Graywater Safety

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Graywater Safety L-5480 9-08 Onsite wastewater treatment systems Graywater tank Blackwater tank Figure 1: A home with separate blackwater and graywater plumbing systems. Graywater safety Rebecca Melton and Bruce Lesikar Extension Assistant and Professor and Extension Agricultural Engineer The Texas A&M System hen homeowners use graywater to water their lawns, they help preserve washed materials soiled with human limited water supplies, reduce the demand for potable water for lawn waste (such as diapers) and water that Wirrigation and decr,ease the amount of wastewater entering sewers or has been in contact with toilet waste. onsite wastewater treatment systems. A graywater system may collect water from a single approved source However, homeowners who What is in graywater? or from any combination of those irrigate their lawns with graywater sources. The amount and quality The Texas Administrative Code need to understand the risks and of the graywater depends on the defines graywater as water from these safety issues associated with such use. sources. residential sources: Residential wastewater can be They should know the constituents ✔ of graywater as well as their potential Showers and bathtubs classified as either blackwater (sew- ✔ effects on human, soil, plant, and Sinks, except those used for age containing fecal matter or food environmental health. disposal of hazardous or toxic wastes) or graywater. If graywater is materials or for food preparation collected separately from blackwater, or disposal it can be dispersed as irrigation water ✔ Clothes-washing machines with less treatment than is required The code excludes water that has for blackwater. Table 1 includes a partial list of Table 1. Wastewater constituents from various residential sources. constituents that may be present in Shower Sinks Laundry graywater, illustrating that if some- and bathtub (not kitchen) thing is washed down the drain, it Bacteria • • will end up in the graywater. Several factors affect the com- Bleach • position of graywater, including the Grease and oil • • • quality of the water supply; the resi- dents’ personal habits; soaps, deter- Hair • gents, and cleaners used in the home; High pH • the age and number of residents in the home; the graywater treatment Hot water • • • process (if any); and the length of Nitrogen • graywater storage time. For example, a study in 2001 by Odor • • the University of Arizona found that Organic matter (BOD)† • • a home with two adults and a child had a significantly higher concentra- Phosphorus • tion of fecal coliform (microorgan- Salinity • isms found in human waste) in the graywater than did a household of Soap • • • just two adults. Sodium • Graywater will have higher concentrations of chemicals from Suspended solids • • • detergents and cleaners if strong Turbidity • • • products are used in the home and †Biochemical oxygen demand, a measure of organic contamination if the products are used often. Also, any treatment of the graywater and Often graywater has already ✔ Avoid irrigating edible fruit and the length of time it is stored before come into contact with humans—at vegetable gardens with graywa- application will influence its levels of sinks and in showers and tubs— ter. suspended solids, nutrients, bacteria, before it enters the graywater system. ✔ Discourage children from play- viruses, and odor. There is some concern that bacteria ing in areas where graywater is When homeowners use gray- can accumulate and grow in the regularly applied. water for landscape irrigation, they graywater storage system and that ✔ Never use graywater to wash should understand that the water graywater can be exposed to people down driveways, patios, or other contains constituents that may influ- who do not live in the house where it impervious surfaces. ence whether it is appropriate for use. originated. In addition to using graywater in As shown by several research stud- To eliminate possible exposure, areas that reduce the risk to human ies, the amount of contaminants in homeowners should choose the health, homeowners should make graywater varies greatly (Table 2). The distribution method and application sure that the system is designed and quality of graywater is lower than that areas carefully. For example, never operated to prevent inadvertent expo- of drinking water but higher than use spray distribution (sprinklers) sure to people: that of raw municipal wastewater. to apply graywater because it is the ✔ Prevent cross-contamination by method most likely to cause human using backflow prevention valves. Preventing harm exposure. The method least likely to ✔ Direct the overflow from the to people cause human exposure is a subsurface graywater reservoir to an onsite distribution system. The risk that graywater may pose wastewater treatment system or to human health is not as great as is If graywater is applied to the municipal sewer. often