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Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Ve Uzay Çalişmalarinda Çin Vakasi

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Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Ve Uzay Çalişmalarinda Çin Vakasi T. C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER VE UZAY ÇALIŞMALARINDA ÇİN VAKASI Yüksek Lisans Tezi HASİBE TALAŞ HAZİRAN 2020 T. C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER VE UZAY ÇALIŞMALARINDA ÇİN VAKASI Yüksek Lisans Tezi HASİBE TALAŞ DANIŞMAN DOÇ. DR. İSMAİL ERMAĞAN HAZİRAN 2020 i ii ÖNSÖZ İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın silah teknolojisi geliştirme çalışmalarının bir sonucu literatüre giren uzay, günümüzde hemen hemen her alanda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Uzay, uluslararası ilişkilerde de statü belirleyici önemli bir alandır. Yabancı kaynaklarda ilk yıllardan itibaren yer alan “uzay ve uluslararası ilişkiler” hakkında Türkçe yayınlar henüz yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, disipline uzay hakkında kavramsal ve teroik düzeyde katkı yapmakta ve Çin uzay politikalarını tanıtmaktadır. Uzay programı geliştirme süreçlerine cevap vermektedir. Çalışma süresince benden desteğini esirmeyen ve motive eden tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. İsmail Ermağan, arkadaşlarım Beyza Akkuş, Muhammed Akkuş ve Volkan Babacan’a katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim. Son olarak hayatımdaki en büyük destekçim annem Arife Talaş’a teşekkür ederim. iii ÖZET ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER VE UZAY ÇALIŞMALARINDA ÇİN VAKASI Talaş, Hasibe Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. İsmail Ermağan Haziran, 2020. 136 sayfa Bu tez, bir güç unsuru ve yeni bir rekabet/savaş alanı olarak tanımlanan uzayın uluslararası ilişkilere etkisi, neden bir rekabet ve savaş ortamına dönüştüğü ve Çin’in uzay politikalarının hangi amaçları içerdiğini açıklamaktadır. İlk bölümde uzayın literatürdeki yeri, etkilediği alanlar, uluslararası ilişkilerdeki önemi ve devletlerin küresel düzeydeki seviyeleri araştırılmış ve uzayın 21. yy.’ın yeni Soğuk Savaş alanına dönüştüğü gözlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, uzay çalışmalarını konu edinen teorilere yoğunlaşılmakta ve uzay, içerdiği askeri ve ekonomik amaçlar ile önemli bir güç unsuru olarak kabul edilmektedir. Son bölümde ise uzay faaliyetleri ile dikkat çeken ve yeni bir uzay yarışı başlamasına sebep olan Çin’in bu alandaki çalışmaları yansıtılmaktadır. En kapsamlı uzay araçlarına hükmeden ABD’yi takip eden Çin’in uzay çalışmaları hakkında Türkçe olarak detaylı bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu tez, en temel olarak; uluslararası sistemdeki varlığını etkin bir biçimde sürdürmek isteyen devletlerin, uzay alanında ulusal politikalar geliştirmeleri gerektiğini ve Çin’in alandaki faaliyetlerini her geçen gün artırdığı görülmektedir. Çin’in uzay çalışmalarını yansıtan bu tezin, ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzay Çalışmaları, Güç, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Uzay, Çin iv ABSTRACT CHINESE CASE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND SPACE STUDIES Talaş, Hasibe Master’s Thesis, Department of International Relations Supervisor: Doç. Dr. İsmail Ermağan June, 2020. 136 pages This thesis explains the impact of space, which is defined as an element of power and a new field of competition / war, on international relations, why it has transformed into an environment of competition and war, and what objectives China's space policies involve. In the first section, the place of space in the literature, the areas it affects, its importance in international relations, and the global level of the states have been investigated and it has been observed that space has turned into the new Cold War area of the 21st century. In the second section, the focus is on theories on space studies, and space is considered an important power factor with its military and economic purposes.. In the last section, the works of China in this field, which draws attention with the space activities and caused the start of a new space race, are explained. There has been no detailed study in Turkish about the space studies of China, following the USA, which dominates the most comprehensive spacecraft. There has been no detailed study in Turkish about the space studies of China. This thesis argues that countries should invest more to increase their presence in space in order to guarantee their survival in the international system. In this respect, it finds that China increases its activities in that field. This thesis, which reflects the space studies of China, is thought to contribute to the related literature. Keywords: Space Studies, Power, International Relations and Space, China v İçindekiler ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. iii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................v KISALTMALAR ...............................................................................................................x TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................xiv ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... xv GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................................1 BÖLÜM I ...........................................................................................................................6 KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE................................................................................................6 1. ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER LİTERATÜRÜNDE UZAY ...................................6 ÇALIŞMALARI .............................................................................................................6 1.1. Uluslararası Hukukta Uzaya İlişkin Düzenlemeler ............................................7 1.2. Uzay Harekât Alanları ............................................................................................9 1.3. Uzay Tehditleri ................................................................................................. 10 1.3.1. Uzay Silahları ............................................................................................ 10 1.3.2. Yörünge Enkazı ......................................................................................... 11 1.3.3. Asteroitler .................................................................................................. 11 1.4. Literatürde Uzay Teorisi Geliştirme Çabaları .................................................. 11 2. UZAY ÇALIŞMALARININ ÖNEMİ ...................................................................... 13 3. UZAY ÇALIŞMALARININ TARİHÇESİ .......................................................... 15 4. UZAY FALİYETLERİNDE AKTÖRLER .............................................................. 18 4.1. Uzay Çalışmalarında Küresel Aktörler............................................................. 19 4.1.1. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ........................................................................ 19 4.1.2. Rusya ........................................................................................................... 24 4.1.3. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti ................................................................................ 26 4.1.4. Avrupa Uzay Ajansı (ESA) ......................................................................... 27 vi 4.2. Uzay Çalışmalarında Yeni Aktörler .................................................................. 28 4.2.1. Hindistan ..................................................................................................... 28 4.2.2. Brezilya ........................................................................................................ 30 4.2.3. İsrail ............................................................................................................ 31 4.2.4. İran .............................................................................................................. 32 5. ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER AÇISINDAN UZAY ÇALIŞMALARIIN GELECEĞİ .................................................................................................................. 34 BÖLÜM II ........................................................................................................................ 36 TEORİK ÇERÇEVE ....................................................................................................... 36 1. LİBERAL YAKLAŞIMLAR VE UZAY ................................................................. 37 1.1. Klasik Liberalizm .............................................................................................. 37 1.2. Neoliberalizm ..................................................................................................... 37 1.3. Liberal Perspektiften Uzay ................................................................................ 38 2. REALİST YAKLAŞIMLAR .................................................................................... 41 2.1. Klasik Realizm ................................................................................................... 41 2.2. Neorealizm ......................................................................................................... 41 2.3. Realist Perspektiften Uzay ................................................................................. 42 3. JEOPOLİTİK YAKLAŞIM ....................................................................................
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