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New Synthesis Routes for Production of Ε-Caprolactam by Beckmann
New synthesis routes for production of ε-caprolactam by Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime and ammoximation of cyclohexanone over different metal incorporated molecular sieves and oxide catalysts Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Anilkumar Mettu aus Guntur/Indien Berichter: Universitätprofessor Dr. Wolfgang F. Hölderich Universitätprofessor Dr. Carsten Bolm Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.01.2009 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar. Dedicated to my Parents This work reported here has been carried out at the Institute for Chemical Technolgy and Heterogeneous Catalysis der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften in the University of Technology, RWTH Aachen under supervision of Prof. Dr. Wolfgang F. Hölderich between June 2005 and August 2008. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest sence of gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. rer. nat. W. F. Hölderich for giving me the opportunity to do my doctoral study in his group. His guidance and teaching classes have allowed me to grow and learn my subject during my Ph.d. He has provided many opportunities for me to increase my abilities as a researcher and responsibilities as a team member. I am grateful for the financial support of this work from Sumitomo Chemicals Co., Ltd, Niihama, Japan (Part One) and Uhde Inventa-Fischer GmBH, Berlin (Part Two). Our collaborators at Sumitomo Chemicals Co., Ltd (Dr. C. Stoecker) and Uhde Inventa- Fischer GmBH (Dr. R. Schaller and Dr. A. Pawelski) provided thoughtful guidance and suggestions for each project. -
United States Patent O Patented Sept
2,719,] 16 United States Patent O Patented Sept. 27, 1955 i 2 mation of a resinous coating to a substantial degree. The amount of inhibitor employed should give effective‘ 2,719,116 action and will in most instances be small compared with PHOTOCHEMICAL PREPARATION OF OXIIVIES the amount of cyclic, hydro-aromatic compound present in the reactor. In general, the minimum amount of in Bernard B. Brown, Grand Island, N. Y., assignor to 01in hibitor to be employed will be at least about 0.5% by. Mathieson Chemical Corporation, a corporation of Virginia weight based upon the hydro-aromatic compound pres ent in the reactor. The maximum amount of acid to No Drawing. Application March 19, 1954, utilize will also vary with the particular acid selected Serial No. 417,490 10 but ordinarily little advantage will be derived if the amount employed is more than that which is soluble in 9 Claims. (Cl. 204—-158) the reacting mixture. I have found through several reactions conducted in the presence of my inhibitors that it is preferable to This invention relates to improvements in a method employ a saturated solution of the inhibitor in the re for the manufacturing of oximes of cyclic ketones. These acting mixture. A saturated solution of formic acid in oximes are valuable intermediates for the manufacturing cyclohexane will contain from about 0.85 to 1.25% by of superpolyamides. weight depending upon the temperature of the reaction In the copending application of Christoph Grundmann, and the extent of mixing. In some instances when the Serial No. -
Nitroso and Nitro Compounds 11/22/2014 Part 1
Hai Dao Baran Group Meeting Nitroso and Nitro Compounds 11/22/2014 Part 1. Introduction Nitro Compounds O D(Kcal/mol) d (Å) NO NO+ Ph NO Ph N cellular signaling 2 N O N O OH CH3−NO 40 1.48 molecule in mammals a nitro compound a nitronic acid nitric oxide b.p = 100 oC (8 mm) o CH3−NO2 57 1.47 nitrosonium m.p = 84 C ion (pKa = 2−6) CH3−NH2 79 1.47 IR: υ(N=O): 1621-1539 cm-1 CH3−I 56 Nitro group is an EWG (both −I and −M) Reaction Modes Nitro group is a "sink" of electron Nitroso vs. olefin: e Diels-Alder reaction: as dienophiles Nu O NO − NO Ene reaction 3 2 2 NO + N R h 2 O e Cope rearrangement υ O O Nu R2 N N N R1 N Nitroso vs. carbonyl R1 O O O O O N O O hυ Nucleophilic addition [O] N R2 R O O R3 Other reaction modes nitrite Radical addition high temp low temp nitrolium EWG [H] ion brown color less ion Redox reaction Photochemical reaction Nitroso Compounds (C-Nitroso Compounds) R2 R1 O R3 R1 Synthesis of C-Nitroso Compounds 2 O R1 R 2 N R3 3 R 3 N R N R N 3 + R2 2 R N O With NO sources: NaNO2/HCl, NOBF4, NOCl, NOSbF6, RONO... 1 R O R R1 O Substitution trans-dimer monomer: blue color cis-dimer colorless colorless R R NOBF OH 4 - R = OH, OMe, Me, NR2, NHR N R2 R3 = H or NaNO /HCl - para-selectivity ΔG = 10 Kcal mol-1 Me 2 Me R1 NO oxime R rate determining step Blue color: n π∗ absorption band 630-790 nm IR: υ(N=O): 1621-1539 cm-1, dimer υ(N−O): 1300 (cis), 1200 (trans) cm-1 + 1 Me H NMR (α-C-H) δ = 4 ppm: nitroso is an EWG ON H 3 Kochi et al. -
Acetaldehyde Oxime Hazard Summary Identification