assumed. Although many of the soil surface (in a method other than ✔ Color-code all graywater com- contaminants in graywater may harm spray), take these steps to prevent ponents with purple markings your health (Table 3), the damage oc- exposure to people: to identify the water in them as curs only if the graywater is ingested ✔ Apply the graywater to areas that unsuitable for drinking. or otherwise contacted physically. receive little or no traffic. ✔ Wear latex or surgical gloves when handling components of Table 2. Concentrations of contaminants in graywater and raw wastewater and the maximum allowable concentrations in drinking water. Graywater studies Constituent Units Standard Water Drinking Protection (Environmental Agency, 2006) Typical Raw Wastewater (University of Arizona, 2001) Michigan, of University 1974 Urban Water Research Association of Australia (includes kitchen waste) University of Arizona, 2001 University of Arizona, 1991 New Mexico, 1998 Journal of Environmental Health, 1978 University of Arizona, 1995 Barium mg/L 2 <1 41 BOD† mg/L 300 328 159 65 260 149 120 Cadmium mg/L 0.005 0.1 30– Chloride mg/L 250* 25 21 9.0 100 Copper mg/L 1.3 (1*) 0.11 130 CFU/100 107– 8.03 1.4 7.6± 0.8 Fecal coliform mL 10 7 6 10 X10 X10 Log10 Iron mg/L 0.3* 0.11 700 Lead mg/L 0.015 0.04 Manganese mg/L 0.05* <0.05 31 Nitrate/nitrite mg/L 10/1 0.9 0.3 9.3 0.12 1.8 pH mg/L 6.5–8.5* 7.2 7.3 7.5 6.5 6.8 6.7 Phosphorus mg/L 59 8.1 9.3 26 Sodium mg/L 80 73 Sulfate mg/L 250* 117 35 60 23 Suspended solids mg/L 192 33 160 162 40.3 Turbidity mg/L 5 49 100 43 76 Zinc mg/L 5* 0.62 100 *Indicates EPA secondary water quality standard, which means that removal of these constituents is not required. If the concentration exceeds this standard, the effect to the water will only be aesthetic (odor, color, bad taste, corrosion etc). † Biochemical oxygen demand, a measure of organic contamination the system to perform mainte- Generally, most of the graywater harm depends on the quality of the nance activities, such as cleaning and the nutrients in it will be used by graywater, the type of soil, and the filters. plants, and the dynamics of the soil geology of the site. should break down the other contam- Groundwater may become Avoiding harm inants. If the system is maintained contaminated if it contains large to the environment properly, the graywater should have amounts of industrial chemicals that little if any effect on groundwater (the The greatest environmental effect are not broken down by biological water beneath the ground surface, of using graywater is that it decreases and/or environmental processes. It such as in an aquifer) or surface water the demand for fresh water, preserv- can also become contaminated if the (water in rivers, lakes, and streams). ing limited water supplies. The use of graywater is applied to ponded soils graywater also reduces the amount of However, graywater can pollute or saturated soils. wastewater entering sewers or onsite groundwater and surface water if it is Surface water may be affected if wastewater treatment systems. not applied properly. The amount of the graywater is applied to the ground Table 3. Potential health effects of contaminants. Contaminant Effect Barium Increase in blood pressure Cadmium Kidney damage Copper Short-term exposure: gastrointestinal distress Long-term exposure: liver or kidney damage Fecal coliform Short-term effects: diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches or other symptoms. Fecal coliform does not cause these symptoms, but its presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with micro- organisms that do cause the symptoms. Lead Infants and children: delays in physical or mental development Adults: kidney problems; high blood pressure Nitrate Infants below the age of 6 months who drink water containing nitrate above the drinking water standard could become seriously ill. Turbidity Although turbidity has no health effects, it can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity mayindicate the presence of disease-causing organisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. Source: Adapted from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006 surface and it runs off into streams Sodium not only increases the limiting the amount of harmful or lakes. To limit the risk to surface alkalinity of a soil, but it also can elements entering the graywater water resources, choose a site where greatly damage the soil structure and, streams, such as by selecting a the soil can absorb the graywater and over time, inhibit the soil’s ability to laundry detergent low in sodium. does not allow ponding. Apply the accept water. To counteract the effects graywater at a low rate and distribute of sodium and help restore the soil Reducing effects it uniformly. You may need to move structure and water absorption rates, on plants the drag hose to limit ponding and periodically add organic matter such A study in 2004 by North distribute the contaminants.
