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Fuel, Water and Gas Analysis for Steam Users

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FUE L WAT ER A N D , GAS A NA LY S IS M US ER S FOR STEA , BY H N B C K H W I E S F. C . O . R A $ , A u tl wr o S mok P r v n ti n e a tc f e e e o , t , e W ith 50 Illustratio ns . LONDO N. ARC IB CONSTAB E C LTD D . H AL L 8: O . 1 0 9 7 . 1 4 1 0 2 5 AP R 1 5 1910 9 9 52 0 T H N 1 M A$$ $ P REFA C E . TEAM-USERS have shown a tendency in the past to - - neglect the boiler house for the engine room , and have concentrated their efforts for the improvement of the e ffi ciency of the plant almost exclusively upon the latter . A study of the losses incurred during the conversion of the thermal energy stored in coal into the thermal energy o f - steam , will show that it is in the boiler house that the greater preventable losses are occurring , and that the ratio ma y be expressed by the numbers 25 and 5. It is however , now beginning to be recognized that a s cientifically managed boiler-house is a sine quanon for the e i conom c generation of steam power , and considerable attention is being given by steam-engineers to this portion of their power generating plant . The chemical examination of the fuel , water, and of the waste gases has been found to be of great service in attain ing the highest efficiency from the boiler plant but no fi work has hitherto been published , at once scienti c and - practical , covering the ground required by the boiler house en lneer g . The author , in the following pages , has therefore attempted to meet a real want , and has brought together descriptions of apparatus and information as to methods of analysis , which it is hoped may prove of value to all engaged in the m anagement of steam boilers . as The descriptions and information are b ed , as far as ri possible , upon practical expe ence with the apparatus and v PREFACE m E ethods Of work described . special attention may be directed to the three chapters in which the practical applica Of t l tions the tes results are i lustrated ; since , often when to tests have been made , there is failure make use of the Of ffi Of information obtained , for improvement the e ciency the plant . It is hoped that a book which is thus based upon science and practice may prove Of considerable service to all en gineers w ho are anxious to obtain the highest possible ffi t e ciency from their s eam generating plant . K O B . $ HN . C ERSHAW E EST ANCAS IRE AB ORATOR TH W L H L Y , ATE R OO IVERPOO W L , L L , anuar 1 1 0 j y 3 , 9 7 . vi E S CONT NT . — PART I FUEL . H P P G E C A . A ORIG IN OF NATURAL FUELS — PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL C CT I TIC OF W O P T LIGNIT B IT HARA ER S S O D, EA , E , U I N C S I-ANT R CIT ANTH R AC1 TE N M OUS OAL, EM H A E, , A D CO K E— LIQUID FUELS — B RIQUETTE FUELS— FUEL SAMPLING II THE APPARATUS AND ME THODS USED FOR THE A P P R ox 1 MATE ANALYSIS OF FUELS— SPECIAL TESTS FOR SULPHUR 1 7 —2 9 III THE APPARATUS AND ME THODS USED FOR THE CALOR - I FI C VALUATION OF FUELS 30 49 IV THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE TEST RESULTS FO RMS OF FUEL CONTRACT B ASED UPON THE TEST — PART II WATER . 7 ‘ SOUR CES OF FEED-W ATER SUPPLY— PHYSICAL AND C I C C CT I TIC OF W -W T HEM AL HARA ER S S ELL A ERS, RIVE W T S CE W T N RAI N W T R A ERS, URFA A ERS A D A ER - —COLLECTING THE SAM P LE S 53 7 0 VI TH E APP ARATUS AND ME THODS USED FOR THE AP — P Rox 1 MATE ANALYSIS OF FEED-WATERS SPECI AL - TES TS FOR OIL 7 1 8 5 — VII THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF TH E TEST RESULTS 8 6 90 V II I T US E S T NING A P T N R G NT HE OF OF E P ARA US A D EA E S , AND THE TESTS NECESS ARY FOR O B TAINING THE B EST - RESULTS 9 1 1 0 1 Vii CONTENTS — P ART III WASTE GASES . C HAP. PAG E IX THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WASTE GASES FROM VARIOUS FUE LS é— COL - LE CTING GAS SAMPLES 1 0 5 1 1 5 THE APPARATUS AND METHODS USED FOR THE AP PROX IMATE ANALYS IS OF THE WASTE