1 Primary Works Cited Broadcaster Iva Toguri, Aka "Tokyo Rose,"

Primary Works Cited

Broadcaster Iva Toguri, aka "Tokyo Rose," circa 1947, before she was convicted for treason.

1947. UCLA, newsroom.ucla.edu/magazine/history-was-not-on-their-side. We used this picture to demonstrate the innocent life Iva Toguri or Tokyo Rose was living before she

was convicted of treason in the U.S. It helped us portray how Toguri was just an innocent

woman that was convicted because of anti-Japanese sentiment.

Chums "When I really began to admire you, my friend, was when you pulled that Lusitania job :

When you did that, I said to myself - 'There's a man after my own heart!'." 1918. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3g07819/. This is a photo of WWI propaganda which in this case was used to show how Kaiser Wilhelm II had connections with the

devil.

Dear Filipinos! 1941. United States Naval Academy, cdm16099.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16099coll3/id/5/rec/1. This is a photo

of Japanese propaganda used on the Filipinos. We used this image to show how Japan

was spreading propaganda that tarnished America's reputation on an international scale.

Felipe d'Aquino and Iva in 1945. 1945. Forejustice, forejustice.org/wc/tr/tokyo_rose_040503.htm. This is an image of Iva Toguri and her

husband Felippe. We used this photo on the website to show what Toguri's personal life

was like.

Final resting place at Montrose Cemetery in Chicago, IL. USS Elmore, usselmore.com/pacific_war/tokyo_rose/tokyo_rose.html. This is a photo of Toguri's

grave, and we used this photo to symbolize how Toguri was always ready to fight for her

rights and how she always stood up even though everyone threw false accusations at her.

Grotesque Italian, German and Japanese characters shouting into microphone. 1939. The National Archives, discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3455564. This was an illustration of propaganda posters used to paint the adversaries in a bad light. We used

this image on our World War II page to demonstrate what these posters looked like and

how the art style affected the message of the image.

Hutaf, August William. Treat 'em Rough - Join the Tanks United States Tank Corps. 1918. Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/posters-sold-world-war-i-american-public-180952179

/. This is an image used by America to recruit people to join the Army. The vivid colors

used and message helped us demonstrate what propaganda posters consisted of in WWI.

Iva Toguri after hearing the guilty verdict of the court. USS Elmore, usselmore.com/pacific_war/tokyo_rose/tokyo_rose.html. This is a photo of Toguri after

hearing the verdict of the trial. The image shows how Toguri still remained strong during

the discriminatory trial.

Iva Toguri and her attorney Wayne Collins. 1949. USS Elmore, usselmore.com/pacific_war/tokyo_rose/tokyo_rose.html. This is a photo of Toguri and

her lawyer discussing the trial. We used this photo to portray the tension in the room and

how this trial would decide Toguri's future.

Iva Toguri D'Aquino, accused of being "Tokyo Rose," is escorted from Federal Court by U.S.

Deputy Marshal Herbert Cole in San Francisco, Calif., on Sept. 29, 1949. 29 Sept. 1949.

NBC News, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15035306. This is a photo of Toguri being escorted from the Federal Court. We used this to show that although Toguri was not a

threat, she still had to be escorted and guarded due to public backlash.

Iva Toguri D'Aquino in her later years. USS Elmore, usselmore.com/pacific_war/tokyo_rose/tokyo_rose.html. This is a photo of Iva Toguri

later in her life. We used this photo to show how Toguri persevered through all the

negative stigma surrounding her and managed to get pardoned and regained her

citizenship.

Iva Toguri D'Aquino, known to millions of World War II servicemen as 'Tokyo Rose,' addresses

the press in Chicago, Jan. 19, 1977. 19 Jan. 1977. Politico, www.politico.com/story/2010/01/ford-pardons-tokyo-rose-jan-19-1977-031619. This is a

photo of Iva Toguri when she addresses the press after her pardon. We used this photo to

show how calm and collected she was even though the U.S. government put her through

unjust imprisonment and refused to give her citizenship.

Iva Toguri escorted to prison by US Deputy Marshal. USS Elmore, usselmore.com/pacific_war/tokyo_rose/tokyo_rose.html. This is a photo of Toguri

getting escorted after her trial. We used this photo to show how she always saved face

even though she was determined guilty and was severely reprimanded even though she

essentially did nothing wrong.