Recommended publications
  • Guidelines for the Reuse of Gray Water
    GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OF GRAY WATER Prepared by Hawaii State Department of Health Wastewater Branch June 22, 2009 STATE OF HAWAII, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OF GRAY WATER TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters Page I Introduction .................................................................................. 1 II What is Gray Water? .................................................................... 2 III Gray water Health and Safety Concerns ...................................... 3 IV Characterizing Gray Water........................................................... 5 V Acceptable Uses for Gray Water.................................................. 8 VI Effects of Gray Water on Plants................................................... 9 VII Gray Water System General Requirements ................................. 15 VIII Gray Water System Design Consideration................................... 17 IX Gray Water System Maintenance................................................. 22 Appendix A. Gray Water System Design B. Washing Machine Water Reuse C. Example Calculations D. Percolation Rates E. Evapotranspiration Maps F. Gray Water Committee Members G. Waiver Letters from the Counties Guidelines for the Reuse of Gray Water June 22, 2009 Foreword The Department of Health has supported water reuse provided public health is not compromised. The Hawaii Legislature has urged the Department of Health to develop gray water recycling guidelines in House Resolution 290 of the twenty-fourth Legislature in 2008 and House Concurrent
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Using Urine and Blackwater Diversion Systems in Single-Family Homes
    FOR PROTECTION OF THE BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENT Guidelines for Using Urine and Blackwater Diversion Systems in Single-Family Homes Author: Maria Lennartsson & Peter Ridderstolpe Editor: Gunnar Norén, Executive Secretary, Coalition Clean Baltic Language: Carl Etnier and Diana Chace This brochure discusses two different systems for ecological sanitation in single family homes: urine diversion and blackwater diversion. It presents practical information and technical guidelines for installing and operating the systems, as well as for using urine and blackwater in agriculture. Introduction The primary purpose of a wastewater system is to provide a good sanitary environment in and around the home. This can be done in many different ways. A common solution for single-family homes outside urban areas has been to infiltrate the wastewater into the ground, after treatment in a septic tank. This is safe as long as the wastewater is discharged below the surface, and soil conditions and groundwater levels are appropriate. In the last decade, it has become more common to view wastewater as a resource. In the first place, water itself is regarded as a limited resource. Also, there is increased recognition that the nutrients in wastewater can be recycled through agriculture if the material can be properly disinfected. This has led to the development of new wastewater technologies, including source-separating systems in which either urine or blackwater (urine + feces) is collected separately. In this way, between 70 and 90% of all the nutrients in wastewater can be collected and used in agriculture. We will use the term ecological sanitation to describe this method of closing nutrient loops.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctor of Philosophy
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KUMASI, GHANA Optimizing Vermitechnology for the Treatment of Blackwater: A Case of the Biofil Toilet Technology By OWUSU, Peter Antwi (BSc. Civil Eng., MSc. Water supply and Environmental Sanitation) A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2017 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the PhD and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of any university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. OWUSU Peter Antwi ………………….. ……………. (PG 8372212) Signature Date Certified by: Dr. Richard Buamah …………………. .................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Dr. Helen M. K. Essandoh (Mrs) …………………. .................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Prof. Esi Awuah (Mrs) …………………. .................... (Supervisor) Signature Date Prof. Samuel Odai …………………. .................... (Head of Department) Signature Date i ABSTRACT Human excreta management in urban settings is becoming a serious public health burden. This thesis used a vermi-based treatment system; “Biofil Toilet Technology (BTT)” for the treatment of faecal matter. The BTT has an average household size of 0.65 cum; a granite porous filter composite for solid-liquid separation; coconut fibre as a bulking material and worms “Eudrilus eugeniae”
    [Show full text]
  • Faecal Sludge)
    SFD Manual – Volume 1 and 2 Version 2.0 I Last updated: April 2018 ©Copyright All SFD Promotion Initiative materials are freely available following the open-source concept for capacity development and non-profit use, so long as proper acknowledgement of the source is made when used. Users should always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. The complete Manual for SFD Production and SFD Reports are available from: www.sfd.susana.org Contents Volume 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Purpose of this manual ..................................................................................................... 3 2. Key definitions of the SFD-PI ................................................................................................... 3 3. Levels of SFD Report ............................................................................................................... 5 3.1. ‘Level 1’ - Initial SFD ......................................................................................................... 6 3.2. ‘Level 2’ - Intermediate SFD ............................................................................................. 6 3.3. ‘Level 3’ - Comprehensive SFD ........................................................................................ 6 3.4. SFD Lite ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson B1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SANITATION