Common Name: ACETALDEHYDE OXIME CAS Number: 107-29-9 RTK Substance number: 0003 DOT Number: UN 2332 Date: March 1987 Revision: August 1998 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Acetaldehyde Oxime can affect you when breathed in and No occupational exposure limits have been established for by passing through your skin. Acetaldehyde Oxime. This does not mean that this substance * Contact can irritate the eyes and skin. is not harmful. Safe work practices should always be * Breathing Acetaldehyde Oxime can irritate the nose and followed. throat. * Acetaldehyde Oxime is a FLAMMABLE LIQUID and a * It should be recognized that Acetaldehyde Oxime can be FIRE HAZARD. absorbed through your skin, thereby increasing your exposure. IDENTIFICATION Acetaldehyde Oxime is a colorless liquid or crystalline WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE (needle-like) solid. It is used to make other chemicals. * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust REASON FOR CITATION ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be * Acetaldehyde Oxime is on the Hazardous Substance List worn. because it is cited by DOT. * Wear protective work clothing. * This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance * Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to List because it is FLAMMABLE. Acetaldehyde Oxime and at the end of the workshift. * Definitions are provided on page 5. * Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In addition, as part of an ongoing education and training HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING effort, communicate all information on the health and safety hazards of Acetaldehyde Oxime to potentially EXPOSED exposed workers. -
Cyclohexanone Oxime 20X29.Indd
Proprietary process technology CYCLOHEXANONE OXIME AMMOXINATION OF CYCLOHEXANONE WITH TITANIUM SILICATE (TS-1) PROPIETARY CATALYST Versalis proprietary process technologies available for licensing II 1 Our company Our commitment to excellence, in quality of our Versalis – the petrochemical subsidiary of Eni – is products and services, makes our company an active a dynamic player in its industry sector facing the partner for the growth of customers involved in multifold market needs through different skills. petrochemical business. With a history as European manufacturer with more Through engineering services, technical assistance, than 50 years of operating experience, Versalis stands marketing support and continuous innovation, our as a complete, reliable and now global supplier in the knowledge is the key strength to customize any new basic chemicals, intermediates, plastics and elastomers project throughout all phases. market with a widespread sales network. Customers can rely on this strong service-oriented Relying on continuous development in its production outlook and benefit from a product portfolio that plants as well as in its products, strengthening the strikes a perfect balance of processability and management of the knowledge gained through its long mechanical properties, performance and eco- industrial experience, Versalis has become a worldwide friendliness. licensor of its proprietary technologies and proprietary catalysts. The strong integration between R&D, Technology and Engineering departments, as well as a deep market -
Synthesis and Biological Importance of Amide Analogues
REVIEW ARTICLE Synthesis and biological importance of amide analogues Preeti Rajput, Abhilekha Sharma* Rajput P, Sharma A. Synthesis and biological importance of amide amide linage containing compounds. The main purpose of article is to analogues. J Pharmacol Med Chem 2018;2(1):22-31. provide information on the development of novel amide derivatives to the scientific community. Doing so, it focuses on mechanisms of action and ABSTRACT adverse events, and suggests measures to be implemented in the clinical The present research article deals with the amide analogues prepared by practice according to bioethical principles. available very well-known name reactions. The author have studied the name reactions like Beckmann rearrangement, Schmidt reaction, Passerine reaction, Key Words: Novel amide derivatives; Amide analogues; Amide formation Willgerodt–Kindler reaction and UGI reaction, which involves preparation of routes starting from substrates other than carboxylic acids and their T he Amide bond formation reactions are among the most important derivatives (5). Thus, with the help of transition metals, a plethora of transformations in organic chemistry and biochemistry because of the functional groups, such as nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, oximes, primary widespread occurrence of amides in pharmaceuticals, natural products alcohols or amines, can be now conveniently employed as starting and biologically active compounds. The amide group is widely present in materials for the construction of the amide bond. There are three types of the drugs, intermediates, pharmaceuticals, and natural products. It is also amides available in Chemistry: (i) an organic amide which is also referred available in large number of industrial materials including polymers, as carboxamide, (ii) a sulfonamide, and (iii) a phosphoramide. -
Caprolactam, Supplement A
