWAWAAustronesian.MOLIMAMailuan.MAILU 2 Pama-Nyungan.DALWONGOPama-Nyungan.YANANGOPama-Nyungan.DHUWALPama-Nyungan.DJAPUPama-Nyungan.YOLNGUMATHA Austronesian.BUNAMAAustronesian.KILIVILAAustronesian.MUYUWAustronesian.NIMOA Mirndi.DJINGILIPama-Nyungan.GOMAIDJPama-Nyungan.GOBABINGOPama-Nyungan.MARARBAPama-Nyungan.MANGGALILI Austronesian.SEWAAustronesian.OUMAAustronesian.YOBAAustronesian.BINA BAY Jarrakan.MIRIWUNGNyulnyulan.YAWURUNyulnyulan.BARDIMirndi.GUDANJIMirndi.WAMBAYA Austronesian.MAGORIAustronesian.MOTUAustronesian.LALAAustronesian.KUNI Worrorran.NGARINYINWorrorran.UNGGUMIBunaban.GOONIYANDIJarrakan.KITJABunaban.BUNABA Austronesian.BWANABWANAAustronesian.GUMAWANA Mangarrayi-Maran.ALAWAGunwinyguan.NUNGGUBUYUGunwinyguan.INGURAWorrorran.WUNAMBALWorrorran.GUNIN KWINI Austronesian.MBULA PAPUAAustronesian.KEAPARAAustronesian.GABADIAustronesian.DOURAAustronesian.MEKEO NEWAustronesian.MAISINAustronesian.ROROAustronesian.TUR GUINEA Pama-Nyungan.YANYUWALarrakiyan.LARRAKIAMangarrayi-Maran.MANGARAYIMangarrayi-Maran.MARAMangarrayi-Maran.WANDARANG Austronesian.BAROKAustronesian.MADAK Wagiman.WAGIMANMirndi.DJAMINDJUNGLimilngan.LIMILNGANGarrwan.GARAWAPama-Nyungan.WARLUWARA Austronesian.MISIMAAustronesian.SINAUGOROAustronesian.BUTMASAustronesian.RORIA PANAEATI Maningrida.NAKARAManingrida.GURAGONEUmbugarla.UMBUGARLAYangmanic.YANGMANYangmanic.WARDAMAN Austronesian.MAFEA IwaidjanMarrku-Wurrugu.MARGUGaagudju.GAAGUDJUManingrida.DJEEBBANAManingrida.BURARRA Proper.AMURDAK Austronesian.LAMASONGAustronesian.ARAKI Gunwinyguan.BUANGunwinyguan.WARAYGunwinyguan.DJAUANIwaidjanIwaidjan Proper.IWAIDJAProper.MAWNG Austronesian.SALIBA PAPUAAustronesian.AMBLONG NEWGUINEAAustronesian.AOREAustronesian.AKEI Gunwinyguan.GUNWINGGUGunwinyguan.GUNBALANGGunwinyguan.RAINBARNGOGunwinyguan.NGALAKANGunwinyguan.NGANDI WARLANGGUN DJEIHMI Austronesian.SHARKAustronesian.TAMBOTALOAustronesian.NARANGOAustronesian.MOROUASAustronesian.TANGOAAustronesian.TUTUBA BAY 12 Cahuapanan.CHAYAHUITAGunwinyguan.GUNWINGGUGunwinyguan.GUNWINGGU KUNINJKUKUNEKUNWINJKUMANYALLALUK MAYALI Austronesian.POLONOMBAUKAustronesian.WAILAPA Abkhaz-Adyge.KABARDIANYuat.MIYAKYuat.KYAIMBARANGPama-Nyungan.AGHUCahuapanan.JEBERO THARRNGGALA Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAVUT MALO Chukotko-Kamchatkan.NAbkhaz-Adyge.ABAZAAbkhaz-Adyge.ABKHAZAbkhaz-Adyge.UBYKHAbkhaz-Adyge.ADYGHE ITELMEN Austronesian.LOREDIAKARKARAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.FORTSENALAustronesian.LAMETINAustronesian.VALPEI MALO NuclearChukotko-Kamchatkan.KORYAKChukotko-Kamchatkan.ALUTORChukotko-Kamchatkan.CHUKCHEEChukotko-Kamchatkan.S Torricelli.MOLMO ITELMENONE Austronesian.WUSIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.MALMARIVAustronesian.HIW MANAVALUI NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.YAU Torricelli.AUTorricelli.SETITorricelli.SETATorricelli.ONE INEBU Austronesian.AKEIAustronesian.TASMATEAustronesian.VUNAPUAustronesian.NOKUKUAustronesian.VERAAAustronesian.LEHALI TASIRIKI NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.OLO Torricelli.DIA Torricelli.GALUTorricelli.OLOTorricelli.OLO YEBIL LUMIERETEI Austronesian.NARANGOAustronesian.TOLOMAKOAustronesian.LEMERIGAustronesian.VATRATAAustronesian.MOTLAVAustronesian.TOGA NAMBEL NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.WANAP Torricelli.KUKWOTorricelli.YILTorricelli.YIRTorricelli.NINGIL Austronesian.AKEIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.WUSIAustronesian.NAVUTAustronesian.PIAMATSINAAustronesian.MOSINA Austronesian.NUMEPENANTSIROAustronesian.KORO KEREPUA NONONA MATAE NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.YERI Torricelli.WALMANTorricelli.AIKUTorricelli.YANGUM CHINAPELI DEY Austronesian.VALPEIAustronesian.MERLAVAustronesian.MOTA HUKUA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.ARAPESH Torricelli.WOMTorricelli.WAMTorricelli.AGI YOLPAAGEI Austronesian.MOROUASAustronesian.LEHALURUP Austronesian.LAKONABATUNLAMAKAustronesian.SKEAustronesian.SA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.HEYO Torricelli.YAHANGTorricelli.SELEPUTTorricelli.NABITorricelli.ABU ARAPESH 2 Austronesian.WETAMUTAustronesian.RAGA NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.URAT Torricelli.AMOLTorricelli.SRENGETorricelli.BRAGATTorricelli.HEYO Austronesian.VATRATAAustronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.MARINOAustronesian.SOWAAustronesian.SEKEAustronesian.URI SASAR NuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.TORRICELLI Torricelli.EITIEPTorricelli.YAMPESTorricelli.YAMBESTorricelli.KOMBIO Austronesian.APMAAustronesian.RANOAustronesian.WALA LowerLowerNuclear Sepik-Ramu.CHAMBRISepik-Ramu.YIMAS Torricelli.ARO 2 KILIMBIT Austronesian.MERLAVAustronesian.TAUTUAustronesian.MAE MERIG Saharan.TEDAGASaharan.DAZAGASaharan.MANGASaharan.KANURIKuot.KUOT KANURI Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.PINALUMAustronesian.ATCHINAustronesian.URIPIVAustronesian.NESEAustronesian.VAO TAM Angan.TAINAEAngan.ANKAVEBaining.MALIBaining.URA PNG 2 Austronesian.WETAMUTAustronesian.WEST DORIG AMBAE Angan.BARUYAAngan.SIMBARIAngan.LOHIKIAngan.IVORI 2 Austronesian.MOSINA VETUMBOSO Angan.HAMTAIAngan.YAGWOIAAngan.KAMASAAngan.KAWACHAAngan.AMPALE Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.MALUAAustronesian.ORKON NASAWA BAY NuclearAngan.ANGAATAHAAngan.MENYAAngan.KAPAU Trans New 2 Guinea.ASARO7O Austronesian.CENTRALAustronesian.MAE MAEWO ORAP NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.NUKNAGuinea.NUNGON Guinea.DEGENANGuinea.FORAKGuinea.MURATAYAK Austronesian.AXAMB NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAGuinea.WANTOAT Guinea.AWARAGuinea.NANKINAGuinea.YOPNO MANDA Austronesian.PORTAustronesian.REREPAustronesian.UNUA VATO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MUNGKIPGuinea.URI Guinea.NUKGuinea.NEKGuinea.NAKAME PAPUA NEW GUINEA Austronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.BAETORAAustronesian.SURU NAROVOROVO NAVENEVENE KAVIANAustronesian.AULUAAustronesian.NATI APMA Nivkh.GILYAKNivkh.GILYAKNuclear Trans AMURWESTNewNORTH Guinea.NUMANGGANG SAKHALIN SAKHALIN Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.EASTAustronesian.DAKAKAAustronesian.DAKAKAAustronesian.LONWOLWOLAustronesian.PAAMA AMBAEAMBAEAustronesian.LITZLITZ LOLSIWOIWAILENGIAustronesian.LABO SESIVIBAIAP LAUL NuclearNuclearNivkh.GILYAK TransTrans NewNew SOUTHEAST Guinea.HUBEGuinea.ONOGuinea.GWAHATIKE SAKHALIN SAKHALIN Austronesian.AXAMBAustronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.VINMAVISAustronesian.LAREVATAustronesian.KATBOLAustronesian.TAPE AVOK NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAPE Guinea.MAPE Guinea.KATEGuinea.MIGABACGuinea.DEDUA 2 Austronesian.EASTAustronesian.PAAMA AMBAE LOLOMATUI FAULILI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BURUMGuinea.MINDIK Guinea.BURUMGuinea.KOSORONGGuinea.BORONG MINDIK Austronesian.MPOTOVOROAustronesian.MASKELYNESAustronesian.LINGARAK VOVO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.SELEPETGuinea.TIMBE Guinea.KOMBAGuinea.MOMOLILIGuinea.NABAK Austronesian.MALUAAustronesian.PAAMAAustronesian.MALFAXAL BAY PETARMUR LIRONESA NuclearPama-Nyungan.KALAArafundi.NANUBAEArafundi.ALFENDIOLaal.LAAL Trans New Guinea.BARGAM IMAMERI LAGGAW YA Austronesian.AXAMBAustronesian.PORTAustronesian.LETEMBOI SANDWICHMAXBAXOAustronesian.MAII NuclearPiawi.PINAIPiawi.HARUAINuclear Trans Trans HAGAHAI New New Guinea.WASKIA Guinea.MUGIL PINAIARAMO 1 Austronesian.REPANBITIPAustronesian.MARAGUSAustronesian.LELEPA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.AMAIMONGuinea.DIMIR Guinea.KOGUMANGuinea.ABASAKURGuinea.KORAK Austronesian.LABOAustronesian.BAKI WINDUA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.YABENGuinea.WANUMA Guinea.PARAWENGuinea.YARAWATAGuinea.UKURIGUMA Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.DIXON AMBRYM RANONVARTAVOFONAH REEF 21 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.SAKIGuinea.PILA Guinea.TANIGuinea.PAYGuinea.BILAKURA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BEPOURGuinea.MOERE Guinea.ULINGANGuinea.MALASGuinea.BUNABUN Austronesian.BURMBARAustronesian.KATBOLAustronesian.LAMENU LEPAXSIVIR TIMBEMBE NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MAWAKGuinea.KOWAKI Guinea.HINIHONGuinea.WANAMBREGuinea.MUSAR Austronesian.LEWOAustronesian.URAAustronesian.SIE NUL NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.FAITAGuinea.MUSAK Guinea.ANGAUAGuinea.ATEMPLEGuinea.PAYNAMAR Austronesian.SOUTHEASTAustronesian.BIERIAAustronesian.LEWO AMBRYMAustronesian.LEWO MAAT VOVOMATE NUVI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MORESADAGuinea.WADAGINAM Guinea.KATIATIGuinea.SILEIBIGuinea.EMERUM Austronesian.SOUTHEASTAustronesian.ETON AMBRYM TOAK VANUATU NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.PULABUGuinea.KOBON Guinea.PONDOMAGuinea.IKUNDUNGuinea.OSUM Austronesian.BIGAustronesian.LEWO NAMBASAustronesian.LONIU UNMETAustronesian.LOU VISINA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.BIYOMGuinea.TAUYA Guinea.YABONGGuinea.SAEPGuinea.GANGLAU Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.LEWO EFATEAustronesian.PONAMAustronesian.LIKUMAustronesian.LEVEIAustronesian.LELE NIKAURASIVIRI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.DUMPUGuinea.LEMIO Guinea.RERAUGuinea.JILIMGuinea.YANGULAM Austronesian.BIGAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.LEWO NAMBAS EFATEEFATEAustronesian.LEIPON LEVIAMP NGUNAAustronesian.JAWEPWELEFILAKARAAustronesian.NEMIAustronesian.AJIE NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KWATOGuinea.USU Guinea.KOLOMGuinea.ARAWUMGuinea.SUROI Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.BIEREBO WEST BAY EFATE BENOURAustronesian.NAUNA PANGOAustronesian.IAAI TAVIO NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.DANARU Guinea.USINO Guinea.URIGINAGuinea.DUDUELAGuinea.ERIMA Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAMAKURAAustronesian.NAMAKURAAustronesian.BIEREBO EFATE Austronesian.PAKEFATE SESAKE MAKURAERATAP MATASOAustronesian.DEHUAustronesian.ARTA YEVALI TONG NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KESAWAIGuinea.SAUSI Guinea.SINSAURUGuinea.ASASGuinea.SUMAU Austronesian.NORTHAustronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.LEWOAustronesian.KWAMERAAustronesian.NORTHAustronesian.ANEITYUM EFATEAustronesian.MOKERANG EFATE WORAVIUAustronesian.CEMUHI ERAKOR MAPREMOAustronesian.NEA TANNA ISIAI 2 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.BONGU Guinea.MUNITGuinea.SONGUM Guinea.MALEGuinea.BOM PAPUANG Austronesian.SOUTHAustronesian.NAMAKURA WEST BAY LEMBINWENAustronesian.NYINDROU Austronesian.FATONGARIKI TIETA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.PANIMGuinea.AMELE Guinea.BAUGuinea.GUMALUGuinea.SIHAN Austronesian.BIEREBOAustronesian.BIEREBOAustronesian.NELEMWA BONKOVIA BURUPIKA NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.KAMBAGuinea.GIRAWA Guinea.BEMALGuinea.KAREGuinea.ISEBE Austronesian.BALUANAustronesian.SIVISAAustronesian.XARACUUAustronesian.BANUAAustronesian.AYIWO TITAN PAM NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.RAPTINGGuinea.GARUS Guinea.YOIDIKGuinea.REMPIGuinea.GARUH Austronesian.NAMAKURA BONGABONGAAustronesian.NENGONEAustronesian.TEANUAustronesian.WOI NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.UTUGuinea.MATEPI Guinea.GALGuinea.BAIMAKGuinea.MAWAN Austronesian.SORIAustronesian.KAZUKURUAustronesian.NANGGUAustronesian.TANEMAAustronesian.MOUK Austronesian.AMARAHARENGANAustronesian.POM 12 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.MURUPIGuinea.BAGUPI Guinea.NAKEGuinea.SARUGAGuinea.SILOPI Austronesian.KWAMERAAustronesian.WHITESANDSAustronesian.WHITESANDSAustronesian.LENAKELAustronesian.GRANDAustronesian.ASUMBOA YATUKWEY LENAUKASAustronesian.ARAWEAustronesian.AIKLEP Austronesian.AMBAILONIEL IARKEIAustronesian.RON COULI Itonama.ITONAMAMovima.MOVIMANuclearNuclear TransTrans NewNew Guinea.WAMASGuinea.MOSIMOGuinea.SAMOSA Austronesian.LENAKELAustronesian.NEAAustronesian.NEAAustronesian.LAMOGAI LONASILIANAustronesian.ANSUSAustronesian.WABOAustronesian.BIAK NEMBOI NOOLI GreaterGreaterKapauri.KAPAURI Kwerba.SAMAROKENAKwerba.SABERIKwerba.BAGUSAKwerba.KWERBA NAIDJBEDJ TOMAYO Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNAAustronesian.KAULONG IKITIAustronesian.MOR Nimboranic.MEKWEINimboranic.MEKWEINimboranic.NIMBORANTor-Orya.BERIK 2 KENDATEWABRONMARIBU 2 Austronesian.SOUTHWESTAustronesian.SUNGLIK TANNAAustronesian.PAPUMA IKIYAUAustronesian.BIAK LIHIR 2 NuclearNuclearNuclear Trans TransTrans New NewNew Guinea.CITAKGuinea.CASUARINA Guinea.ASMATGuinea.ASMATH YAOSAKORCENTRAL NORTH COAST ASMAT Austronesian.SENGSENGAustronesian.KURUDUAustronesian.DUSNERAustronesian.YARIKAustronesian.ONINAustronesian.KURI Border.TAIKATBorder.AWJIElseng.SAWAKakiTimote-Cuica.CUICA Ae.KAKI AE Austronesian.SERUIAustronesian.MUNGGUIAustronesian.NUMFORAustronesian.SEKARAustronesian.YAUR LAUT Border.IMONDABorder.WARISBorder.DAONDABorder.MANEMBorder.SENGI Austronesian.ARGUNI NuclearAlgic.YUROKBorder.AMANABBorder.WAINA Trans New Guinea.RAWAGuinea.IYO Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNAAustronesian.WADAPIAustronesian.WANDAMEN IMREANGAustronesian.MEOSWARAustronesian.KOWIAIAustronesian.IRESIM LAUT Maybrat.MAINuclear-Macro-Je.XOKLENGNuclear-Macro-Je.KAINGANGNuclear-Macro-Je.ARIKAPUNuclear-Macro-Je.JABUTI BRAT Austronesian.SOUTHWESTAustronesian.KWAMERA PORT TANNA RESOLUTION ENFITANAAustronesian.WAROPENAustronesian.KAMBRAMAustronesian.TANDIAAustronesian.SOBEIAustronesian.ULAU Pawaia.PAWAIAWarao.WARAOAnim.WARKAJAnim.JAKAJAnim.MARINDINEESCH Austronesian.IRARUTUAustronesian.SUDESTAustronesian.TARPIA Sko.LEITRESko.TUMAWOSko.SKOUSko.WUTUNGSko.ISAKA Austronesian.WAREMBORIAustronesian.KAPTIAUAustronesian.ORMUManubaran.MARIA Kiwaian.BAMUWaia.TABOKosare.KOSARESko.DUSURSko.DUMO WAIA Austronesian.NAMBAKAENGOAustronesian.BONGGO Austronesian.TOBATIMALOAustroasiatic.GAR Kiwaian.MORIGIKiwaian.KEREWOKiwaian.KIWAIKiwaian.WABUDAKiwaian.BAMU SOUTHERN 2 Austronesian.SOUTHWEST TANNA LAPWANGTOAIAustronesian.YERETUARAustronesian.YAKAMULAustronesian.PAPORAAustroasiatic.KUANAustroasiatic.SRE Morehead-Wasur.YEYKiwaian.ANIGIBIKiwaian.GIBAIOKiwaian.URAMAKiwaian.GOPE Austronesian.TUMLEOAustroasiatic.PREHAustroasiatic.OI 2 Mor.MORMorehead-Wasur.NAMBOMorehead-Wasur.NAMOMorehead-Wasur.PEREMKAMorehead-Wasur.JEISCH 2 Austronesian.URUANGNIRINManubaran.DOROMUAustroasiatic.ROLOMAustroasiatic.CUA EasternEasternPahoturi.DIBOLUGPahoturi.AGOB Trans-Fly.GIZRRATrans-Fly.GIZRRATrans-Fly.MERIAM DABU WAIDOROTOGO Austronesian.PAPORAAustroasiatic.BUNORAustroasiatic.CHRAU 2 EasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.BINETrans-Fly.GIZRRA WIPIM GUIAMYUTA KUNINI KUPERE Austronesian.KAYUPULAUAustroasiatic.STIENGAustroasiatic.BRAOAustroasiatic.JRUAustroasiatic.JEH EasternEasternEasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPI GAMAEWE PODARI WONIE IAMEGAKAPAL Austronesian.FAVORLANGAustroasiatic.CHRAUAustroasiatic.KUY 2 EasternEasternEasternEasternEastern Trans-Fly.UME Trans-Fly.WIPI Trans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPITrans-Fly.WIPI PEAWA ABAMDOROGORIKURU Austroasiatic.STIENGAustroasiatic.SEDANGAustroasiatic.RENGAOAustroasiatic.BAHNARAustroasiatic.CHENGAustroasiatic.LOVENAustroasiatic.JEHAustroasiatic.BRU 2 2 Banaro.BANAROEastHatam-Mansim.HATAMAnim.MAKAYAMBeothuk.BEOTHUK Bird's Head.SOUGB Austronesian.AROPNuclear-Macro-Je.PATAXOAustroasiatic.SAPUAN SISSANOAustroasiatic.NYEUAustroasiatic.NGEAustroasiatic.RUC Kayagaric.TAMAGARIOKayagaric.KAUGATLowerLowerLower Sepik-Ramu.GAMEI Sepik-Ramu.AWARSepik-Ramu.MIKAREW MAKARUB Austroasiatic.TAMPUANAustroasiatic.KATU Botin.KAMBOTBotin.KAMBOTOtomaco.OTOMACOOtomaco.TAPARITAKayagaric.KAJGIR KAMBARAMBA Austroasiatic.BAHNAR 2 Yawa.ARIEPIYawa.AMBADAIRUYawa.TINDARETYawa.MARIADEIYawa.KONTI UNAI Nuclear-Macro-Je.MAXAKALIAustroasiatic.NHAHEUNAustroasiatic.PACOHAustroasiatic.RUC 2 Taiap.TAYAPSouthSouthSouthYawa.SARAWANDORI Bougainville.MOTUNA Bougainville.BUINBougainville.NASIOI Manubaran.DOROMUManubaran.DOROMU BAREIKA LOFAIKA NuclearNuclearTaiap.TAIAP Torricelli.BUNA Torricelli.BUNGAINTorricelli.MANDITorricelli.MUNIWARA PAPUANG NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.WANDOMI Torricelli.YIBAB Torricelli.SAMAPTorricelli.URIMOTorricelli.KAKARA BUNA Manubaran.DOROMUAustroasiatic.NHAHEUN ARAMAIKAAustroasiatic.KINTAQAustroasiatic.TONGAAustroasiatic.MINTILAustroasiatic.JAHAI 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Torricelli.TRING Torricelli.KAMASAU Torricelli.WAU Torricelli.KAMASAUTorricelli.KENYARI PNG 2 Manubaran.MARIA MARANOMUAustroasiatic.MALIENGAustroasiatic.KENSIWAustroasiatic.LANOHAustroasiatic.SEMAI 1 Sko.SUMARARUSko.POKOBogia.LILAUBogia.MONUMBOAbun.ABUN RAWO