    EMW ATER E -LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION LESSON A1: C HARACTERISTIC , A NALYTIC AND SAMPLING OF WASTEWATER Lesson B1 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SANITATION Authors: Holger Gulyas Deepak Raj Gajurel Ralf Otterpohl Institute of Wastewater Management Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg, Germany Revised by Dr. Yavuz Özoguz data-quest Suchi & Berg GmbH Keywords Anaerobic digestion, Bio-gas, Black water, Brown water, Composting/Vermicomposting, Composting/dehydrating toilet, Ecological sanitation, Grey water, Rottebehaelter, Sorting toilet, Vacuum toilet, Yellow water, EMW ATER E -LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION LESSON A1: C HARACTERISTIC , A NALYTIC AND SAMPLING OF WASTEWATER Table of content 1. Material flows in domestic wastewater....................................................................4 1.1 Different sources..................................................................................................4 1.2 Characteristics of different streams...................................................................4 1.3 Yellow water as fertilizer .....................................................................................6 1.4 Brown water as soil conditioner.........................................................................8 2. Conventional sanitation systems and their limitations..........................................9 3. Conventional decentralised sanitation systems – benefits and limitations.......12 4. Resource Management Sanitation .........................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Decentralised Water Reuse Networks
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery Urban Water Reuse: A Triple Bottom Line Assessment Framework and Review Jonathan Wilcox a, Fuzhan Nasiri b,*, Sarah Bell c, and Saifur Rahman b a Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London (UCL), London, UK b Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada c Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK Abstract - Water reuse networks have been emerging globally for the last 50 years. This article reviews the economic, social and environmental issues related to implementing water reuse networks in cities. This is reflecting the fact that globally many cities are categorised as water scarce areas, where there is growing imbalance between water demand and availability. In this sense, there is a need for sustainable water supply solutions in the imminent future to provide and maintain service reliability, particularly in the face of climate change. To demonstrate the sustainability implications of water reuse practices, we review a case study in London, UK. Keywords: Water reuse; decentralised water supply; integrated urban water management; water scarcity; public health; climate change 1. Introduction Water reuse networks have been emerging globally for the last 50 years; firstly in Japan (Asano et al., 1996; Ogoshi et al., 2001; Suzuki et al., 2002) in response to long-term droughts, and more recently in Australia (Dolnicar and Hurlimann, 2010; Moglia et al., 2011) to diversify their water supply portfolio and to improve water supply resilience.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change-Induced Increases in Precipitation Are Reducing The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Climate change-induced increases in precipitation are reducing the potential for solar ultraviolet Received: 4 May 2017 Accepted: 22 September 2017 radiation to inactivate pathogens in Published: xx xx xxxx surface waters Craig E. Williamson1, Sasha Madronich 2, Aparna Lal3, Richard G. Zepp4, Robyn M. Lucas 3, Erin P. Overholt1, Kevin C. Rose 5, S. Geofrey Schladow6 & Julia Lee-Taylor2 Climate change is accelerating the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to inland and coastal waters through increases in precipitation, thawing of permafrost, and changes in vegetation. Our modeling approach suggests that the selective absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) by DOM decreases the valuable ecosystem service wherein sunlight inactivates waterborne pathogens. Here we highlight the sensitivity of waterborne pathogens of humans and wildlife to solar UV, and use the DNA action spectrum to model how diferences in water transparency and incident sunlight alter the ability of UV to inactivate waterborne pathogens. A case study demonstrates how heavy precipitation events can reduce the solar inactivation potential in Lake Michigan, which provides drinking water to over 10 million people. These data suggest that widespread increases in DOM and consequent browning of surface waters reduce the potential for solar UV inactivation of pathogens, and increase exposure to infectious diseases in humans and wildlife. Climate change is profoundly altering ecosystems and the goods and services that they provide1. While warming temperatures have been the central focus of studies on climate change from genes to ecosystems2, increases in extreme precipitation events (droughts and foods) are also rendering fundamental changes in aquatic ecosystems ranging from inland lakes3 to the Gulf of Mexico4 and the Great Barrier Reef5.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Black?
