${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Praise for this book ‘In the developing world’s rapidly growing cities, safe management of sanitation is of ever growing importance. As universal sewerage still remains a (pipe) dream for many, it is widely recognized that we must improve the effectiveness of non-networked sewerage options for the many, to complement sewerage access for the few. To address this neglected but crucial part of the urban sanitation system, Kevin Tayler’s Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment is a timely resource that provides practitioners with much-needed technical support to diagnose, plan and manage FSM services.’ Dr Darren Saywell, Director, Water Services, AECOM International Development, USA ‘The urgency in providing safe acceptable sanitation to millions of people in the global South requires a different mind-set to traditional approaches. The rapid urbanization, lack of dependable water and electricity supply add to the challenges. This publication is a valuable contribution to the body of technical guidance for sanitation professional and students in developing countries. I see it as becoming the standard text for all sanitation courses in the global South.’ Professor Chris Buckley, Pollution Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ‘One of the key essences in safely managed sanitation is to properly treat the collected faecal sludge or septage. Information and step-by-step guidance in planning and designing the treatment facilities in this book are necessary for professionals and design engineers.’ Dr Thammarat Koottatep, Associate Professor, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment A guide for low- and middle-income countries Kevin Tayler ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Practical Action Publishing Ltd Rugby, Warwickshire, UK www.practicalactionpublishing.org © Kevin Tayler, 2018 The moral right of the author to be identified as author of the work has been asserted under sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No-derivatives CC BY-NC-ND license. This allows the reader to copy and redistribute the material; but appropriate credit must be given, the material must not be used for commercial purposes, and if the material is transformed or built upon the modified material may not be distributed. For further information see https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book has been requested from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-85339-987-9 paperback ISBN 978-1-85339-986-2 hardback ISBN 978-1-78044-986-9 library pdf ISBN 978-1-78044-987-6 epub Citation: Tayler, K. (2018) Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment: A guide for low- and middle-income countries, Rugby, UK, Practical Action Publishing, <http://dx.doi. org/10.3362/ 9781780449869> Since 1974, Practical Action Publishing has published and disseminated books and information in support of international development work throughout the world. Practical Action Publishing is a trading name of Practical Action Publishing Ltd (Company Reg. No. 1159018), the wholly owned publishing company of Practical Action. Practical Action Publishing trades only in support of its parent charity objectives and any profits are covenanted back to Practical Action (Charity Reg. No. 247257, Group VAT Registration No. 880 9924 76). This work was reviewed for contents and technical accuracy by staff from The World Bank and staff from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, or the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Neither the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation, nor The World Bank, guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Cover design by Mercer Design Printed in the United Kingdom Typeset by vPrompt eServices, India ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Contents List of figures, photos, tables, and boxes ix About the author xiii Acknowledgements xv Acronyms and abbreviations xvii 1. Introduction to faecal sludge and septage treatment 1 The challenge of urban sanitation 1 The purpose and intended readership of this book 2 Definitions and meanings 2 The need for treatment 4 The sanitation service chain 5 The objectives of faecal sludge and septage treatment 6 Key indicators and measures 7 How this book relates to other publications 9 Structure of book and brief description of contents 10 References 11 2. Faecal sludge and septage treatment in context 15 Introduction – the sanitation service chain 15 Options for faecal sludge and septage disposal 19 Private and public needs and the importance of demand 21 Legislation 23 Institutional structures, systems and capacities 24 Financial considerations 28 Other external factors that influence treatment choices 31 Potential changes in faecal sludge and septage management 31 Key points from this chapter 32 References 33 3. Planning for improved treatment 35 Introduction 35 Overview of treatment plant planning and design process 37 ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Preliminary assessment 39 Develop consensus on the need for faecal sludge and septage treatment 46 http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449869.000 vi FAECAL SLUDGE AND SEPTAGE TREATMENT Determining the planning area, the plant service area, and location 47 Load assessment 56 Assessment of hydraulic loading 58 Technology choices 70 Key points from this chapter 72 References 74 4. Introduction to treatment processes and technologies 79 Treatment objectives 79 Dealing with high strength, partly stabilized faecal sludge and septage 82 Treatment units and their functions 85 Co-treatment with wastewater 91 Choosing appropriate treatment processes and technologies 92 Key points from this chapter 94 References 95 5. Planning and design for effective operation 97 Introduction 97 Assessment of operational experience 98 Options for matching operational capacity to load 99 The influence of resource availability on technology choice 100 Process design for effective operation 102 Management structures and systems for effective operation 105 Designing with operators in mind 107 Actions to ensure accurate, good quality construction 113 Options for developing staff capacity and facilitating good operational practice 116 Key points from this chapter 120 References 122 6. Faecal sludge and septage reception and preliminary treatment 123 Introduction 123 Faecal sludge and septage reception 124 Screening 136 Grit removal 145 FOG removal 150 Stabilization 151 ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Key points from this chapter 161 References 162 CONTENTS vii 7. Solids–liquid separation 167 Introduction 167 Sludge drying beds 170 Anaerobic ponds 172 Settling thickening tanks and solids separation chambers 173 Gravity thickeners 178 Decanting drying beds 189 Mechanical presses 191 Key points from this chapter 203 References 205 8. Liquid treatment 207 Introduction 207 Anaerobic treatment options 210 Aerobic and facultative biological treatment options 231 Pathogen reduction 250 Co-treatment of faecal sludge and septage with municipal wastewater 254 Key points from this chapter 256 References 258 9. Solids dewatering 263 Introduction 263 Unplanted drying beds 265 Planted drying beds 280 Mechanical presses 291 Geobags as an aid to sludge dewatering 291 Key points from this chapter 292 References 292 10. Additional solids treatment for safe disposal or end use 297 Introduction 297 Preconditions and requirements for solids end use 298 Options for reducing pathogen concentrations 304 Drying options 321 Pyrolysis 330 Black soldier fly treatment 332 Key points from this chapter 334 References 336 ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 Index 343 ${protocol}://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449869 - Friday, September 20, 2019 3:34:40 AM IP Address:176.185.223.131 List of figures, photos, tables, and boxes Figures Figure 2.1 Sanitation options and their treatment needs 16 Figure 2.2 Factors that influence the performance of institutions 25 Figure 3.1 Steps in the planning process 38 Figure 3.2 Satellite image of part of Dhaka, Bangladesh