Austroasiatic.MUNGAustroasiatic.SABUM KOI Sko.POOSko.SUMOSko.BARUPUSko.RAMOSko.WOMO Austroasiatic.PEAR NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearMaku.MAKU Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.BINUMARIEN Guinea.TAIRORA Guinea.WAFFAGuinea.N TAIRORA BINUMARIEN Austronesian.FATAKAI NUAULUAustroasiatic.KUI SERAMAustroasiatic.SEMNAMAustroasiatic.SEMAIAustroasiatic.TEMIARAustroasiatic.TEMOQ THAILANDAustroasiatic.MON 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.AWA Guinea.AUYANA Guinea.GADSUP Guinea.AGARABIGuinea.GADSUP 2 AGARABI Austroasiatic.JAHAustroasiatic.SAMREAustroasiatic.SAOCHAustroasiatic.SURIN HUT Mombum.KONERAWSCHKolopom.KALADDARSCHKolopom.KIMAGHAMABangiNuclear Me.BANGI Trans New ME Guinea.AWA Austroasiatic.KUIAustroasiatic.CEQ Austroasiatic.SEMELAITHAILANDAustroasiatic.KASONGAustroasiatic.PEARAustroasiatic.KHMERAustroasiatic.MON WONG 2 Austroasiatic.WAAustroasiatic.U B 2 BulakaBulakaBulakaMombum.KOMELOMSCHMombum.MOMBUN River.JABSCH River.YELMEKRiver.YELMEK JAB Austroasiatic.KATUAustroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.THAVUNGAustroasiatic.BATEKAustroasiatic.MAH EASTERN SODEQ MERI Pauwasi.KARKARPauwasi.YURIPauwasi.DUBUPauwasi.TOWEINamla-Tofanma.TOFAMNA YURI Austroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.CHONGAustroasiatic.WAAustroasiatic.WA 2 H 32 Lepki-Murkim.LEPKIKimki.KIMKIBiksi.BIKSIPauwasi.EMEMPauwasi.JAFI Austroasiatic.VIETNAMESEAustroasiatic.BATEKAustroasiatic.KHMERAustroasiatic.NYAKUR NONG 3 2 Anim.IPIKOAnim.BEGUAAnim.ZIMAKANILepki-Murkim.MOTLepki-Murkim.MILKI MURKIM MURKIM Austroasiatic.BIT Turama-Kikori.OMATITurama-Kikori.MENATurama-Kikori.RUMUAnim.TAOAnim.MINANIBAI SUAMATO Austroasiatic.SEMAQAustroasiatic.OLD BERI MON Suki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.WARUNASuki-Gogodala.GOGODALASuki-Gogodala.SUKI ADIBAGOGODARA ARI Austroasiatic.NYAKURAustroasiatic.PLANGAustroasiatic.KEMIE 2 Bosavi.ONABASULUDibiyaso.DIBIYASOFasu.NAMUMIFasu.FASUEast Kutubu.FOE Austroasiatic.MASANAustroasiatic.DEANGAustroasiatic.RUMAIAustroasiatic.MAL WA Bosavi.BOSAVIBosavi.SUNIABosavi.AIMELEBosavi.KASUABosavi.KASUA 2 Austroasiatic.XIYUN WA Bosavi.BEAMIBosavi.ETOROBosavi.EDOLOBosavi.KALULIBosavi.KALULI 2 Austroasiatic.TODRAH UnnamedInSourceAustroasiatic.AWALAIAustroasiatic.DANAUAustroasiatic.KHMU WAAustroasiatic.HO EastEastEastEastBosavi.BEDAMINI Strickland.HONIBO Strickland.OIBAE Strickland.ODOODEEStrickland.GEBUSI Austroasiatic.DAZHAIAustroasiatic.DEANGAustroasiatic.DANAWAustroasiatic.KHANGAustroasiatic.MANGAustroasiatic.KODA WA 2 NuclearNuclearEastEastEast Strickland.KUBO Strickland.AGALAStrickland.SAMO TransTrans NewNew Guinea.FOREGuinea.GIMI Austroasiatic.AISHUO WA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.ISABI Guinea.KAMANO Guinea.YATE Guinea.BENABENAGuinea.YAGARIA KAFE Austroasiatic.ZHONGKEAustroasiatic.BUMANGAustroasiatic.KHMUAustroasiatic.MLABRI WAAustroasiatic.HO 2Cofan.COFAN 2 NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.GAFUKUGuinea.SIANE Guinea.GAHUKU Guinea.ASAROGuinea.YABIYUFA ASARO Austroasiatic.MONAustroasiatic.BANHONGAustroasiatic.WANLENGAustroasiatic.LAWA NONGAustroasiatic.KSINMUL DUU WALA UP NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.WOLANI Guinea.KAPAUKU Guinea.MONI Guinea.ALEKANOGuinea.GAHUKU 2 Austroasiatic.YANCHENG WA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.MELPA Guinea.IMBONGU Guinea.AUA Guinea.MIDDLEGuinea.GENDE WAHGI Austroasiatic.SORAAustroasiatic.GATA NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.KUMAN Guinea.KANDAWO Guinea.NARAK Guinea.UMBUGuinea.GAWIL UNGU Austroasiatic.KSINMULAustroasiatic.JUANGAustroasiatic.JURAYAustroasiatic.CAR 2 Kamsa.KAMSANuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans TransTrans New New NewNew Guinea.SINASINA Guinea.BOUMAI Guinea.DOMGuinea.GOLIN Austroasiatic.MENGGONGAustroasiatic.SANTALIAustroasiatic.KORWAAustroasiatic.KORKU WAAustroasiatic.REMOTamaic.MARARITRashad.ORIG Goilalan.MAFULUTeberan.DARIBITeberan.FOLOPASenagi.MONGOWARSenagi.AMGOTRO Austroasiatic.DAMANGNUO Austroasiatic.SORAWAAustroasiatic.KHASIAustroasiatic.PALIU 2 NuclearYareban.MOIKODIYareban.ANEMEYareban.YAREBAGoilalan.FUYUG Trans New WAKEGAGAGRA Guinea.GUHU SAMANE Austroasiatic.SAVARAAustroasiatic.KHARIARashad.TAGOI NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New NewNew Guinea.BINANDERE Guinea.TAFOTA Guinea.KORAFE Guinea.ZIAGuinea.SUENA BARUGAYEGHA Austroasiatic.MUNDARIAustroasiatic.KHASI 2 Kwalean.MULAHAKwalean.HUMENEKwalean.HUMENEKwalean.KWALENuclear Trans New MULAHAMANUGORO Guinea.MAMBARE RIVER Austroasiatic.GUANSHUANGAustroasiatic.LAMPANGLAMET WAAustroasiatic.BUGAN Dagan.DAGADagan.ONJOBYeliKwalean.MULAHAKwalean.MULAHA Dnye.YELETNYE IAIBU Tamaic.ASSANGORI Dagan.MAIWADagan.MAIWADagan.UMANAKAINADagan.UMANAKAINADagan.DIMA MANEAO GIGAREBIGWOIDEN Austroasiatic.MUNDARIAustroasiatic.BUGAN 2 2 Nuclear-Macro-Je.KARAJAChonan.TEHUELCHEChonan.ONADagan.MAIWADagan.MAIWA PUEGALEVA Austroasiatic.BRU WESTERN UnnamedInSource Aikana.AIKANAHarakmbut.HUACHIPAERIHarakmbut.AMARAKAERIKatukinan.KANAMARIKatukinan.KATAWIXI Austroasiatic.WIANG PA PAOAustroasiatic.TERESSA LUA Jodi-Saliban.SALIBAJodi-Saliban.PIAROAJodi-Saliban.YUWANAJodi-Saliban.YUWANAKwaza.KWAZA COLUMBIA 2 Austroasiatic.JABRI SANTALI Chibchan.MELEKUNuclear-Macro-Je.RIKBAKTSAPuelche.GUNUNAPuelche.GUNUNAChitimacha.CHITIMACHA JAIKA KUNEKUNE 2 Chibchan.NGABEREChibchan.GUAYMIChibchan.BUGLEREBaibai-Fas.FASBaibai-Fas.BAIBAI MOVE MURIRE Austroasiatic.PNARAustroasiatic.NANCAWRIShom Pen.SHOM JOWAI PENG Chibchan.VENEZUELANChibchan.KUNAChibchan.CUNAChibchan.TUNEBOChibchan.BORUCA YALA SAN BARI BLAS Austroasiatic.WAR JAINTIA Chibchan.CHIBCHAChibchan.RAMAChibchan.DORASQUEChibchan.COLOMBIANChibchan.BARI COLUMBIA BARI Chibchan.TERIBEChibchan.IKAChibchan.DAMANAChibchan.KOGUIChibchan.CHIMILA Austroasiatic.MATINDORAustroasiatic.ABIRPARA MAHALI Mpur.MPUR NorthNorthChibchan.CABECARChibchan.CABECARChibchan.BRIBRI Bougainville.RAPOISIBougainville.ROTOKAS CHIRIPO Chocoan.EMBERAChocoan.CATIOChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.NORTHERNChocoan.WOUNAAN DARIEN NORTHERN EMBERA Otomanguean.MAZAHUA Mairasi.MER Nuclear-Macro-Je.XERENTEChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.EMBERAChocoan.EPENAChocoan.EPENA TADO BASURUDOSAIJACHAMI Austroasiatic.RIANG WHITEBLACK STRIPEDSTRIPED Nuclear-Macro-Je.KREYENuclear-Macro-Je.PYKOBJENuclear-Macro-Je.PANARANuclear-Macro-Je.XAVANTENuclear-Macro-Je.XAVANTE 2 Austroasiatic.PATICHORA SANTALI Nuclear-Macro-Je.SUYANuclear-Macro-Je.APINAYENuclear-Macro-Je.KAYAPONuclear-Macro-Je.GAVIAONuclear-Macro-Je.APANIEKRA DO PARA Austroasiatic.PACHONDORAustroasiatic.PAHARPUR MAHALI SANTALIAustronesian.ENGGANO Tai-Kadai.YAY Tucanoan.CUBEOTucanoan.TANIMUCATucanoan.TANIMUCATucanoan.YAHUNAAndoque.ANDOQUE RETUARA Otomanguean.OCUILTECOTimor-Alor-Pantar.TEIWA Purari.PURARITai-Kadai.DIOI Tucanoan.KOREGUAYETucanoan.OREJONTucanoan.OREJONTucanoan.SIONATucanoan.CUBEO 22 Austroasiatic.RAUTNAGARAustroasiatic.RASHIDPUR SANTALI SANTALI Tucanoan.DESANOTucanoan.DESANOTucanoan.SECOYATucanoan.SECOYATucanoan.KOREGUAJE 2 2 Tucanoan.BARATucanoan.WAIMAHATucanoan.TUCANOTucanoan.SIRIANOTucanoan.SIRIANO 22 2 Austroasiatic.PALAUNG UnnamedInSourceOtomanguean.OTOMITimor-Alor-Pantar.TEIWATimor-Alor-Pantar.KAWA DE 1776 2 Tai-Kadai.YAYTai-Kadai.POTai-Kadai.THO 2 AI Tucanoan.TATUYOTucanoan.CARAPANATucanoan.BARASANOTucanoan.MACUNATucanoan.WAIMAHA Austroasiatic.RAJARAMPUROtomanguean.OTOMI SANTALI TOLUCA Tucanoan.WANANOTucanoan.TUCANOTucanoan.TUYUCATucanoan.YURUTITucanoan.TUYUCA 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA Tai-Kadai.SAEK Eleman.MEII2Cayuvava.CAYUBABATucanoan.GUANANOTucanoan.PIRATAPUYOTucanoan.PIRATAPUYO UARIPI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAERA Eleman.KARAETAEleman.PETOEEleman.SIVIRIEleman.MURUAEleman.UARIPI UARIPIUARIPI UARIPISTMT UARIPI UARIPI West Bomberai.IHATai-Kadai.SHAN Eleman.AHEAVEEleman.OROKOLOEleman.OROKOLOEleman.OPAOEleman.LULUITERA 2 UARIPI Timor-Alor-Pantar.KULATai-Kadai.SAEKTai-Kadai.SAEKTai-Kadai.AHOM 32 Eleman.SEPOEEleman.TOARIPIEleman.TOARIPIEleman.UARIPIEleman.KEURU 2 Otomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMITimor-Alor-Pantar.KAERA ACAMBAYTEMOAYA 2 Tai-Kadai.LU LakesLakesBororoan.UMOTINABororoan.BOROROEleman.KAIPI Plain.AWERAPlain.FOAU Otomanguean.CENTRALTimor-Alor-Pantar.KLON PAMETimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.TAUSE