    FEATURE The foyer of the CBW complex in Melbourne. The new black? Despite their high capital cost and maintenance requirements, blackwater treatment systems are playing a growing role in Australia’s new building stock, improving the water efficiency while also reducing the strain on mains sewer systems. Sean McGowan reports. The construction industry continues vacuum flush toilets have an exceptionally Greywater and blackwater treatment to push the boundaries of design in low water use, as low as 0.5 litres per flush, is therefore normally considered when order to reduce the impact of the built compared to a water saving toilet of 3 to opportunities for the reuse of onsite environment on natural resources. 4.5 litres per flush,” he explains. water are also exhausted. Yet whatever downsides may exist are often countered And though energy efficiency in “Tapware is now available which uses by the weighting ESD assessment tools commercial buildings receives more just 1.7 litres per minute, against 6 litres such as Green Star place on water savings attention, water efficiency is also moving per minute, which is typical of a 5 star and waste reductions, around which along at a rapid rate, as technology plays WELS-rated fitting.” modern-day BWT systems are designed. a greater role in the water protocol of reduce, reuse and recycle. We believe that where INSIDE BLacKwaTER Like any major piece of kit, blackwater a good level of water treatment (BWT) systems or plants Onsite wastewater treatment systems in treatment infrastructure is (BWTPs) are not suitable in every buildings typically treat either waste from application, and bring with them a series available, as is the case baths, showers, hand basins, kitchenettes of significant potential downsides.
    [Show full text]
  • Anerobic Digestion of Blackwater and Kitchen Refuse
    Hamburger Berichte zur Siedlungswasserwirtschaft 66 Claudia Wendland Anerobic Digestion of Blackwater and Kitchen Refuse Anaerobic Digestion of Blackwater and Kitchen Refuse Vom Promotionsausschuss der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur(in) (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Claudia Wendland, geb. Diederichs aus Lübeck 2008 Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Kaltschmitt Prüfungsausschussvorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. An-Pin Zeng Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 09. Dezember 2008 II Danksagung Diese Arbeit entstand während meiner Tätigkeit als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Institut für Abwasserwirtschaft und Gewässerschutz der Technischen Universität Hamburg-Harburg. Das freundschaftliche, kooperative und kreative Klima am international geprägten Institut waren für mich eine großartige berufliche Erfahrung in fachlicher sowie menschlicher Hinsicht. Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl, TUHH, danke ich für die Möglichkeit der Durchführung der Arbeit und für seine wertvolle Unterstützung. Finanziell gefördert wurde meine Arbeit vom Land Schleswig-Holstein, der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt und dem MEDA-Water Programm der EU. Mein Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. An-Pin Zeng, der kurzfristig den Prüfungsaus- schussvorsitz übernommen hat und Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Kaltschmitt für die Übernahme des Co-Referates. Ohne die Unterstützung aller Mitarbeiter des Institutes für Abwasserwirtschaft und Gewässer- schutz wäre die Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Insbesondere danke ich Dr. Joachim Behrendt für die vielen Diskussionen und Ratschläge, Stefan Deegener für seine stete Hilfe bei Aufbau und Betrieb der Versuchsanlage und YuCheng Feng für die sehr gute Zuarbeit bei der mathema- tischen Modellierung. Vielen Dank auch an Dr. Tarek A. Elmitwalli, der mich während seines Forschungsaufenthaltes am Institut mit vielen Hinweisen unterstützt hat.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Onsite Water Reuse with Centralized Treatment Systems