Iva with other members of the Chi Alpha Delta Sorority at UCLA (Iva is the young woman in the

lower right hand corner). Forejustice, forejustice.org/wc/tr/tokyo_rose_040503.htm. This is an image of Toguri and her friends at UCLA. We used this image to show what her

childhood life was like and how normal her life was despite the life she lived.

Naval Station Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. June 1941. Naval History and Heritage Command, www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/organization-and-administration/installations/nav

al-station-pearl-harbor.html. Accessed 30 Dec. 2020. This is a photo of the Naval station

at Peal Harbor before the attacks from the Japan. We used this photo to show what Pearl

Harbor looked like from an aerial view and how it was an important ship station for the

Navy.

A newspaper headline announces Iva Toguri's conviction for treason following World War II.

Press and Guide, www.pressandguide.com/news/propaganda-broadcaster-tokyo-rose-was-born-in-californi

a-spoke-little-japanese/article_6566e85a-64a9-11eb-a756-53234a6e2b9a.html. This is a

photo of a newspaper announcing Tokyo Rose's conviction. We used this photo to show

how widespread her reputation was in America.

Our boys need sox - knit your bit American Red Cross. 1914. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/00652152/. This is a recruitment poster to help fund and aid the war

efforts. The large text, image, and colors show the urgency of the message the image is

presenting.

"Pearl Harbor." History.com, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor. We used quotes from this website about Roosevelt's Day of Infamy speech to show how

the president thought of the attack of Pearl Harbor and how the attack instigated a U.S.

response. The quote helps bolster our point that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a

devastating attack with severe consequences.

President Roosevelt delivers the "Day of Infamy" speech to a joint session of Congress on

December 8, 1941. Behind him are Vice President Henry Wallace (left) and Speaker of

the House Sam Rayburn. To the right, in uniform in front of Rayburn, is Roosevelt's son

James, who escorted his father to the Capitol. National Archives, www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/winter/crafting-day-of-infamy-speech.htm

l. This photo captured of President Roosevelt shows him delivering the Day of Infamy

speech, which was when the U.S. was to be declared joining World War II. The photo is

used on the website to emphasize the importance of the U.S. joining World War II.

Radio Tokyo announcer Iva Toguri D'Aquino talks about her life in America and Japan. 1945. Critical Past, youtu.be/oBXeiIzB5ew. This is a video of Iva Toguri talking about her childhood and how she got to Japan. We used this video to show how Toguri described

her childhood and work life in Japan.

Reporters interview Iva Toguri D'Aquino in September 1945. 1945. NPR, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6154827. This is a photo of Toguri

being interrogated by reporters. We used this photo to show how the news would paint

her in bad light even though she did nothing wrong.

Riesenberg., Sidney H. R. Over the top for you - Buy U.S. gov't bonds, Third Liberty Loan. 1918. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3g09850/. This is an illustration of how propaganda posters were used during World War I. This illustration helped us

give examples and visuals of what propaganda posters looked like at this time.

Roosevelt, Franklin D. Aftermath of a Japanese sneak attack on these three stricken U.S.

battleships; from left to right: USS West Virginia (severely damaged), USS Tennessee

(damaged), and the USS Arizona (sunk). National Archives, 7 Dec. 1941, www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/winter/ph-decklogs.html. Accessed 21

Feb. 2021. This is a photo of U.S. naval forces and ships sinking from the attack on Pearl

Harbor. We used this photo to demonstrate how devastating the attack on Peral Harbor

was and the effects of it on the military and the people.

Roosevelt, the World Enemy No. 1! 1941. United States Naval Academy, cdm16099.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16099coll3/id/2/rec/2. This is a photo

of Japanese propaganda that painted Roosevelt in a more sinister light. We used this

image on our World War II page to show what type of propaganda was being spread to

Japanese and foreign citizens.

Step Into Your Place. 1915. Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/posters-sold-world-war-i-american-public-180952179

/. This photo was a propaganda poster that was used in America during WWI to recruit

soldiers. We used this poster to show the methods the government used to recruit people

and gain momentum for the war.

This is the Enemy. 1942. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn612193. This is a stamp of how even stamps

were used as propaganda for the anti-Japanese sentiment. This sentiment was so

normalized that everyday commodities such as stamps included these propaganda

posters.

"Times are hard your Majesty - you leave us nothing to do." 1918. Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/00651848/. This is a photo of propaganda used during WWI. The

photo shows Kaiser Wilhelm II talking and affiliating with the devils, obviously making

him have a satan-like image.