Plain.TAUSE Plain.TAUSE Plain.SAPONIPlain.RASAWA WEIRATE DEIRATE Austroasiatic.BODOBELGHORIAOtomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMI SANTALI DE MEZQUITAL ELTimor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR BAILE LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.OBOKUITAI Plain.KIRIKIRI Plain.KIRIKIRI Plain.EDOPIPlain.FAYU FAIA Tai-Kadai.WUTai-Kadai.TAI MING PO AI LakesLakesLakesLakesLakes Plain.PAPASENA Plain.BIRITAIPlain.WARITAI Plain.SIKARITAI Plain.DOUTAI Timor-Alor-Pantar.NEDEBANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.SAWILATai-Kadai.LAOTIENTai-Kadai.SHANTai-Kadai.SHAN 32 Tai-Kadai.TAI NuclearNuclearAwin-Pa.PARENuclearSalinan.SALINAN TransTrans Trans New New NewPNG Guinea.KAETI Guinea.WAMBON Guinea.SAWUJ DUMUT Otomanguean.OTOMIOtomanguean.OTOMI QUERETARO DE Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANGIXTENCOTimor-Alor-Pantar.KLON 2 Tai-Kadai.LAO NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.KOMYANDARET Guinea.WANGGOM Guinea.KOROWAI Guinea.SJIAGHA Guinea.SIAGHA Otomanguean.TAMASOPOTimor-Alor-Pantar.TEWA PAME DEING NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.ANGIYAKMIN Guinea.WAGARABAI Guinea.MIAN Guinea.OKSAPMIN Guinea.TTSAKWAMBO FAIWOL Otomanguean.MAZAHUAOtomanguean.PAME MERIDIONAL CENTRALTimor-Alor-Pantar.KAFOA Tai-Kadai.YANGTai-Kadai.TAY NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.NAKAI Guinea.TANGKO Guinea.TELEFOL Guinea.TIFAL Guinea.BIMIN Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWATimor-Alor-Pantar.NEDEBANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.WERSINGTimor-Alor-Pantar.SAWILATimor-Alor-Pantar.HAMAP MADAR 2West Bomberai.KARAS 2 Tai-Kadai.THAI NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Trans Trans Trans TransTrans New New New New New Guinea.DIGUL Guinea.DIGOELEESCH Guinea.METOMKA Guinea.NINATIE Guinea.NINGGIRUM MUYU MUYU MUYU KAWOMA Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWATimor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG LEBANG 2 Sulka.SULKAChapacuran.OROChapacuran.PAKAANOVAChapacuran.MOREAnem.ANEM WIN Timor-Alor-Pantar.ADANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.OIRATAWest Bomberai.MBAHAMTai-Kadai.TAI WUMING Siouan.TUTELOSiouan.BILOXISiouan.OFOSiouan.HIDATSASiouan.CROW Tai-Kadai.BLACKTai-Kadai.WHITETai-Kadai.SIAMESE THAITHAITai-Kadai.SHANTai-Kadai.THAITai-Kadai.THAI 4 3 2 Siouan.MANDANSiouan.QUAPAWSiouan.OSAGESiouan.OMAHASiouan.KANSA PONCA Timor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA Siouan.LAKOTASiouan.LAKHOTASiouan.ASSINIBOINESiouan.IOWASiouan.WINNEBAGO OTO Timor-Alor-Pantar.SARTimor-Alor-Pantar.WERSING INDONESIA 2 Tai-Kadai.NUNG Goilalan.TAUADEGoilalan.AFOADoso-Turumsa.DOSOIranxe.IRANTXESiouan.DAKOTA Austronesian.MALAKONI ENGGANO Tai-Kadai.DEHONG Barbacoan.TOTOROBarbacoan.GUAMBIANOBarbacoan.AWABarbacoan.CAYAPABarbacoan.COLORADO PIT Timor-Alor-Pantar.TEWA SARGANG Tai-Kadai.TAI LEI PING Hmong-Mien.HAINANHmong-Mien.CHANGPINGHmong-Mien.DAPINGHmong-Mien.DONGSHANHmong-Mien.SHUANGLONG KIM MIEN MUN BIAO BIAO MIEN MON MON Tai-Kadai.CUN Hmong-Mien.YAOHmong-Mien.DAPINGJIANGHmong-Mien.TAIPANHmong-Mien.CHIANGRAIHmong-Mien.HAININH MIEN MIEN MIEN MIEN Otomanguean.PAME DE PALUCA 1958 Tai-Kadai.SUI Hmong-Mien.HMONGHmong-Mien.JINGCUNHmong-Mien.DAHUAHmong-Mien.BUNUHmong-Mien.NUMAO NJUA BUNU BUNU BUNU Timor-Alor-Pantar.MAKASAETai-Kadai.BLACKTai-Kadai.LVCHUN TAI TAI 2 Tai-Kadai.MAKTai-Kadai.TEN Hmong-Mien.LONGHUAHmong-Mien.LIUXIANGHmong-Mien.TAKHmong-Mien.PHETCHABUNHmong-Mien.HMONG HMONG BUNU DAW HMONG2 Otomanguean.PAME DE JILIAPAN 1958Timor-Alor-Pantar.FATALUKU Hmong-Mien.LIANHUAHmong-Mien.SHEHmong-Mien.HAIFENGHmong-Mien.CHENHUHmong-Mien.LONGHUA CHINA SHE SHESHE BUNU Otomanguean.PAME DE JILIAPAN 1767 Tai-Kadai.WUDINGTai-Kadai.JINPINGTai-Kadai.TAI TAIKHUEN TAI Hmong-Mien.HMUHmong-Mien.GUNDONGHmong-Mien.PAHmong-Mien.YOUNUOHmong-Mien.HUANGLUO HNG BUNUPA BUNU HNG Tai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.TAI NINGLUNGMINGTai-Kadai.TAI MING DAENG Hmong-Mien.WESTERNHmong-Mien.XIANGXIHmong-Mien.LAYIPINGHmong-Mien.ZHENFENGHmong-Mien.YANGHAO HMONG XIANGXI HMONG HMONGHMONG HMONG Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG PIDO I Tai-Kadai.WHITETai-Kadai.MAGUAN THAI 2 TAI Sino-Tibetan.PUTIANSino-Tibetan.FUZHOUSino-Tibetan.FUZHOUSino-Tibetan.OLDHmong-Mien.JIWEI CHINESE CHINESE HMONG CHINESE Austronesian.BANJARTimor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG SARI ENGGANO PIDO II Tai-Kadai.SIAMESE 2 Sino-Tibetan.CANTONESESino-Tibetan.DONGSHANSino-Tibetan.AMOYSino-Tibetan.CHAOYANGSino-Tibetan.HAINAN MINNAN MINNAN CHINESE CHINESE CHINESE CHINESE Timor-Alor-Pantar.WESTERN PANTAR Tai-Kadai.KAM Sino-Tibetan.SUZHOUSino-Tibetan.XIANGSino-Tibetan.YONGANSino-Tibetan.HAKKASino-Tibetan.MIDDLE WU CHINESE CHINESE Tai-Kadai.TAI PINGTai-Kadai.LUNG SIANG MINGTai-Kadai.ONGTai-Kadai.TEN BE 2 Sino-Tibetan.JIANCHUANSino-Tibetan.MANDARINSino-Tibetan.MANDARINSino-Tibetan.KUNMINGSino-Tibetan.DUNGAN BAI MANDARIN2 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI MAKADAITai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.MANGSHI LUNGCHOW TAI Tai-Kadai.JIAMAO Sino-Tibetan.YUNLONGSino-Tibetan.JIANCHUANSino-Tibetan.HEQINGSino-Tibetan.LANPINGSino-Tibetan.XIANGYUN BAI BAI BAI BAI Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA BIANGWALA Tai-Kadai.TAI NONG KHAI Sino-Tibetan.TUOLUOSino-Tibetan.ENQISino-Tibetan.QILIQIAOSino-Tibetan.ZHOUCHENGSino-Tibetan.ERYUAN BAI BAI BAI BAI 2 BAI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.KUI LETLEYINDONESIATai-Kadai.TAITai-Kadai.LUNG CHIENGMAI CHOW Sino-Tibetan.LUOBENZHUOSino-Tibetan.LUOBENZHUOSino-Tibetan.JINMANSino-Tibetan.EGASino-Tibetan.GONGXING BAI BAI BAI BAI 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.KELON PROBUR Tai-Kadai.YUANYANGTai-Kadai.MENGLIAN TAI TAI Sino-Tibetan.JINDINGSino-Tibetan.HEDIANSino-Tibetan.DASHISino-Tibetan.JINXINGSino-Tibetan.MAZHELONG BAI BAI BAI BAI Sino-Tibetan.QILIQIAOSino-Tibetan.ZHAOZHUANGSino-Tibetan.ZHOUCHENGSino-Tibetan.JINDUNSino-Tibetan.LONGMEN BAI BAI BAI BAI Otomanguean.TEMASCALCINGOTimor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMA MAZAHUA KALONDAMA Tai-Kadai.YUANJIANG TAI Tai-Kadai.PAHA Sino-Tibetan.NISHINGSino-Tibetan.TARAONSino-Tibetan.IDUSino-Tibetan.SHISino-Tibetan.XISHAN MISHMI BAI BAI Tai-Kadai.WHITE THAI 3 Tai-Kadai.SUITai-Kadai.MULAO PYOTai-Kadai.LAHA Sino-Tibetan.ASHINGSino-Tibetan.GALOSino-Tibetan.ADISino-Tibetan.NISISino-Tibetan.APATANI GALO Timor-Alor-Pantar.KUITimor-Alor-Pantar.ADANGTimor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA INDONESIA PITUNG AIMOLI 2 Sino-Tibetan.BOKARSino-Tibetan.DOUYUSino-Tibetan.BENGNISino-Tibetan.NISISino-Tibetan.MISING TAGIN BANGNI Timor-Alor-Pantar.LAMMATimor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA MAUTA TUBAL HAMAP Sino-Tibetan.BUGUNSino-Tibetan.DHAMMAISino-Tibetan.MIJIHruso-Aka.BENGRUSino-Tibetan.BANGNI HRUSO NYISHI Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR BAKALANG Tai-Kadai.KHORAT THAI Sino-Tibetan.JINGPHOSino-Tibetan.PUROIKSino-Tibetan.SULUNGSino-Tibetan.SHERDUKPENSino-Tibetan.KARBI Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.ABUI APURI TEREWENG PURA ATIMELANG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.CHANGSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.CHANGSino-Tibetan.JINGPHO KONYAK 2CHANG 2 Tai-Kadai.MAONANTai-Kadai.LAKKJA Sino-Tibetan.YOGLISino-Tibetan.MOSHANGSino-Tibetan.PHOMSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KONYAK PHOM Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR LIMARAHING Saharan.BERTI Sino-Tibetan.ASino-Tibetan.WANCHOSino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NOCTESino-Tibetan.NAGA TONG WANCHO NOCTE Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGARTimor-Alor-Pantar.KELON RETTA PURA HALERMAN Tai-Kadai.LALIU MAK Tai-Kadai.LACHISaharan.BERIA Sino-Tibetan.DIMASASino-Tibetan.DEURISino-Tibetan.WANANGSino-Tibetan.RABHASino-Tibetan.GARO Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG LANGKURU Tai-Kadai.LITai-Kadai.LI BAODING TONGSHI Tai-Kadai.PUBIAO Sino-Tibetan.TIPPERASino-Tibetan.KOKSino-Tibetan.TIWASino-Tibetan.KACHARISino-Tibetan.BODO BOROK TONGPAI INDIA 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.TIFOL AFENGTai-Kadai.LUE ABUI MUONG