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The Value of Large Scale Tourism in a Scientific Manner Devoid of Ideological Bias

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The Value of Large Scale Tourism in a Scientific Manner Devoid of Ideological Bias THE VALUE OF LARGE SCALE TOURISM IN SAMOA BY DONALD DONGSIK PARK A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Development Studies Victoria University of Wellington 2013 1 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Why Tourism? ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 What is Tourism? ........................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Justification for the Research ....................................................................................... 9 1.5 Research Aims .......................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 14 2.1 Tourism and Development ......................................................................................... 14 2.2 Development Paradigms ............................................................................................ 18 2.3 Modernisation ........................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Dependency and Underdevelopment .......................................................................... 19 2.5 Neoliberalism ............................................................................................................ 21 2.6 Jafari’s Adaptancy Platform ...................................................................................... 22 2.7 Jafari’s Knowledge Based Platform ........................................................................... 23 2.8 Leakages and the Multiplier Effect ............................................................................ 24 2.9 Alternative Tourism................................................................................................... 26 2.10 Theoretical Perspectives Conclusion ........................................................................ 33 Chapter 3: Key Literature and issues ................................................................................... 35 3.1 Butler’s Destination Life cycle .................................................................................. 35 3.2 Sustainable Development .......................................................................................... 35 3.3 Practical Strategies for Sustainable Development in Mass Tourism ........................... 36 3.4 Ethics in Conventional Tourism ................................................................................. 39 3.5 Tourism and Employment ......................................................................................... 42 3.6 Scale and Control of Tourism Development .............................................................. 44 3.7 Government and Tourism .......................................................................................... 45 3.8 Peripherality and Island Tourism Development ......................................................... 46 Chapter 4: Methodology and Research Design .................................................................... 48 Chapter 5: The Research Setting ......................................................................................... 53 5.1 History, Culture and Religion .................................................................................... 53 5.2 Tourism Development in Samoa ................................................................................ 54 5.3 Governance and Decision Making ............................................................................. 59 5.4 Land and Land Tenure ............................................................................................... 60 5.5 Economic Development ............................................................................................. 62 2 5.6 Local SME Development........................................................................................... 64 5.7 Cultural Degradation ................................................................................................. 66 5.8 Natural Disasters ....................................................................................................... 66 5.9 Summary ................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 6: Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 68 6.1 Government Policy on Tourism ................................................................................. 68 6.2 Tourism FDI into Samoa ........................................................................................... 71 6.3 Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development ........................................ 73 6.4 Community Participation ........................................................................................... 73 6.5 Marketing .................................................................................................................. 74 6.6 Case Study: Aggie Grey’s Lagoon and Resort ........................................................... 76 6.7 Samoa Tourism Development Plan 2009 – 2013 ........................................................ 78 6.8 Summary ................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 7: Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 84 Glossary .............................................................................................................................. 86 References .......................................................................................................................... 87 Appendix: Information Sheet, Questionnaire and Map of Samoa .................................. 94 The Value of Large Scale Tourism Ventures in Samoa .................................................... 95 Tourism Development Questionnaire .............................................................................. 96 Consent Form .................................................................................................................. 99 Map of Samoa.................................................................................................................. 100 3 Abstract During the mid to late seventies serious questions were raised regarding the value of mass tourism. This lead to the creation of the alternative development paradigm with its preference towards small scale, local and community based and controlled projects which have gained wide acceptance within the field of development studies. This research looks to reopen and examine the case against mass tourism as a development tool under the following arguments: The initial assessment was done in the late seventies and a combination of changes in business practices and consumer demands for ethical behaviour has potentially changed the development outcomes for host nations Governments have a greater and more balanced awareness of the range of development issues and enterprises need to respond to this Alternative development suffers from similar criticisms to those that have been directed at mass tourism as well as some unique issues Labour force training has been largely overlooked as critical step in maximising potential development outcomes for host nations Two major critiques around power inequality (Britton 1983) and empowerment (Sofield 2003) are external subjective judgements about development outcomes where feedback and conclusions from within host populations might add additional insight. A survey questioning the impact a large scale development had on people’s lives was central to the research. However, due to difficulties getting survey data from a large scale development in Samoa the research has focused on providing the arguments above from literature and on secondary research aims of seeking the governments views and strategies to deal with tourism and linking these strategies back to literature. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction The purpose of this initial chapter is to provide a definition of, give some background to and to introduce some characteristics regarding the nature of tourism. It will give a brief introduction to why tourism is commonly pursued and then provide the justification for the work and research objectives. 1.1 Background Tourism is the largest industry in the world and has become a popular global leisure activity (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2011). In 2007, there were over 903 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6% as compared to 2006. International tourist receipts were USD $856 billion in 2007 (UNWTO, 2008). The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) 2005 states that the industry employs over 765 million people worldwide. While the majority of this share belongs to Europe and the Americas, tourism also plays a significant
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