Report No. 7-A CAPROLACTAM SUPPLEMENT A by HAROLD C. RIES March 1868 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA I CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 SUMMARY.......................... 3 3 INDUSTRY STATUS. 17 4 CAPROLACTAM BY THE PHOTONITROSATION OF CYCLOHEXANE .... 27 Chemistry ......................... 27 Review of Processes .................... 29 Photochemical Lamps ................... 30 PNC Reactors ...................... 33 PNC Processes ...................... 35 Nitrosyl Chloride Production .............. 37 Caprolactam Purification ................ 38 8 Process Description .................... 42 Nitrosyl Chloride Production .............. 44 Photonitrosation of Cyclohexane ............. 45 Rearrangement ...................... 47 Caprolactam Purification ................ 48 Ammonium Sulfate Recovery ................ 49 Process Discussion .................... 68 Costs ........................... 72 Capital Investment ................... 72 Production Costs .................... 81 5 CYCLOHEXANONE FROM CYCLOHEXANE .............. 87 Review of Processes .................... a7 Cyclohexane Oxidation .................. 87 Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanol ............. 87 Stamicarbon Process ................... 90 Process Description .................... 92 Cyclohexane Oxidation (I.F.P. Process) ......... 92 Cyclohexanone from Mixed Oil .............. 96 costs ........................... 97 E Capital Investment ................... 97 100 8 Production Costs .................... 8 iii CONTENTS -
Cyclohexanone Oxime
National Toxicology Program Toxicity Report Series Number 50 NTP Technical Report on Toxicity Studies of Cyclohexanone Oxime (CAS No. 100-64-1) Administered by Drinking Water to B6C3F1 Mice Leo T. Burka, Ph.D., Study Scientist National Toxicology Program Post Office Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 United States Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Institutes of Health Note to the Reader The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) of the National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) of the Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Centers for Disease Control. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program was transferred from NCI to NIEHS. NTP coordinates the relevant Public Health Service programs, staff, and resources that are concerned with basic and applied research and with biological assay development and validation. NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. NTP designs and conducts studies to characterize and evaluate the toxicologic potential of selected chemicals in laboratory animals (usually two species, rats and mice). Chemicals selected for NTP toxicology studies are chosen primarily on the bases of human exposure, level of production, and chemical structure. -
Preparation of O-(2-Hydroxyalkyl) Oximes
^ ^ H ^ I H ^ H ^ II ^ II ^ H ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H ^ H ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ � European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets EP 0 775 107 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) |nt CI.6: C07C 249/12, C07C 251/54 of the grant of the patent: 13.10.1999 Bulletin 1999/41 (86) International application number: PCT/EP95/03001 (21) Application number: 95930419.7 (87) International publication number: (22) Date of filing: 28.07.1995 wo 96/04238 (15.02.1996 Gazette 1996/08) (54) PREPARATION OF 0-(2-HYDROXYALKYL) OXIMES VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON 0-(2-HYDROXY)OXIMEN PREPARATION DE 0-(2-HYDROXYALKYLE) OXIMES (84) Designated Contracting States: • MOHR, Jiirgen AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI NL PT SE D-67269 Griinstadt (DE) • GEHRER, Eugen (30) Priority: 02.08.1994 DE 4427289 D-67069 Ludwigshafen (DE) • LAUTH, Giinter (43) Date of publication of application: D-23562 Liibeck (DE) 28.05.1997 Bulletin 1997/22 (56) References cited: (73) Proprietor: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT EP-A- 0 655 437 US-A-3 965 177 67056 Ludwigshafen (DE) • CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 68, no. 11, 11 (72) Inventors: March 1968, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. • HARREUS, Albrecht 49175, J. WOLF ET AL. page 4747 ; cited in the D-67063 Ludwigshafen (DE) application & PL,A,53 525 • GOTZ, Norbert • CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 73, no. 7, 17 D-67547 Worms (DE) August 1970, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. • RANG, Harald 35231, J. WOLF ET AL. page 316 ;& PL,A,59 077 D-67122 Altrip (DE) • R. KLAUS ET AL. -
Environmentally Friendly Beckmann Rearrangement of Oximes Catalyzed by Metaboric Acid in Ionic Liquids