YONG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KABUISino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.RIANGSino-Tibetan.USUI THANGAL RONGMEI TANGKHUL Timor-Alor-Pantar.KAMANG KOLOMANETai-Kadai.LUE CHIENG HUNG Tai-Kadai.BUYANG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGA POCHURI MZIEME ZEME LIANGMAI MARAM Tai-Kadai.LAMPANG THAI Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.KHEZHASino-Tibetan.NAGA RENGMA SOUTHERN SUMI MAO RENGMA Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.ANGAMISino-Tibetan.NAGA SANGTAM YIMCHUNGRU LOTHA CHOKRI Tai-Kadai.CHADONG Sino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.NAGASino-Tibetan.MEITEISino-Tibetan.LAKHERSino-Tibetan.NAGA TARAO MARING MARAAO Tai-Kadai.TAI WESTERN NUNG Tai-Kadai.YERONG Sino-Tibetan.LUSHAISino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.HRANGKHOLSino-Tibetan.CHOTHESino-Tibetan.KOIRENG HAKA Sino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.CHINSino-Tibetan.HMAR SIYIN ZYPHE TEDIM THADO Tai-Kadai.NORTHERNTai-Kadai.SONGKHLA SHAN THAI Sino-Tibetan.ZHABASino-Tibetan.KHWOPASino-Tibetan.DOLAKHASino-Tibetan.THANGMISino-Tibetan.RAUTE NEWAR NEWAR Tai-Kadai.LALIU MAK 2 Urarina.URARINA Sino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.TANGUTSino-Tibetan.JIULONG YADU MIANCHI LONGXI PUMI Tai-Kadai.JINGHONG TAI LUE Sino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.NORTHERNSino-Tibetan.QIANGSino-Tibetan.STODSDESino-Tibetan.MAWO PAO PUXI QIANGTUJIA Tai-Kadai.DEHONG TAI NUEA Tai-Kadai.SUI LI NGAM Sino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.BWESino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KAREN PWO KAREN PWO SGAWEASTERN GEBAWESTERN Sino-Tibetan.KAYANSino-Tibetan.KARENSino-Tibetan.KAREN YINBAW MANUMANAW Sino-Tibetan.YANGONSino-Tibetan.BURMESESino-Tibetan.KAYAHSino-Tibetan.KAYAHSino-Tibetan.KAREN BURMESE LI YINTALE WESTERNEASTERN Sino-Tibetan.LASHISino-Tibetan.PELASino-Tibetan.ACHANGSino-Tibetan.XIANDAOSino-Tibetan.HPON 2 Sino-Tibetan.BISUSino-Tibetan.NUSUSino-Tibetan.MARUSino-Tibetan.LASHISino-Tibetan.ZAIWA Sino-Tibetan.MPISino-Tibetan.DAZHAISino-Tibetan.GELANGHESino-Tibetan.AKHASino-Tibetan.PHUNOI HANI AKHA Tai-Kadai.CHADONG 2 Paez.PAEZ Sino-Tibetan.BIYUESino-Tibetan.CAIYUANSino-Tibetan.ENUSino-Tibetan.NAXISino-Tibetan.NAXI BIYO 2 Sino-Tibetan.MOJIANGSino-Tibetan.JINOSino-Tibetan.KADUO HONI Tai-Kadai.BAODING HLAI Sino-Tibetan.SANISino-Tibetan.KATSOSino-Tibetan.NUOSUSino-Tibetan.XIDESino-Tibetan.SHUIGUI YI YI HONI Sino-Tibetan.LAHUSino-Tibetan.LAHUSino-Tibetan.NANJIANGSino-Tibetan.LALOSino-Tibetan.DAFANG 2 Timor-Alor-Pantar.BLAGAR RETTA TERNATE Sino-Tibetan.JERUNGSino-Tibetan.THULUNGSino-Tibetan.LEPCHASino-Tibetan.LISUSino-Tibetan.LISU 2 Quechuan.CURVA Sino-Tibetan.SUNWARSino-Tibetan.BAHINGSino-Tibetan.WAMBULE Sino-Tibetan.KHALINGSino-Tibetan.SUNWAR 2 Tai-Kadai.JINGHONG TAI LUE 2 Sino-Tibetan.CHHINTANGESino-Tibetan.CAMLINGSino-Tibetan.PUMASino-Tibetan.DUMISino-Tibetan.DUMI 2 Sino-Tibetan.MEWASino-Tibetan.LIMBU KHOLA LIMBU Timor-Alor-Pantar.KABOLA PITUMBANG Sino-Tibetan.NACHERINGSino-Tibetan.WALINGSino-Tibetan.DUNGMALISino-Tibetan.LOHORUNGSino-Tibetan.YAKHA Sino-Tibetan.KULUNG Sino-Tibetan.NUNGSino-Tibetan.ANONGSino-Tibetan.TSHANGLASino-Tibetan.KAMANSino-Tibetan.SAMPANG CHINA Sino-Tibetan.DHIMALSino-Tibetan.MAGARSino-Tibetan.MAGARSino-Tibetan.CHEPANGSino-Tibetan.DRUNGSino-Tibetan.RAWANG 2 Sino-Tibetan.RONGPOSino-Tibetan.RAJISino-Tibetan.KINNAURISino-Tibetan.KHAMSino-Tibetan.KHAMSino-Tibetan.TAKA TAKALE KHAM Sino-Tibetan.MANANGESino-Tibetan.CHANTYALSino-Tibetan.BYANSISino-Tibetan.CHAUDANGSISino-Tibetan.DARMIYASino-Tibetan.RANG PAS Sino-Tibetan.GURUNGSino-Tibetan.GHACHOKSino-Tibetan.MARPHATANSino-Tibetan.THAKALISino-Tibetan.TAMANG THAKALI Sino-Tibetan.KYIRONGSino-Tibetan.LOWASino-Tibetan.JIRELSino-Tibetan.SHERPASino-Tibetan.KAIKESino-Tibetan.GURUNG WESTERN Sino-Tibetan.DZONGKHASino-Tibetan.MAQUSino-Tibetan.TIBETANSino-Tibetan.LHASASino-Tibetan.TIBETAN TIBETAN LHASA TIBETAN CENTRAL Sino-Tibetan.PURIKSino-Tibetan.TIBETANSino-Tibetan.NORTHERNSino-Tibetan.WUJIAOSino-Tibetan.SOUTHERNSino-Tibetan.RGYALTHANG WRITTEN BAIMA BAIMA BAIMA Tai-Kadai.FANGCUN MAK Sino-Tibetan.KHAPALUSino-Tibetan.SKARDUSino-Tibetan.RONDUSino-Tibetan.SHIGARSino-Tibetan.WESTERN BALTI BALTISino-Tibetan.EASTERN BALTI BALTI BALTI BALTI Sino-Tibetan.KARGILSino-Tibetan.KHARMANGSino-Tibetan.CHORBAT BALTI BALTI BALTI Sentanic.TABLASentanic.SENTANISentanic.DEMTA UNKNOWNSentanic.DEMTA DIALSentanic.DEMTA Sentanic.DEMTAUNKNOWNDIAL AMBORA MURIS Tai-Kadai.SHUIQING SUI Zamucoan.AYOREOZamucoan.AYOREOZamucoan.CHAMACOCOSentanic.TABLA 2 Sentanic.TABLASentanic.TABLA C W Pano-Tacanan.MATSESPano-Tacanan.TACANAPano-Tacanan.ARAONAPano-Tacanan.CAVINENAPano-Tacanan.CAVINENAPano-Tacanan.ESEPano-Tacanan.HUARAYO 2 EJJA 1 ESE EJJA Pano-Tacanan.HUARIAPANO Pano-Tacanan.AMAHUACA Pano-Tacanan.KASHIBOPano-Tacanan.KASHIBO SUNGAROYACU SAN ALEJANDRO Pano-Tacanan.CASHIBOPano-Tacanan.SHIPIBOPano-Tacanan.KONIBO Tai-Kadai.SANDONG SUI Paez.PAEZ 2 Pano-Tacanan.CAPANAHUA Pano-Tacanan.KASHIBOPano-Tacanan.KASHIBO ALTO BAJO AGUAYTIAAGUAYTIA Tai-Kadai.WUMINGTai-Kadai.WANGMO ZHUANG BOUYEI Tai-Kadai.TA MIT LAHAQuechuan.TAQUILEQuechuan.ATALLA Aymaran.PUKI Goilalan.KUNIMAIPAQuechuan.POCONAQuechuan.LARAOS Molof.MOLOF Tai-Kadai.KAMTai-Kadai.JINXIU ZHANGLU LAKKIAYurakare.YURACARE Quechuan.YANACQuechuan.INGA Tai-Kadai.ZHUANGTai-Kadai.LONGZHOUTai-Kadai.TAIYANG SOUTHERN ZHUANG AI CHAM Tai-Kadai.JUDU GELAO Kanoe.KANOE Tai-Kadai.LINCHENG LINGAOTai-Kadai.SHIDONGTai-Kadai.BAHATai-Kadai.GELAOTai-Kadai.CATai-Kadai.WHITE BUYANGBIAO HA WANZI GELAOQuechuan.MARAGUA LACHI Quechuan.TROJE South Bird's Head Family.ARANDAI TAROF Tai-Kadai.DONGYINGTai-Kadai.SUITai-Kadai.XIANAN JUNGLINGAO CHIANG MAONANTai-Kadai.NIUPOInanwatan.INANWATANQuechuan.PUNO GELAO CITY Aymaran.KAWKI Tai-Kadai.HAWYIENGZTai-Kadai.ZHUANG NORTHERN ZHUANGTai-Kadai.ZHANGLUTai-Kadai.GREEN DONG GELAO Otomanguean.OTOMI DE SAN ANDRES CUEXCONTITLANSouth Bird's Head Family.ARANDAI SEBYAR Tai-Kadai.TAIYANG AI CHAM 2 Tai-Kadai.MULAOOtomanguean.MANGUEQuechuan.CUZCO KADAI Quechuan.CHACPAR GNL Shastan.SHASTA Tai-Kadai.NA KHE GELAO Quechuan.HUANUCO Aymaran.JAQARU Arawakan.BARE Arawan.DENI Tai-Kadai.DONGMENTai-Kadai.SOUTHERNTai-Kadai.LANGJIATai-Kadai.GELAO MULAM DONG BUYANG LAOZHAI Quechuan.SERENAArawakan.BANIVA Tai-Kadai.LUOCHENG MULAO Aymaran.HUACANA SouthSouth Bird's Bird's Head Head Family.KEMBERANO Family.KOKODA KASUWERI BARAU Aymaran.JAQARUArawakan.BANIWA 2 Awake.AWAKE Tai-Kadai.PHOOtomanguean.CHIAPANEC BANG GELAO Quechuan.INKAWASIQuechuan.CHETILLAArawakan.TARIANAArawakan.WAYUU Arawakan.YUCUNAArawakan.GUINAUArawakan.WAURA Arawan.MADIJA Arawakan.BANIWAArawakan.CABIYARIArawakan.PIAPOCOArawakan.TARIANO 2 Arawakan.TAINO Otomanguean.MATLATZINCA SAN FRANCISCO OXTOTILPAN Otomanguean.CHOROTEGA Arawakan.BAURE Tai-Kadai.ECUNTai-Kadai.GELAOTai-Kadai.ZHENFENG BAHA BUYANG QIAOSHANG GELAO Arawakan.ACHAGUAArawakan.PALIKUR Ainu.AINU SARU Tai-Kadai.HONGFENG GELAO Arawakan.YUCUNAArawakan.MAIPURE 2 Arawakan.INAPARIArawakan.PARESIArawan.BANAWA Arawakan.BAHUANA Arawan.PAUMARI Otomanguean.MATLATZINCA SAN FRANCISCO OXTOTILPAN 2 Tai-Kadai.WUMING YONGBEI ZHUANG Hibito-Cholon.CHOLONArawakan.PIAPOCOArawakan.RESIGAROArawakan.WAPIXANAArawakan.YAVITERO 2 Arawakan.TERENA Ainu.AINU SOYA South Bird's Head Family.KEMBERANO WERIAGAR Arawakan.CURRIPACO Arawakan.APURINA Ainu.KURIL AINU Arawakan.MAWAYANAArawakan.MEHINAKUArawakan.MAXINERIArawakan.LOKONOArawan.JAMAMADIWaorani.WAORANIAinu.AINU NAIRO Quechuan.QUICHUA LOJA Busa.BUSAN Boran.BORA Arawakan.RESIGAROArawakan.WAPISHANAArawakan.WAREKENA 2 Arawakan.CAQUINTE Arawan.JARAWARAAinu.AINUAinu.AINU SAMANI MAOKA Tupian.ZOE Tai-Kadai.NINGMING YONGNAN ZHUANG Arawakan.KINIKINAU Ainu.AINU BIHORO Quechuan.QUICHUA AZUAY Arawakan.PARAUJANOArawakan.YAWALAPITI Ainu.AINUAinu.AINU YAKUMO OCHIHO Tai-Kadai.SHANGSI YONGNAN ZHUANG Arawakan.ASHANINKAArawakan.ASHENINKAArawakan.GARIFUNAAinu.AINUAinu.AINU NAYORO OBIHIRO Tupian.MBYA Tupian.XETA Arawakan.AMUESHAArawakan.TRINITARIOArawakan.SARAVEKA 1 Ainu.AINU NIIKAPPU Guato.GUATO Yurakare.YURACARE YURUJURE Arawakan.IGNACIANOAinu.AINUAinu.AINU HIRATORI KUSHIRO Koiarian.KOITA Tupian.ACHE Koiarian.BARAI Tupian.YUQUI Tai-Kadai.JINCHANG WHITE LACHI Quechuan.INGA PUTUMAYO Arawakan.CARIB 1665 Boran.MIRANA Aymaran.SULLKATITI TITIRI Koiarian.AOMIE Caddoan.KITSAI Koiarian.KOIARI Tupian.AWETI Arawakan.CHAMICURO Tupian.TEMBE Tupian.GUAJA