The Toguri family in 1941 before Iva left for Japan. (left to right) June, Inez, Fred, Iva, Jun

(dad), Fumi (mom-center). Forejustice, forejustice.org/wc/tr/tokyo_rose_040503.htm. This is a photo of Toguri and her family in the U.S. before she left for Japan. We used

this image to show her relationships with her family and how they were a regular family

before WWII.

'Tokyo Rose' convicted of treason. 6 Oct. 1949. ABA Journal, www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/1949_tokyo_rose_convicted_treason. Accessed

15 Aug. 2020. This is a photo of Iva Toguri, the Tokyo Rose, awaiting her sentence. We

used this photo to show how she was imprisoned and convicted of treason for being an

active participant in the radio propaganda in World War II.

Tokyo Rose, propagandist in the Pacific. Times Free Press, www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/columns/story/2015/aug/09/tokyo-rose-japans-pr

opogandist-pacific-/318567/. This is a photo of Tokyo Rose after her release in prison. In

the photo, we can see Toguri's happiness after being released and the fact that she has

always wanted ot come back home.

"Tokyo Rose," Tokyo, Japan, 9/20/1945. 1945. WWII Public Domain, youtu.be/Qf7rPYAczSk. This is a video of Tokyo Rose demonstrating how she broadcasted Japanese propaganda

during the Zero Hour. We used this video clip as an example of what her broadcasts

contained.

Tokyo Rose Veteran Radio Broadcaster is Released. 1977. AP Archive, youtu.be/szv5zOQU1Mk. This is a video of Toguri reflecting on her pardon. We used this video to show how she's

still hurt at what the U.S. government unjustly did to her for over 30 years.

The woman behind the voice and program that lightened the weary hours of many a G.I., Tokyo

Rose. July 1946. Backstory, www.backstoryradio.org/blog/my-hunt-for-tokyo-rose/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2021. This is a photo of young Tokyo Rose. The photo is on the

Childhood page to show what Toguri looked like when she was a youthful adult.

Secondary Works Cited

Andrews, Evan. "How 'Tokyo Rose' Became WWII's Most Notorious Propagandist."

History.com, 20 Jan. 2017, www.history.com/news/how-tokyo-rose-became-wwiis-most-notorious-propagandist.

This website helped understand the basic history and background of Iva Toguri. Using

this website, we were able to learn about her childhood and what environment Toguri

grew up in and how that affected her later in life.

Rudnick, Allison. "Humor and Horror: Printed Propaganda during World War I." The Metropolitan Museum, 28 Dec. 2017, www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2017/printed-propaganda-world-war-i.

Accessed 21 Feb. 2021. This blog helped us understand the large role propaganda played

and how it aided countries by gaining public sentiment. We used this website to

understand the importance of propaganda and different ways it was used.

"The Story of Propaganda." American Historical Association, www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/gi-roundtable-s

eries/pamphlets/em-2-what-is-propaganda-(1944)/the-story-of-propaganda#:~:text=The%

20term%20%E2%80%9Cpropaganda%E2%80%9D%20apparently%20first,the%20Prop

agation%20of%20the%20Faith. Accessed 21 Feb. 2021. This webpage helped us

understand the origins of propaganda and when the word propaganda was first coined.

We also learned about how it would be used more frequently later in history as public

opinion and campaigns began to grow.

"Tokyo Rose Biography." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2007, www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Sp-Z/Rose-Tokyo.html. This website

helped us understand Toguri's life in America and the struggles she went through in

Japan. We learned a lot more about what her treatment was like in Japan and how she

was coerced to work as a broadcaster for Tokyo Rose.

Welch, David. "Propaganda for patriotism and nationalism." British Library, 29 Jan. 2014, www.bl.uk/world-war-one/articles/patriotism-and-nationalism. Accessed 21 Feb. 2021.

This article taught us how propaganda was used more often during World War I, and how

it was essential to enlistment and nationalism during the time period. We used this article

to help our research regarding the how propaganda was used and its effectiveness.

"What Happened at Pearl Harbor?" Imperial War Museums, www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-happened-at-pearl-harbor. This webpage helped us

understand what specifically was happening during the Pearl Harbor attack. Using this

information, we were able to add statistics to our website about the number of ships and

planes taken down during the war which helped bolster our claim that the Pearl Harbor

attack was destructive.