    Integrating Onsite Water Reuse with Centralized Treatment Systems December 19, 2019 WateReuse Webcast Series © 2019 by the WateReuse Association A Few Notes Before We Start… Today’s webcast will be 60 minutes. There is one (1) Professional Development Hour (PDH) available for this webcast. A PDF of today’s presentation will be shared via email Please type questions for the presenters into the chat box located on the panel on the left side of your screen. 2 Today’s Presenters Moderator Presenter Mary Ann Dickinson Paula Kehoe President & CEO Director of Water Resources Alliance for Water Efficiency San Francisco Public Utilities Commission ADVANCING ONSITE WATER REUSE & LESSONS LEARNED Paula Kehoe Director of Water Resources San Francisco Public Utilities Commission December 19, 2019 1 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Water: delivering high Power: generating Wastewater: protecting quality water every day hydropower and solar public health and the to 2.7 million people power environment 2 Challenges to Future Water Supply Reliability 3 OneWaterSF: Moving from a Linear Approach to Integrated Planning and Implementation Traditional Resource Management OneWaterSF 4 San Francisco’s Local Water Program Conservation Groundwater Recycled Water Onsite Water Reuse Innovations Program ONSITE WATER REUSE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION 6 Buildings Generate Resources, Not Waste Precipitation collected from Wastewater from toilets, roofs and above-grade surfaces dishwashers, kitchen sinks, and utility sinks Precipitation collected Wastewater from
    [Show full text]
  • (UV Leds) for Treating Wastewater and Septic Tank Effluent
    water Article Woven-Fiber Microfiltration (WFMF) and Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV LEDs) for Treating Wastewater and Septic Tank Effluent Sara E. Beck 1,2,* , Poonyanooch Suwan 1, Thusitha Rathnayeke 1, Thi Minh Hong Nguyen 1,3 , Victor A. Huanambal-Sovero 4 , Boonmee Boonyapalanant 1, Natalie M. Hull 5,6 and Thammarat Koottatep 1 1 School of Environment, Resources, and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (T.R.); [email protected] (T.M.H.N.); [email protected] (B.B.); [email protected] (T.K.) 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada 3 QAEHS—Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia 4 Departamento de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru; [email protected] 5 Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] 6 Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Beck, S.E.; Suwan, P.; Rathnayeke, T.; Nguyen, T.M.H.; Abstract: Decentralized wastewater treatment systems enable wastewater to be treated at the source Huanambal-Sovero, V.A.; Boonyapalanant, B.; Hull, N.M.; for cleaner discharge into the environment, protecting public health while allowing for reuse for Koottatep, T. Woven-Fiber agricultural and other purposes. This study, conducted in Thailand, investigated a decentralized Microfiltration (WFMF) and wastewater treatment system incorporating a physical and photochemical process.
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION of STRATIFIED FILTER and WETLAND to STABILIZE the TEMPERATURE and Ph of BLACKWATER
    International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 1574–1582, Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_177 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed APPLICATION OF STRATIFIED FILTER AND WETLAND TO STABILIZE THE TEMPERATURE AND pH OF BLACKWATER Lies Kurniawati Wulandari Doctoral Program in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Indonesia M. Bisri Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Indonesia Donny Harisuseno Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Indonesia Emma Yuliani Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya University, Indonesia ABSTRACT A Constructed wetland is a suitable wastewater treatment method for developing countries since it is inexpensive and easy to implement. Blackwater treatment can be maximized with the combination of stratified filtration method and wetland system using Vetiver grass and Cattail plants. This research aimed to examine the effectivity of the combination method to improve the quality of wastewater based on the parameter of temperature and pH. Blackwater flows into the stratified filter consisting of gravel, charcoal, and sand material, then flows into wetland tube with the residence time of 2-day, 4-day, and 6-day. The result of water quality measurement will be compared with the quality standard based on the government regulation. Key words: Blackwater, Wetland, Temperature, pH. Cite this Article: Lies Kurniawati Wulandari, M. Bisri, Donny Harisuseno, Emma Yuliani, Application of Stratified Filter and Wetland to Stabilize the Temperature and pH of Blackwater, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp.
    [Show full text]