By Katia Snukal a Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Requirements For
LEGAL ABSURDITIES AND WARTIME ATROCITIES: LAWFARE, EXCEPTION, AND THE NISOUR SQUARE MASSACRE by Katia Snukal A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto © Copyright by Katia Snukal 2013 LEGAL ABSURDITIES AND WARTIME ATROCITIES LAWFARE, EXCEPTION AND THE NISOUR SQUARE MASSACRE KATIA SNUKAL MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 2013 ABSTRACT According to the United States Department of Defense (DOD), as of 2013 there were over 12,000 DOD contractors supporting the U.S. mission in Iraq (DASD, 2013). This thesis explores the laws and legal systems that operate to keep contractors, and the companies that employ them, resistant to legal oversight. I ground my analysis in the 2007 Nisour Square massacre, exploring how every attempt to prosecute those responsible was doomed due to Blackwater’s legal position of being American- headquartered, hired by the State Department, privately owned, and operating in Iraq. I conclude that the legal indeterminacy of the US deployed security contractor normalizes violence towards Iraqi civilians while simultaneously downloading the risk and responsibility associated with the US war efforts onto the shoulders of individual contractors. Moreover, I suggest that this legal indeterminacy is of particular interest to geographers as it arises, in part, out of overlapping legal systems, jurisdictions, and authorities. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have many, many people to thank for the successful completion of my Master’s thesis. The friendship and support of my amazing colleagues in the Department of Geography and Planning served as an essential counter-balance to the sometimes frustrating and lonely writing process and provided me with valuable insights that helped shape the final product.
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