GASE S XI THE APPLICATIONS AND US E OF CONTINUOUS AND RECORDING GAS-TESTING APPARATUS 1 2 8—1 39 XII THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE GAS TEST — RESULTS 1 40 1 51 APPEND IX . RULES FOR SAMPLING FUEL 1 55 II TYP ICAL TESTS OF ENG LISH AND SOUTH WALES COALS 1 56 ’ III GOUTAL S FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE CALO R IFIC VALUE FROM THE RE SULTS OF THE APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS IV THE US E OF FUELS OF Low CALORIFI C VALUE F O R STEAM-RAISING PURPOSES TES TS OF NATURAL AND FE ED WATERS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES VI TYP ICAL TESTS OF EX IT GASES IND E x viii LI ST OF I LLUSTRATI N O S . FUEL ANALY SIS . S ampling P late an d H ammer $ $ G Mi M aand S e e rinding ll , ort r i v s N alae an d We s E B nc ight - P Copper Air bath with The rmome ter and Gas Regulator Copper Foil for Weighing P urposes P orcelain Basins an d S upports for Ash Te sts Arrangement of Apparatus for Ash Test P latinum Crucible an d S upport for Coke Test Lewis Thompson Calorimeter ( original form) Lewis Thompson Calorime ter (modifie d form) Darling Calorimeter (original form ) Darling Calorimete r (modifie d form) Battery of Bichromate Cells for Fuel Ignition Mould for Making Fuel Briquettes Wash Bottle for Regulating Oxygen S upply - Mahler Donkin Bomb Calorimeter Water Vessel an d Mixing P addles Bomb Cover with P latinum Dish an d Ignition Wire Bomb with Oxygen S upply Conne ctions an d P ressure gauge Oxygen Cylinder with Reducing Valve an d P ressure Gauge Bomb Immersed and Ready for Ignition of Fuel 1X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAG E WATER ANALY SIS . Automatic Wate r -sampling Apparatus Me asuring Flasks Water-testing Apparatus On e L e 1 . Mea F a itr , OOO c c ) suring l sk w -fiv P T enty e c . c . ipette Meniscus Reading of the Burette Filter-drying Tube P latinum Basin an d Wate r-bath S eparating Funnel Diagram to S implify Water S ofteni ng Calculations a ar E W e S e 3 2 . Gl ss $ for xamining at r ampl s GAS ANALY SIS . ’ H onigman s Modified Gas -sampling Apparatus S ampling Apparatus for taking Average S amples over one hour S ampling Apparatus for taking Average S ample s ove r tw elve hours ’ Improve d Form Of Ors at s Gas -testing Apparatus ’ Improve d Form of Ors at s Gas -testing Apparatus S oot Filter Moisture Absorption Apparatus Water Aspirator for taking S ampl es Ad os Recording Apparatus ( Old form) Ad os Recording Apparatus ( ne w form) Typical Records Of the Ad os Apparatus Uehling Recording Apparatus ’ 4 5 Arndt s Gas Balance e e aa 46 . Kr ll R cording App r tus el Re A aa 4 7 . Kr l cording pp r tus X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS F I G G . PA E H - - 4 8 . aber Loewe Gas testing Instrument 4 9 . Diagram of H eat Losses in E xit Gase s APPEND IX . ’ 0 Diara f use i Gou tal s F a 5 . g m or w th ormul xi ° P A RT I FUE L. CHAPTER I . Naturaand A rt fi a Fue — The r Or n l i ci l ls i igi , om o on f C p siti and Me thods o S ampli ng . H E form in which fuel may be used under steam boilers , in order to produce the heat energy which to i it is desired util ze in the form of steam , is exceedingly d . are iaverse Natural fuels either saolid or liquaid . but both v rieties , by aid Of suitable appar tus and pl nt , may be A converted into gaseous fuel . natural gas which may be used as fuel is also found in certain localities in E urope i an d America. In the latter country it s largely used for A lighting an d heating purposes . t the present time there is a decided tendency to employ fuel-gas in place Of solid fuel for many purposes in the arts and industries . The c ontrol Of the combustion process is much more easily c arried out w hen employing fuel-gas than When using solid fuel and the loss Of heat which occurs in the gas-produc ing plant is to some extent balanced by the value Of the a i mmonia and tar products , Obta ned by suitable treatment l Of the producer gases .
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