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Adventure Tourism This page intentionally left blank Adventure Tourism Ralf Buckley International Centre for Ecotourism Research Griffith University Gold Coast, Australia With contributions by: Carl Cater Ian Godwin Rob Hales Jerry Johnson Claudia Ollenburg Julie Schaefers CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buckley, Ralf Adventure tourism / Ralf Buckley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical refences and index. ISBN 1-84593-122-X 1. Adventure travel. 2. Tourism. I. Title. G516.B83 2006 338.4′791--dc22 2005037063 ISBN-10: 1 84593 122 X ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 122 3 Typeset by MRM Graphics Ltd, Winslow, Bucks. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors xii Lists of Tables and Figures xiv Preface xvi Disclaimer xix 1 Introduction 1 Aims and Scope 1 Defining Adventure Tourism 1 Difficult Distinctions 2 Social Contexts and Changes 3 Equipment, Clothing and Entertainment 4 Overlaps with Other Subsectors 5 Information on Adventure Tours 5 Base and Apex of the Adventure Sector 6 Skill, Risk, Reward, Remoteness 7 Evolution of Skilled Adventure Tours in Remote Areas 8 Structure of Adventure Subsectors 10 2 Adventure Recreation Research 11 Adventure in Tourism and Recreation Texts 11 Products 12 Impacts 13 Risks and Accidents 17 Participant Perceptions and Psychology 18 3 Case Study Approach 20 v vi Contents On-site Audits and Activity Sector 20 Advantages and Limitations of Case Studies 21 Parameters and Products 22 Access and Sponsorship 23 Limitations on Scope 24 Academic Disciplines, Methods and Data 25 Experience, Audits and Case Studies 27 4 River Journeys 32 Sector Structure 33 Yangbi River, China: Earth Science Expeditions 35 Qamdo Gorge of the Mekong, Tibet: Shangri-La River Expeditions 41 Chuya and Katun Rivers, Russia: Team Gorky 46 Sun Khosi, Karnali, Trisuli, Marsyangdi, Nepal: David Allardice’s Ultimate Descents 52 Drysdale River, Australia: Raleigh International and NOLS 56 Jatapu River, Brazil: Fabio Bueno Neto and Carlos Colares 51 5 Whitewater Kayaking 65 Futaleufu River, Chile: Expediciones Chile 66 Reventazon, Pacuare, Pejibaye and Sarapiqui, Costa Rica: Endless River Adventures 69 Karamea River, New Zealand: Ultimate Descents NZ 71 Colorado Grand Canyon, USA: Expeditions Inc. and Others 73 Franklin River, Australia: World Expeditions 78 Upper Zambezi, Zimbabwe: Various Operators 82 6 Whitewater Rafting 86 White Nile, Uganda: Adrift 87 Zambezi River, Zimbabwe: Shearwater Adventures 90 Nymboida River, Australia: World Expeditions, Wildwater Adventures and Others 93 Rio Toachi and Rio Blanco, Ecuador: Yacu Amu Rafting and Rios Ecuador 96 ‘Luva River, Fiji: Rivers Fiji 98 Tully River, Australia: Raging Thunder, R’n’R 101 Kawarau River, New Zealand: Various Operators 104 Shotover River, New Zealand: Various Operators 106 Rangitata River, New Zealand: Rangitata Rafts 108 7 Seakayaking 111 Sector Structure 112 Baffin Island, Canada: Blackfeather Inc. 114 Svalbard, Norway: Southern Sea Ventures and Aurora Expeditions 119 Prince William Sound, Alaska: National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) 123 Yasawa Islands, Fiji: Southern Sea Ventures 128 Contents vii Hinchinbrook Island, Australia: Southern Sea Ventures and World Expeditions 132 Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand: Ocean River and Natural High 135 Phang Nga Bay, Thailand: John Gray’s Sea Canoe 139 8 Sailing 143 Sector Structure 144 Scotland to Faeroes: Private Yacht 145 Bay of Islands, New Zealand: Various Operators 147 Baja Peninsula, Mexico: NOLS Mexico 150 9 Expedition Cruises 153 Sector Structure 154 South Georgia and Antarctic Peninsula: Abercrombie and Kent, Explorer Shipping 155 Svalbard: Aurora Expeditions 159 Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: Various Operators 162 10 Diving 166 Sector Structure 167 Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Taka Dive 168 Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea: Walindi Plantation Resort 172 Mnemba Island, Zanzibar: Conservation Corporation Africa 175 Maldive Islands: Various Operators 177 Bega Island and Lagoon, Fiji: Lalati Resort 190 Rocktail Bay, South Africa: Wilderness Safaris 183 Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Quicksilver Cruises 186 Ningaloo, Australia, Whaleshark Snorkel: Various Operators 189 11 Surfing 193 Sector Structure 194 Maldive Islands: Dhonveli Beach Resort and Others 195 Savaii Island, Samoa: Savaii Surfaris 198 Upolu, Samoa: Salani Surf Resort 201 Kadavu Island, Fiji: Nagigia Surf Resort 204 Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: Great Breaks International and Mentawai Sanctuary 208 12 Heliski and Snowboard 251 Sector Structure 252 Manali, India: Himachal Helicopter Skiing 253 Galena and Monashees, Canada: Canadian Mountain Holidays 257 Blue River, Canada: Mike Wiegele Helicopter Skiing 264 Harris Mountains, New Zealand: Harris Mountains Heli-ski 269 Methven, New Zealand: Methven Heliskiing 273 13 Cross-country Skiing 235 viii Contents Sector Structure 236 North Pole, from Norway: Global Expedition Adventures 236 Snowy Mountains, Australia: Paddy Pallin 238 Yellowstone National Park, USA: Yellowstone Expeditions 242 14 Ice Climbing 245 Contributed by Jerry Johnson and Ian Godwin Introduction 246 Banff, Alberta, Canada 247 Ouray, Colorado, USA 249 North Conway, New Hampshire, USA 252 Quebec, Canada 255 Bozeman, Montana, USA 257 Cody, Wyoming and Valdez, Alaska, USA 258 Future Trends 258 15 Mountaineering 260 Contributed by Robert Hales Introduction 261 Trends in Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 261 Case Studies from Around the World 262 Andes 263 Antarctica 265 Central Asia 266 Europe 267 Himalayas 269 New Zealand 270 North America 271 Great Britain 273 The Everest Phenomenon and the Seven Summits Quest 274 Popularity of Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 277 Safety in Mountaineering Adventure Tourism 278 Chamonix, France: Evolution 2 279 Trekking Peaks in the Khumbu Valley, Nepal: World Expeditions 281 16 Hiking and Bushwalking 286 Sector Structure 287 Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador: Surtrek 288 Annapurna Trek, Nepal: World Expeditions 291 Purnululu, Australia: Willis’s Walkabouts 294 Teleki Valley, Mt Kenya, Kenya: Various Operators 297 Routeburn Track, New Zealand: Ultimate Hikes 300 Pacific Northwest USA: Various Operators 302 17 Horse Riding 305 Contributed by Claudia Ollenburg Contents ix Sector Structure 306 Guest Ranches 307 Horse Treks 308 Lake Khovsgol, Mongolia: Boojum Expeditions 311 Snowy Mountains, Australia: Reynella Station 316 Torres del Paine, Patagonia, Chile: Ride World Wide 321 18 Mountain Biking 324 Contributed by Julie Schaefers Sector Structure 325 Ski Areas 326 Hut Systems 327 Courses, Camps and Competitions 327 Day Trips 328 Multi-day Tours 329 White Rim Trail, Utah 330 Mountain Biking Resorts 331 19 Off-road Safaris 332 Sector Structure 333 Southern Taklamakan Desert, China: Various Operators 334 Simpson Desert, Australia: Various Operators 338 Chalbi Desert Crossing, Kenya: Various Operators 342 Namib Desert, Namibia: Various Operators 345 Qinghai, China: Various Operators 348 20 Wildlife 352 Sector Structure 352 Northern Circuit Wildlife, Tanzania: Conservation Corporation Africa 353 Tigers, Bardia National Park, Nepal: Tiger Tops Karnali 358 Mountain Gorillas, Mgahinga National Park, Uganda: Various Operators 361 Jack’s Camp, Botswana: Uncharted Africa and Wilderness Safaris 367 Polar Bears, Churchill, Canada: Natural Habitat Adventures 370 Brown Bears, Kamchatka, Russia: Explore Kamchatka 375 21 Aerial Adventures 380 Sector Structure 381 Mission Beach, Australia: Jump the Beach 383 Queenstown, New Zealand: AJ Hackett Bungy 386 Kaikoura, New Zealand: Kaikoura Helicopter 389 Gold Coast, Australia: Balloon Down Under 391 22 Other Sectors and Issues 396 Introduction 397 Activity Subsectors 397 Social Context for Adventure Tourism 401 Safety, Liability and Illness 406 x Contents Adventure Events 409 23 Adventure Destinations 411 Contributed by Ralf Buckley, Jerry Johnson and Claudia Ollenburg Introduction 412 Queenstown (RB) 415 Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe (RB) 417 Cairns, Queensland, Australia (RB) 419 Banff, Alberta, Canada (RB) 421 Moab, Utah, USA (CO) 422 Bozeman, Montana, USA (JJ) 424 Pacific Harbour, Fiji (RB) 525 Chamonix, France (JJ) 526 24 World Adventure Capital 429 Contributed by Carl Cater Introduction 430 The ‘Adventure Capital of the World’ 433 Dangerous Places 439 Places to Play 426 25 Cross-case Analyses 443 Introduction 444 Safety Procedures for Heliskiing and Heliboarding 445 Environmental Management for Rafting and River Journeys 446 Safety Considerations for Hiking and Wildlife Watching 448 Marketing and Magazines in Surfing and Snowboarding 452 26 Product Patterns 455 Introduction 455 Place 455 Operator 536 Activity 457 Equipment 458 Accommodation 459 Statistics 459 Access 464 Community 466 Experience 467 Environment 467 Safety 468 Marketing 469 Signatures 471 Icon Sites 472 27 Conclusions 474 Trends and Patterns 475 Contents xi Research Priorities 477 Policy Issues 481 Epilogue 485
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