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Distribution and Biology of the Ectoparasitic Beaver Beetle Platypsyllus Castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae)

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Distribution and Biology of the Ectoparasitic Beaver Beetle Platypsyllus Castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae) University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida March 2006 Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae) Stewart B. Peck Carleton University, Canada Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Peck, Stewart B., "Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae)" (2006). Insecta Mundi. 108. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/108 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 20, No. 1-2, March-June, 2006 85 Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae) Stewart B. Peck Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1S 5B6 Canada Abstract: The distribution and biology of the beaver beetle, Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema, are summarized for North America. In light of the fact that the beetle uses two beaver species as hosts which have seemingly been separated for some five million years on two continents, it is asked if the Nearctic and Palearctic beetle populations are really the same species. Introduction from an ancestor which was a scavenger in small mammal nests or burrow systems (Waage 1979, The beetle family Leiodidae contains 335 known Wood 1965) and Cholevinae would be the most likely species in America north of Mexico, and these have candidate for this habit. some markedly diverse biologies. Keys for the identi- The unusual biology and morphology of this small fication to North American subfamilies, tribes and ectoparasitic subfamily has stimulated a dispropor- genera of Leiodidae are in Peck (2000). The subfamily tionate number of publications. Summaries of the Platypsyllinae, with only 4 genera worldwide, all of early references are in Desneux (1906), Csiki (1910), which are ectoparasitic, is of special interest because Jeannel (1922) and Bugnion and du Buysson (1924). it contains the most modified ectoparasites of all Later important work on the morphology, taxonomy, beetles. The genera are: Leptinus Müller 1817 with 6 biology, and larvae of the Palearctic species is re- Palearctic and 3 Nearctic species, ectoparasitic on viewed in Ising (1969), Casale (1975), Buckle (1976), small rodents and insectivores (Peck 1982); Leptinil- and Besuchet (1980). Contributions on the North lus Horn 1 882 with 2 Nearctic species, ectoparasitic American species are Parks and Barnes (1955), Wood on rodents (both the semiaquatic genus Castor Lin- (1965), Dybas (1976), and Peck (1982). In the earlier naeus (Castoridae) and the fossorial genus Aplodon- American literature the names Leptinus testaceus tiaRichardson (Aplodontidae)); Silphopsyllus Olsufiev (restricted to Europe) and L. americanus (restricted 1923 with one Palearctic species, ectoparasitic on the to the west central USA) were often incorrectly ap- aquatic insectivore Desmana moschata Pallas (Talp- plied to two other eastern or western North American idae) of Ukraine, Kazakhstan and adjacent Russia; species of Leptinus (Peck 1982). and Platypsyllus Ritsema 1869 with one apparently The morphological modifications for ectoparasit- Holarctic species, ectoparasitic on the two species of ism are most extreme in the flea or louse-like appear- Castor. ance of Platypsyllus (Figs.1-2), which led to its orig- All these beetle genera are wingless and eyeless or inal placement as a flea in a new family (Platypsyl- with reduced eyes, and with a striking dorso-ventral lidae Ritsema 1869b). Westwood (1869) created the flattening. Additionally, P. castoris, has a remark- synonyn and secondary generic homonym Platypsyl- ably modified antennal club, with antennomeres 3-11 lus Westwood and placed it in a new order (Ach- shortened, globularly compacted, and partly enclosed reioptera Westwood, 1869). LeConte (1872) first recog- in a scoop shaped antennomere 2, as is also found in nized the species as a beetle, and transfered Platypsyl- Gyrinidae and Dryopidae. The beetles possess derived lidae into Coleoptera. Dessart (1993) provides more family characters of Leiodidae and are placed within detail on the curious and complex chronology of the the subfamily Platypsyllinae Ritsema 1869 (Lawrence taxonomic history of the genus Platypsyllus. The and Newton 1982, 1995). Newton (1998) lists the other genera were usually placed in the family Lep- probable synapomorphies of the subfamily with Colon- tinidae LeConte 1872. Jeannel (1922) demonstrated inae but its affinities to other subfamilies are not the close relationship of Platypsyllus with