Catalysis Communications 6 (2005) 225–228 www.elsevier.com/locate/catcom Environmentally friendly Beckmann rearrangement of oximes catalyzed by metaboric acid in ionic liquids Shu Guo, Youquan Deng * Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China Received 8 November 2004; accepted 10 January 2005 Available online 3 February 2005 Abstract Beckmann rearrangement of several oximes catalyzed by metaboric acid was studied in room temperature ionic liquids. Espe- cially for conversion of cyclohexanone oxime into e-caprolactam, excellent conversion and selectivity were obtained. Ó 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Beckmann rearrangement; Oxime; Metaboric acid; Ionic liquid 1. Introduction as the requirement of high temperature above 250 °C and rapid deactivation of catalyst due to the coke for- Catalytic rearrangement of oximes into the corre- mation [4,5]. sponding lactams has long been an important subject Boric acid has low mammalian toxicity and is widely for catalyst researchers, particularly with respect to used as antiseptic in the hospital. When boric acid is the commercial production of e-caprolactam in which heated above 100 °C, it is dehydrated and converted into concentrated sulfuric acid is employed and a large metaboric acid (Scheme 1). Chandrasekhar and Gopal- amount of ammonium sulfate is produced as a by- aiah [6] investigated solid metaboric acid catalyzed product. Great efforts have been put into the develop- Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes, but involved ment of the ammonium sulfate free processes. Re- reaction conditions were rigorous (for cyclohexanone cently, the Beckmann rearrangement in supercritical oxime instance, it requires high reaction temperatures water has been reported [1–3], in which, although there near 140 °C and more than 40 h reaction time. -
Lecture 7 Imines, Hydrazones and Oximes
Lecture 7 Imines, Hydrazones and Oximes Objectives: By the end of this lecture you will be able to: • draw the mechanism for imine formation; • account for the decreased electrophilicity of C=N compounds; • use frontier molecular orbitals to account for the increased nucleophilicity of hydroxylamines and hydrazines over alkoxides and amines; • draw the mechanism for oxime and hydrazone formation; • use 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones for characterising aldehydes and ketones; • use the Beckmann rearrangement for preparing amides from oximes. Introduction The carbonyl group (C=O) is the most important C=X functional group. However X can be other heteroatoms such as N and S. In this lecture we will examine the formation of a variety of C=N functional groups and compare their reactivity with their oxygen analogues. Imines The reaction of primary amines with aldehydes and ketones under dehydrating conditions generates the corresponding imine. The mechanism is a variation of the nucleophilic addition- elimination reaction that we have discussed for carboxylic acid derivatives. • You should compare the first few steps with those in the hydration of aldehydes and ketones; the mechanisms are identical. • The reaction is normally acid-catalysed (Lewis or Brønsted). Whilst primary amines are relatively good nucleophiles, without some activation of the carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition is generally slow. + • Note that primary amines are also much more basic than the carbonyl oxygen (pKa(RNH3 ) ~ + 11; pKa(R(C=OH) R) ~ -6) so for the most part the amine will be protonated making it non- nucleophilic). • Under acidic conditions, the rate-determining step is not surprisingly the addition reaction to form the first tetrahedral intermediate. -
Reduction of Ketoximes to Amines by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Using Raney Nickel and 2-Propanol As Hydrogen Donor
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga UTC Scholar Student Research, Creative Works, and Honors Theses Publications 5-2014 Reduction of ketoximes to amines by catalytic transfer hydrogenation using Raney Nickel and 2-propanol as hydrogen donor Katherynne E. Taylor University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.utc.edu/honors-theses Part of the Catalysis and Reaction Engineering Commons, and the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Katherynne E., "Reduction of ketoximes to amines by catalytic transfer hydrogenation using Raney Nickel and 2-propanol as hydrogen donor" (2014). Honors Theses. This Theses is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research, Creative Works, and Publications at UTC Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UTC Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reduction of Ketoximes to Amines by Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Using Raney Nickel® and 2-Propanol! as Hydrogen Donor ! ! By Katherynne E. Taylor ! Departmental Thesis The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Department of! Chemistry Project Director: Dr. Robert Mebane Examination Date: March 20, 2014 Committee Members: Dr. Jisook Kim Dr. John Lee Dr. Robert Mebane Dr. Abdul! Ofoli ! _________________________________________________________ Project Director _________________________________________________________ Department Examiner _________________________________________________________ Department Examiner _________________________________________________________