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Mars Rodwell Experiment Final Report

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Mars Rodwell Experiment Final Report NASA/TP–20205011353 Mars Rodwell Experiment Final Report Stephen J. Hoffman, Ph.D. The Aerospace Corporation, Houston, TX Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas James H. Lever, Ph.D. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Alida D. Andrews The Aerospace Corporation, Houston, TX Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Kevin D. Watts Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Click here: Press F1 key (Windows) or Help key (Mac) for help National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center Houston, TX 77058 October 2020 This page is required and contains approved text that cannot be changed. NASA STI Program Report Series • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. The NASA STI Program collects, organizes, Collected papers from scientific and provides for archiving, and disseminates NASA’s technical conferences, symposia, seminars, STI. The NASA STI program provides access to or other meetings sponsored or the NTRS Registered and its public interface, the co-sponsored by NASA. NASA Technical Reports Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, space science STI in the world. Results are technical, or historical information from published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which often concerned with subjects having includes the following report types: substantial public interest. • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. completed research or a major significant English-language translations of foreign phase of research that present the results of scientific and technical material pertinent to NASA Programs and include extensive data NASA’s mission. or theoretical analysis. Includes compila- tions of significant scientific and technical Specialized services also include organizing data and information deemed to be of and publishing research results, distributing continuing reference value. NASA counter- specialized research announcements and part of peer-reviewed formal professional feeds, providing information desk and personal papers but has less stringent limitations on search support, and enabling data exchange manuscript length and extent of graphic services. presentations. For more information about the NASA STI • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. program, see the following: Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, • Access the NASA STI program home page e.g., quick release reports, working at http://www.sti.nasa.gov papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. Does not contain • Help desk contact information: extensive analysis. • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and https://www.sti.nasa.gov/sti-contact-form/ technical findings by NASA-sponsored and select the “General” help request type. contractors and grantees. Acknowledgments Enter acknowledgments here, if applicable. The authors would like to acknowledge several people who made important contributions to the completion of this experiment and the research behind it. Maria Garcia-Robles – an intern at the time of this work and now working as a contractor at the Johnson Space Center – who designed and had 3-D printed the custom parts we needed for the experiment apparatus. German Noria – the NASA Johnson Space Center Energy Systems Test area (ESTA) technician who helped assemble our test equipment and then sat through the hours of testing to gather data we needed. German also helped fine tune the procedures and some of the equipment based on what he was seeing during early tests. Robert Fulmer and David Fanelli – two more ESTA techs that helped select the right test equipment and sensors for our test (Fulmer) and wrote the software to control parts of the test equipment as well as gathering the data (Fanelli) – and Mike Reddington, for helping get all of the ESTA resources we needed to complete this experiment Lisa Erickson – the thermal engineer who ran the early thermal modeling to help us understand how to make the bell jar test chamber do what we needed to do. Lisa also helped us get thermal blankets made for the bell jar based on the results from her modeling work. Kent Joosten who estimated the water usage for the “water rich” scenario that became a benchmark for all our analysis. Doug Archer and Paul Niles who helped with the early stages of the experiment design and then reviewed our work along the way to make sure it was sound. **** TABLE OF CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................2 1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION............................................................................... 2 1.2 REPORT OUTLINE ......................................................................................................... 3 2.0 HUMAN MARS MISSION PLANNING ............................................................................ 4 2.1 GENERAL APPROACH .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 WATER USAGE ESTIMATES ........................................................................................ 4 3.0 MARS WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................................ 9 3.1 GENERAL WATER SOURCES ON MARS .................................................................... 9 3.2 NO LIQUID WATER AQUIFERS .................................................................................... 9 3.3 TERRAIN FEATURES INDICATING BURIED ICE ....................................................... 11 4.0 RODRIGUEZ WELL HISTORY ..................................................................................... 16 4.1 EARLY USAGE .............................................................................................................16 4.2 CURRENT USAGE ....................................................................................................... 23 4.3 APPLICABILITY TO MARS ........................................................................................... 25 5.0 CRREL COMPUTER SIMULATION.............................................................................. 28 5.1 CHANGES NEEDED FOR MARS APPLICATIONS ..................................................... 29 6.0 BELL JAR EXPERIMENT ............................................................................................. 31 6.1 EXPERIMENT DESIGN/DESCRIPTION....................................................................... 31 6.2 EQUIPMENT DESIGN/DESCRIPTION ........................................................................ 36 6.3 PROCEDURE ...............................................................................................................41 7.0 EXPERIMENT RESULTS ............................................................................................. 43 7.1 DATA REDUCTION PROCESS .................................................................................... 43 7.2 COMPARISON WITH OTHER EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ........................................ 46 8.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 51 9.0 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................54 APPENDICES APPENDIX A DETAILS OF WATER USAGE ESTIMATES ...................................................... 58 APPENDIX B EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT DETAILS .............................................................. 65 APPENDIX C FORTRAN CODE WITH COMMENTS AND DEFINITIONS/EXPLANATIONS OF TERMS ......................................................................................................................83 APPENDIX D RAW OR PROCESSED DATA FROM BELL JAR EXPERIMENTS ................ 101 TABLES Table 2.1. Surface Excursion Characteristics ............................................................................... 7 Table 2.2. Products and Required Feedstock (per Mission) ......................................................... 8 Table 2.3. Commodity Extraction and Production Martian Water Rates ....................................... 8 Table 4.1. Rodwell Key Characteristics ...................................................................................... 27 Table 6.1. Target operating conditions and Rayleigh numbers for the model tests .................... 35 Table 7.1. Test Data Summary ................................................................................................... 44 n Table 7.2. Parameters C and n for correlation Sh = C Ra ......................................................... 48 Table 7.3. Model-based predictions for water-cavity heat-transfer coefficients, hw-a, for Mars Rodwells based on pool diameter, W. ........................................................................................ 50 Table A-1. Life Support Water Supply Requirement (4 Crew for 500 Days) ............................... 60 Table A-2. Surface Excursion Characteristics ............................................................................ 63 Table A-3. Products and Required Feedstock (per Mission) ...................................................... 63 Table A-4. Commodity Production and Martian Water Extraction Rates .................................... 64 FIGURES Figure 2.1. Mars Ascent Vehicle Conceptual Design .................................................................... 6 Figure 3.1. Athabasca
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