Leptinus clear. It is likely that the ectoparasitic habit is derived 86 Volume 20, No. 1-2, March-June, 2006, INSECTA MUNDI and combined both into the subfamily Leptininae of sity of California, Davis, California, USA; UCRC, the Silphidae. University of California, Riverside, California, USA; The purpose of this paper is to summarize the UMRM, Enns Entomology Museum, University of widely scattered geographic records and literature on Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; UMSP, Univer- the distribution and biology of the beaver beetle, sity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; UNSM, Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema, in North America. University of Nebraska State Museum, Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA; USAM, University of Methods and Materials Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; USNM, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Primary literature, species lists and catalogs Institution, Washington, DC, USA; WFBM, Barr were searched and are referenced. Acronyms for Entomological Collection, University of Idaho, Mos- museums containing specimens are those of Arnett et cow, Idaho, USA; WSUC, James Entomology Collec- al. (1997) and are as follows: AMNH, American tion, Department of Entomology, Washington State Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, University, Pullman, Washington, USA. USA; BDMU, Biology Department, McMaster Uni- versity, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; CASC, Califor- Results nia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA; CDAE, Department of Food and Agriculture, Family Leiodidae Fleming 1821 Sacramento, California, USA; CMNC, Canadian Subfamily Platypsyllinae Ritsema 1869 Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; CMNH, (=Leptininae LeConte 1872) Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, The mammal nest beetles Pennsylvania, USA; CNCI, Canadian National Col- lection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; CUIC; Genus Platypsyllus Ritsema Cornell University Insect Collection, Cornell Univer- (Figs. 1-12) sity, Ithaca, New York, USA; DEBU, Department Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guel- Platypsyllus Ritsema, 1869a: 23. Type species: Platypsyl- ph, Ontario, Canada; EMEC, Essig Museum, Univer- lus castoris Ritsema. See Newton 1998: 133. sity of California, Berkeley, California, USA; FMNH, P. castoris Ritsema, 1869a: 23. Common name; the beaver Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, beetle. Types in RMNH (Wood 1965: 34). Type local- ity: Rotherdam (Rotterdam), Holland (specimens USA;FSCA, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, taken on American beaver in Rotterdam Zoological Gainesville, Florida, USA; INHS, Illinois Natural Garden, although the original description states the History Survey, Urbana, Illinois, USA; ISUI, Ento- host was the Eurasian beaver; see below). mology Collection, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Synonym. P. castorinus Westwood, 1869: 119; Ritsema, USA;MCZC, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- 1869b: 38. vard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; MHNG, Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzer- Taxonomy: Ritsema 1869a, 1870; LeConte 1872; land; NDSU, Entomology Department Collection, Horn 1882; Reitter 1884; Riley 1888, 1890b, 1892; North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dako- Hatch 1957: 18. ta, USA; OSEC, Emerson Museum, Department Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Adults. Redescriptions and morphology: Horn 1882; Oklahoma, USA; OSUC, Ohio State University, Bonhoure 1884; Riley 1890b; Desneux 1906; Sharp Columbus, Ohio, USA; OSUO, Oregon State Univer- and Muir 1912: 506 and fig. 229 (aedeagus); Jeannel sity, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; PSUC, Frost Museum, 1922; Bugnion and du Buysson 1924; Hatch 1957: 18 Department Entomology, Pennsylvania State Uni- and plate II, figs 7-8; Winter 1979. versity, College Park, Pennsylvania, USA; RMNH; Nationaal Naturhistorische Museum, Leiden, Neth- Immatures. Morphology and behaviour: Riley 1888, erlands; SBPC, Stewart B. Peck collection, Ottawa, 1890a, 1890b, 1892; Chobaut 1899, Horn 1888, 1890; Ontario, Canada; SMDV, Spencer Entomological Böving and Craighead 1930, Wood 1965, Neumann Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancou- and Piechocki 1985, Newton 1991: 330-331. Wood ver, British Columbia, Canada; SMNH, (1965) demonstrated that there are three larval in- Saskatchewan Museum Natural History, Regina, stars, and that these spend all their time on the host, Saskatchewan, Canada; TAMU, Texas A & M Uni- where they feed. versity, College Station,
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