Quechuan.QUICHUA CANYAR Washo.WASHO Tupian.XIPAYA Aymaran.CENTRAL AYMARA Ainu.AINUAinu.SAKHALIN SHIRAURA AINU Tupian.APIAKA Tupian.KAYABI Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA ARGENTINA AYACUCHO Arawan.KULINA ARAUA Caddoan.CADDO Boran.MUINANE Guamo.GUAMO Tupian.TUPARI Taushiro.TAUSHIRO Yale.NAGATIMAN Tupian.TAPIETE Tupian.MONDE Moseten-Chimane.MOSETEN Tupian.ARIKEM Cariban.TIRIYO Ainu.AINU ASAHIKAWA Tupian.SIRIONO Cariban.YUKPA Koiarian.KOIARI 2 Tupian.ASURINI Cariban.APALAI Arawakan.MASHCO PIRO Trumai.TRUMAI Tupian.KOKAMA Tupian.JURUNA Quechuan.QUECHUA PACARAOS Caddoan.WICHITA Tupian.ANAMBE Cariban.KALINA Caddoan.PAWNEE Guachi.GUACHI Tupian.GUARANI Tupian.OMAGUA Tupian.MEKENS Arawakan.ISLAND CARIB Cariban.PEMON Quechuan.QUECHUA PASTAZA Arawakan.MACHIGUENGA Cariban.WAIWAI Aymaran.CENTRAL AYMARA 2 Ainu.AINU HOROBETSU Caddoan.ARIKARA Guahiboan.JITNU Ainu.AINU NUKKIBETSU Cariban.IKPENG Ainu.AINU RAICHISHKA Tupian.WIRAFED Tupian.WAYAMPI Aymaran.SOUTHERN AYMARA Boran.MUINANE 2 Guahiboan.CUIBA Ainu.AINU OSHAMAMBE Cariban.BAKAIRI Huitotoan.OCAINA Tupian.ARAWETE Tupian.KURUAYA Cariban.PANARE Cariban.WAYANA Ticuna-Yuri.TIKUNA Tupian.GUARAYU Cariban.YUKPA 2Cariban.YUKPA 3 Quechuan.QUICHUA PICHANCHA Tupian.TAPIRAPE Cuitlatec.CUITLATEC Caddoan.WICHITA 2 Caddoan.PAWNEE 2 Tupian.MAKURAP Quechuan.QUICHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA IMBABURA IMBABURA 2 Huitotoan.NONUYA Cariban.MAPOYO Tupian.TENHARIM Cariban.WAIWAI 2 Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS TANA Cariban.MAKUSHI Tupian.PAUSERNA Cariban.KUIKURO Kadugli-Krongo.MIRI Cariban.MACUSHI Cariban.AKAWAIO Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS VINAC Tupian.NHENGATU Tupian.PARAKANA Tupian.KARITIANA Arawakan.ENAWENE NAWE Huitotoan.OCAINA 2 Tupian.AMONDAVA Arawakan.NOMATSIGUENGA Tupian.KAMAYURA Puri-Coroado.PURI Ainu.AINU TARANTOMARI Tupian.TUPINAMBA Otomanguean.AMUZGO Cariban.CARIJONA Tupian.EMERILLON Tupian.PURUBORA Quechuan.CHIMBORAZO QUICHUA Arawakan.ASHENINKA PICHIS Huitotoan.COERUNA Kadugli-Krongo.FAMA Tupian.PARANAWAT Cariban.KAXUYANA Cariban.YABARANA Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS LINCHAQuechuan.QUECHUA SAN MARTIN Arawakan.CAMPA DE PERENE Guahiboan.GUAHIBO Tupian.CHIRIGUANO Tupian.PARINTINTIN Cariban.AKAWAIO 2 Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA AREQUIPA YAUYOS UNION CACRA Otomanguean.CUICATEC Guahiboan.PLAYERO Quechuan.QUECHUA ABANCAYQuechuan.INGA TINTAY MEDIO PUTUMAYO Kadugli-Krongo.KEIGA

