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1 Langue Et Langage Litteraires Chez Ken Bugul LANGUE ET LANGAGE LITTERAIRES CHEZ KEN BUGUL – TECHNIQUES ET EFFETS DE GLISSEMENT DANS L’ECRITURE DU ROMAN By TOHOUEGNON CHRISTIAN AHIHOU A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Tohouégnon Christian Ahihou 2 To my Wife, Carolle Yêhouénou 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the French graduate committee of the Department of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures (University of Florida) for the Else Duelund scholarship that I received during the summer 2009 allowing me to travel to Porto-Novo (Benin) and to conduct the interview: “Entretien avec Ken Bugul.” I thank my dissertation director and also chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. Carol J. Murphy, for her continuous invaluable guidance and encouragement. In addition, I thank the other professors, members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Alioune Sow, Dr. William Calin, and Dr. Fiona McLaughlin, for their careful readings, extremely helpful comments and ongoing support. Furthermore, I thank all my instructors from elementary school to now. Last but not least, I thank my parents, Pierrette and Julien, for having built up the educated man that I have become. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF OBJECTS ......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 AVANT-PROPOS ................................................................................................... 12 2 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ................................................................................ 32 2.1 Ken Bugul : La Romancière ........................................................................... 32 2.2 Le Roman Bugulien à la Loupe de la Critique : Etat Présent de la Critique ... 33 2.2.1 Une Critique trop Sélective .................................................................. 34 2.2.2 La Critique face aux Représentations des Questions Sociopolitiques Abordées dans le Roman Bugulien ............................ 37 2.2.2.1 La représentation des questions de la condition féminine et du retour aux sources dans le roman bugulien ....................... 37 2.2.2.2 La représentation des questions politiques dans le roman bugulien .................................................................................. 45 2.2.3 La Critique Littéraire face au Style Bugulien ........................................ 47 2.2.3.1 La question de la langue dans le roman bugulien .................. 47 2.2.3.2 La question de l’hybridité des genres dans le roman bugulien .................................................................................. 49 2.3 L’Art de Lire Ken Bugul : une Méthodologie de Lecture du Roman Bugulien ......................................................................................................... 55 3 APPROCHES DEFINITIONNELLES DU CONCEPT DE GLISSEMENT EN LITTERATURE ....................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Origines du Concept....................................................................................... 58 3.1.1 Les Fragments chez Barthes ............................................................... 58 3.1.2 L’Allusion à la Géologie ....................................................................... 61 3.1.3 L’Etymologie du Mot « Glissement » ................................................... 66 3.1.4 Le Glissando Musical .......................................................................... 68 3.2 Différentes Applications de la Technique de Glissement Chez Ken Bugul..... 72 3.2.1 L’Elaboration des Thèmes Buguliens .................................................. 72 3.2.2 Les Représentations du Temps et l’Espace dans le Roman Bugulien .............................................................................................. 75 3.2.3 Les Genres Littéraires dans l’Ecriture Bugulienne ............................... 77 3.2.4 Etats de Langue et de Langage dans le Roman Bugulien ................... 79 5 4 LA LANGUE BUGULIENNE – THEORIE DE L’HISTOIRE DE LA FORMATION D’UNE LANGUE D’ECRITURE .............................................................................. 85 4.1 Notions Préliminaires de Langue et de Langage ............................................ 85 4.2 Les Expériences de Ken Bugul avec les Langues : Des Echecs D’apprentissage à la Fabrication d’une Langue D’écriture ............................. 93 4.2.1 La Perte de la Mère ............................................................................. 93 4.2.1.1 La langue-émotion ................................................................ 103 4.2.1.2 La langue-silence.................................................................. 107 4.2.2 Ken Bugul et les Restrictions du Wolof .............................................. 121 4.2.3 Le Refuge de l’Ecole Française ......................................................... 138 4.3 Les Caractéristiques de la Langue Bugulienne : Prévalence du Sémiotique sur le Symbolique ........................................................................................ 154 4.3.1 La Langue Bugulienne : une Langue de Maternement et de Mutilation ........................................................................................... 156 4.3.2 La Langue Bugulienne : une Langue Toujours en Construction ........ 168 5 LE LANGAGE BUGULIEN – PRATIQUES DE LA LANGUE BUGULIENNE DANS LE ROMAN ................................................................................................ 177 5.1 Préliminaires ................................................................................................ 177 5.2 La Poéticité du Langage Romanesque chez Ken Bugul .............................. 181 5.2.1 La Musicalité du Langage Bugulien ................................................... 184 5.2.2 La Répétition dans le Langage Bugulien ........................................... 203 5.2.2.1 Répétition des mots et phrases dans le langage bugulien .... 204 5.2.2.2 Répétition d’idées ou de scènes dans le langage bugulien .. 206 5.2.2.3 Fonctions des répétitions dans le langage romanesque de Ken Bugul ............................................................................. 209 5.2.2.4 Effets acoustiques des répétitions dans le langage bugulien 209 5.2.2.5 Effets de persuasion et d’accentuation dus à la répétition dans le langage bugulien ...................................................... 211 5.2.2.6 Effets de miroitement dus à la répétition dans le langage bugulien ................................................................................ 216 5.2.3 L’Interpellation dans le Langage Romanesque Bugulien ................... 222 5.2.3.1 L’interpellation directe dans le langage bugulien .................. 222 5.2.3.2 L’interpellation indirecte dans le langage bugulien ............... 228 5.3 Hybridité des Genres dans le Roman Bugulien ............................................ 232 6 EFFETS DE FOLIE AU CŒUR DE LA LANGUE ET DU LANGAGE BUGULIENS ......................................................................................................... 258 6.1 Caractéristiques de la Folie Dans la Langue et le Langage Buguliens ........ 261 6.1.1 Consistance de la Langue et du Langage Buguliens ......................... 262 6.1.2 Une Langue Littéraire et un Langage Romanesque hors-norme : le Risque de la Déraison Sociale dans la Narration Bugulienne ........... 275 6.2 Fonctions du Thème de la Folie dans la Langue et le Langage Buguliens .. 293 6.2.1 Langue et Langage de la Folie : Modes d’Expression de Déchirures 295 6 6.2.2 Langue et Langage de la Folie Buguliens : Instruments d’Engagement ................................................................................... 313 7 CONCLUSION GENERALE : KEN BUGUL ET LA QUESTION DE L’ECRITURE MODERNE ........................................................................................................... 320 7.1 En Conclusion .............................................................................................. 320 7.2 Ken Bugul : Une Romancière Moderne ........................................................ 331 APPENDIX A « ENTRETIEN AVEC KEN BUGUL » : INTERVIEW REALISEE PAR MOI- MEME LE 11 AOUT 2009 EN PREPARATION A LA PRESENTE THESE DE DOCTORAT .......................................................................................................... 337 A.1 Le Langage Bugulien. .................................................................................. 337 A.2 La Langue Engagée. .................................................................................... 345 B « WHAT IS A TONGUE? WHAT IS MOTHER TONGUE? WHAT ARE OTHER TONGUES? » COMMUNICATION DE KEN BUGUL A LA CONFERENCE DE L’UNIVERSITE DE FLORIDE DES 27 ET 28 FEVRIER 2009 .............................. 354 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 364 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 370 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 4-1 Langue et parole ..............................................................................................
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