Otomanguean.IXCATEC Cariban.CARIJONA 2

Tupian.MUNDURUKU Tupian.CINTA LARGA Pano-Tacanan.MATIS Kadugli-Krongo.KANGA Tupian.KARO BRAZIL Unclassifiable.KARIRI Tai-Kadai.LAIBIN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Cariban.TAUREPANG Tai-Kadai.FUSUI CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Arawakan.ASHENINKA PAJONAL Chiquitano.CHIQUITANO Kadugli-Krongo.TULISHI Cariban.HIXKARYANA Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUICHUA YAUYOS HONGOS COTOPAXI TIGUA Cariban.MAQUIRITARI Quechuan.QUECHUA HUANCA HUAYLLA Kadugli-Krongo.KATCHA

Tupian.URUEWAUWAU Tupian.SATERE MAWE Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA HUANCA HUANCA HUANUCO SHAUSHA HUAYCHA PANAO Guahiboan.MACAGUAN Tupian.AVA CANOEIRO Quechuan.QUECHUA CHACHAPOYAS Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.LIPANAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HUPAAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KATO Tupian.ASURINI XINGU Kadugli-Krongo.KRONGO Guahiboan.GUAYABERO Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH CHIQUIAN Tupian.GUARANI KAIWA Tupian.SURUI DO PARA Quechuan.QUECHUAQuechuan.QUECHUA HUAYLAS ANCASH NAPO LOWLAND Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HARE Kadugli-Krongo.CHIROROKadugli-Krongo.KURONDI Tupian.URUBU KAAPOR Tai-Kadai.TIANZHU SHIDONG NORTHERN DONG Huitotoan.HUITOTO MIKA Tai-Kadai.LONGAN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Pano-Tacanan.MARUBO Tai-Kadai.LIANSHANTai-Kadai.GUIGANG CENTRAL CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS SAN PEDRO Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.EYAK Kadugli-Krongo.KAMDANG Tai-Kadai.SHANGLIN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA DE LAMBAYEQUE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.HUPA 2 Kadugli-Krongo.KADUGLI 2 Tupian.GUARANIANTIGO Tai-Kadai.QINZHOU CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Quechuan.QUECHUA NORTH JUNIN CAJAS Otomanguean.CHOCHOTEC Arawakan.AJYININKA APURUCAYALI Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.NAVAJOAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.GALICE Koiarian.ESE MANAGALASI

Pano-Tacanan.CHACOBO Quechuan.QUECHUA NORTH JUNIN TARMA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.AHTNA Pano-Tacanan.KAXARARI Koiarian.MOUNTAIN KOIARI Cariban.ARARA DO PARA Otomanguean.TRIQUI COPALA Huitotoan.HUITOTO MURUI Tai-Kadai.YONGNAN CENTRAL HONGSHUIHE ZHUANG Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.NAVAHOAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SLAVEY Pano-Tacanan.KAXINAWA

Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.BEAVER Pano-Tacanan.YAMINAWA Quechuan.QUECHUA YAUYOS HUANGASCAR Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SARCEEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.DOGRIB Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC 1578 Huitotoan.HUITOTO MINICA Quechuan.QUICHUA CHIMBORAZO NIZAG Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC MITLA Cariban.WAIMIRIATROARI

Quechuan.QUICHUA CHIMBORAZO TROJE Pano-Tacanan.POYANAWA Quechuan.QUICHUA COTOPAXI PAPAURCO Huitotoan.HUITOTO NIPODE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.MATTOLEAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KUTCHIN Pano-Tacanan.YAWANAWA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.JICARILLAAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CARRIER Koiarian.MOUNTAIN KOIARI 2 Huitotoan.HUITOTO MURUI 2 Quechuan.QUICHUA BOLIVAR CACHISAGUA Otomanguean.JALAPA DE DIAZ Huitotoan.HUITOTOHuitotoan.HUITOTO NUPODE MINICA 2

Otomanguean.MIXTEC CHAYUCO Pano-Tacanan.SHANENAWA

Pano-Tacanan.ARARA PANO Pano-Tacanan.ARARA

Arawakan.ASHENINKA UCAYALI YURUA PANO Pano-Tacanan.KULINA Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS WATA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.KOYUKONOtomanguean.MIXTEC CARRIER PENYOLES Otomanguean.YARENI ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.YOSONDUA MIXTEC Cariban.ENAPA WOROMAIPU Pano-Tacanan.SHARANAHUA Tupian.SURUI DO RONDONIA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CHIRICAHUA Otomanguean.ISTHMUSOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC LOXICHA Quechuan.QUICHUA TUNGURAHUA SALASACA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.SAN CARLOS Otomanguean.JICALTEPEC MIXTEC Quechuan.QUICHUA TUNGURAHUA GUAPANTE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.CHIPEWYANOtomanguean.MIXTECOtomanguean.OCOTLANOtomanguean.AMATLAN ALCOZAUCAOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC YALALAG Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC YATZACHI Tupian.GAVIAO DO RONDONIA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.TANACROSS Otomanguean.CAJONOSOtomanguean.CHOAPANOtomanguean.ALOAPAMOtomanguean.LACHIXIO ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS HUARAZ Otomanguean.XANAGUIAOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC MIXTEPEC Otomanguean.CHOCHO OCOTLAN PANO Pano-Tacanan.KATUKINA Otomanguean.TILQUIAPAN ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.LEALAO CHINANTEC Otomanguean.ZAPOTECOtomanguean.ZACATEPEC ZOOGOCHO CHATINO Otomanguean.CHALCATONGOOtomanguean.TRIQUI MIXTEC CHICAHUAXTLA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC OJITLAN Otomanguean.AYOQUESCO ZAPOTECOtomanguean.CHATINO TATALTEPEC Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.HUAUTLA PEDRO IXCATLAN DE JIMENEZ Otomanguean.MIXTECO DE YOSONDUA Quechuan.QUICHUA COTOPAXI COMPANIA GRANDE Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.INLAND TANAINA Otomanguean.TEXMELUCAN ZAPOTECOtomanguean.MAZATLAN DE FLORES Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.ILIAMNA TANAINA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC PALANTLA Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.JICARILLA APACHE Otomanguean.POPOLOCA METZONTLA Otomanguean.CHINANTEC SOCHIAPAN Otomanguean.SAN JERONIMO TECOATL Quechuan.QUECHUA ANCASH HUAYLAS PAMPAROMAS Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.MANTASTA AHTENA Otomanguean.MAZATEC CHIQUIHUITLAN Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.SAN MIGUEL JUAN SOYOLTEPEC CHIQUIHUITLAN Otomanguean.SAN BARTOLOMEAYAUTLA Quechuan.QUECHUA DE AMBO HUANUCO PASCO PASCO Otomanguean.CHINANTEC COMALTEPEC Otomanguean.COATLAN LOXICHA ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.MIXTEC NORTHERN TLAXIACO Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.OUTERAthapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.UPPER INLET INLET TANAINA TANAINA Otomanguean.ZAPOTEC SIERRA DE JUAREZ Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit.UPPEROtomanguean.ZAPOTEC TANANA TETLIN SANOtomanguean.ZAPOTEC LUCAS QUIAVINI SOUTHERN RINCON Otomanguean.QUIOQUITANI QUIERI ZAPOTEC Otomanguean.CHATINO WESTERN HIGHLAND Otomanguean.SANOtomanguean.SANTA PEDRO INES QUIATONI YATZECHI ZAPOTEC ZAPOTEC

Otomanguean.POPOLOCA SANOtomanguean.CHINANTEC JUANATZINGO SAN FELIPE USILA

Otomanguean.MIXTECO DE SAN JUAN COLORADO Otomanguean.SAN LORENZO CUAUNECUILTITLA

Otomanguean.SANTA MARIA QUIEGOLANI ZAPOTEC

Otomanguean.POPOLOCA DE SAN VICENTE COYOTEPEC

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 19 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Results

strong evidence for dependent model for 21 out of 28 feature feature pair Bayes Factor PN-VO 267.83 PN-NG 220.74 pairs NA-NNum 192.78 NA-ND 163.62 NG-VO 152.64

no evidence for independent model dependent ND-NNum 140.17 VO-NRc 129.74 strongest evidence (BF>100) supports Dryer (1992) VO-VS 105.73 NG-NRc 99.82 PN-NRc 99.28 NNum NA-NRc 84.36 NG NG-VS 83.68 ND-NRc 71.32 PN-VS 57.51 NNum-VS 37.25 VS PN NNum-NRc 36.54 NRc-VS 17.28 ND-NG 16.75 NA-NG 16.55 ND-VO 14.00 NNum-VO 12.43 NA VO PN-ND 6.99 NA-VS 5.91 NA-PN 3.84 NA-VO 3.24 ND-VS 1.25 ND NRc PN-NNum -0.75 NG-NNum -2.38 independent

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 20 / 26 Universal and lineage-speciﬁc models Automatically identifying lineage-speciﬁcity

lineages with different dynamics can be inferred feature pair Bayes Factor PN-NRc 0.42 automatically on the world tree NG-NRc -0.90 PN-NG -1.37 PN-VO -2.29 latest version of BayesTraits (v. 3) implements a model VO-NRc -4.86 NA-ND -11.66 universal (“discrete covarion model”) where languages can be either in NA-NRc -21.42 ND-NNum -22.86 a dependent or an independent state ND-NRc -23.16 NG-VO -25.20 PN-VS -25.70 statistical model comparison between universal and ND-VS -28.63 NG-VS -29.05 lineage-dependent model (in this sense) VO-VS -29.74 PN-ND -30.35 ND-VO -30.90 NA-NNum -31.42 ND-NG -37.75 independent dependent NA-VS -40.18 NRc-VS -44.06 VO PN VO/PN NA-PN -44.25 NNum-VS -45.30 OV/PN VO/NP NA-VO -49.34 NNum-NRc -53.38 OV NP OV/NP PN-NNum -55.88 NA-NG -58.86 NNum-VO -64.76 NG-NNum -66.61 lineage-speci fi c Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 21 / 26 Universal and lineage-specific models Automatically identifying lineage-specificity

no evidence for truely universal dependent model feature pair Bayes Factor PN-NRc 0.42 NG-NRc -0.90 equivocal evidence for 5 feature pairs PN-NG -1.37 PN-VO -2.29 define a cluster for which there was strong evidence for VO-NRc -4.86 NA-ND -11.66 universal NA-NRc -21.42 universality in experiment 2 ND-NNum -22.86 ND-NRc -23.16 NG-VO -25.20 NNum NG PN-VS -25.70 ND-VS -28.63 NG-VS -29.05 VO-VS -29.74 VS PN PN-ND -30.35 ND-VO -30.90 NA-NNum -31.42 ND-NG -37.75 NA-VS -40.18 NRc-VS -44.06 NA VO NA-PN -44.25 NNum-VS -45.30 NA-VO -49.34 NNum-NRc -53.38 PN-NNum -55.88 PN NRc NA-NG -58.86 NNum-VO -64.76 NG-NNum -66.61 lineage-speci fi c Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 22 / 26 Universal and lineage-specific models What the dependencies look like

PN NA VO VO ND NRc 3.71 0.89 3.1 0.2 0.62 0.05

0.1 0.17 0.25

3.18 2.8 1.06 PN NP NA AN VO OV OV VO 0.16 DN 0.45 ND RcN 0.13 NRc 6.45 0.41 1.92 5.09 2.27 0.86

0.37 0.19 0.61 NP AN OV OV DN RcN

PN NG VO

NG 4.28 VO 0.54 VS 6.05 0.33 0.14 2.8 0.06 0.44 0.33

0.52 3.07 0.33 PN NP NG GN VO OV

GN 0.24 NG OV 0.16 VO SV 0.39 VS 9.37 1.09 10.72 1.14 7.95 0.34

0.21 0.51 0.21 NP GN OV GN OV SV

NA ND NG NNum NNum NRc 2.28 3.56 2.24 0.1 0.17 0.08

0.4 0.6 0.04

3.2 2.37 1.32 NA AN ND DN NG GN NumN NNum NumN NNum RcN NRc 0.35 0.54 0.09 2.71 3.23 1.33 1.97 0.94 2.43

0.1 0.41 0.57 AN DN GN NumN NumN RcN

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 23 / 26 Conclusion

Conclusion

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 24 / 26 Conclusion Conclusion

empirical universal vs. lineage-speciﬁc is not an absolute distinction, but a matter of degree some “classical” word-order correlation fall very close to the universal end methodological important to ﬁt statistical model across language-families

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 25 / 26 Conclusion Our co-authors

Luana Vaduva

Thora Daneyko

Gwendolyn Berger

Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 26 / 26 Conclusion

Matthew S. Dryer. The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language, 68(1):81–138, 1992. Michael Dunn, Simon J. Greenhill, Stephen Levinson, and Russell D. Gray. Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals. Nature, 473(7345):79–82, 2011. Harald Hammarström, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath, and Sebastian Bank. Glottolog 2.7. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 2016. Available online at http://glottolog.org, Accessed on 2017-01-29. Martin Haspelmath, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie. The World Atlas of Language Structures online. Max Planck Digital Library, Munich, 2008. http://wals.info/. Sebastian Höhna, Michael J. Landis, Tracy A. Heath, Bastien Boussau, Nicolas Lartillot, Brian R. Moore, John P. Huelsenbeck, and Fredrik Ronquist. RevBayes: Bayesian phylogenetic inference using graphical models and an interactive model-specification language. Systematic Biology, 65(4):726–736, 2016. Elena Maslova. A dynamic approach to the verification of distributional universals. Linguistic Typology, 4(3):307–333, 2000. Mark Pagel and Andrew Meade. Bayesian analysis of correlated evolution of discrete characters by reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. The American Naturalist, 167(6):808–825, 2006. Søren Wichmann, Eric W. Holman, and Cecil H. Brown. The ASJP database (version 17). http://asjp.clld.org/, 2016.

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