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Australia: A S0 72 New Zealand: NZ S0 8:+ U K:39p U S A: S0 7E Red Rocks and Green Stream Set Ofl Each Other. l'raditional Cltirtt'yc puirtting ht br PUBLISHED MONTHTY lll..FNG!!-S_!:1,_-FRENCH, SPAN_ISH,_ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND cHrNEsE By THE WETFARE lNsflrurE isooNa' aHiNa"''riNd'-ti#\I[iriil,

vot. xxx No.2 FEBRUARY T981 Articles of the Month

Recolling One of Our Founders CONTENTS 5oon9 Ching Ling writes of lormer Politics/Low editoriol boord choirmon Jin .Zhong. huo, hounded Recalling One of Our Founders 2 to deqth by membeis of the ol 2 Historic Trial: lnside and Outside the Courtroom 4 four. Poge Notionolities Festival of Minority and I Visitors' Views on the Festival 15 lnside ond Outside the Courtroom Economy Giant Project on the Changjiang () 20 At the triol lor Diversified Economy in 'Earthly Paradise' 30 mojor crimes ol Growing Rubber in Colder Climates 48 the ten princi. Pol members Society of the Lin Bioo- Employment and Unemployment 25 Jiong QinE cli- How One City Provided Jobs for All 28 ques. Poge I Salvaging Ships in the Sea 38 Foreign Commerce First U S. Trade Exhibition in China 35 Stort on Hornessing the Culture/Medio Chongjiong (Yongtze) River The Old Summer Palace, Yuan Ming Yu6n 40 China's Animated Cartoon Films 45 'Radio Peking' and lts Listeneis 57 Ihe lorgest woter conservotion Children's Books by the Hundred Million bb ond on Medicine Chino ted neor i ing Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicine 53 from uc. China's Traditional Medical Science 54 tion toword the second. Poge 20 Religion Famous Lamasery in Province 60 Across the Lond Job Situotion tin Chino Best Lotus Seeds and Where They Grow 34 Mate for the White Monkey 47 The Narcissus in China 50 Employment ond unem. Columns ond Speciols ployment with r onslysis Chinese History XXIX ol the problems ond Lc. The :- 2. ConsQlidating and Defending count of meosures beiho poge the Multinational China 68 token. 25 Our Postbag 18 Wit and Barb 19 Photo Focus: The Httanghe, (yellow River) Estuary 36 Restoring the Yuon yuon Language Corner; Lesson 2 Ming On the Street 71 120 yeors ogo, one o Front Coyer: ensembles, the yuon National Minority Festival Artists at the Great Wall (see cet in , is bei article on p. 8).

Editoriol officc: woi wen Building, Beii[n9 (37), chino, coble: ,'c]lrRECoN,, Beijing. Generol Distributor: GUOJI SHUOIAN, p.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino. . Recal ling One of Our Founders

..1"-r-r-l Ll-fiL9 T AM writing during the trial of I th" ten main members of the 'r Lin Biao and cama- # ##* rilias. We have heard and seen # # confirmed in indisputable detail, by material evidence in oPen tr: ffi#w court, how close these cYnical cul- ffiffiw, prits came to destroying our state and our cause. We have heard '',*tffil also how in the process they fr framed and destroyed or grievous- sffi Iy hurt some of our finest revolu- tionary leaders and a whole host of other good people. So numer- ous are even the victims listed individually in the indictment that a foreign writer has spoken of it as a "forest of names". Better to have said a sea of blood and tears. In China, to almost everYone of (left) Premier names evoke a Jin Zhonghua with and Vice-Premier viewing us, so many of the a China Reconstructs exhibition on the magazine's tenih anniversary in January known voice, a face, a memory, a 1962. Zhang Shuicheng stab at the heart. Here, in China Reconstructs, 7 want to say a few words about ple and to commit them to the circumstances in . Zhou just one of that legion, the first struggle- for the future of China, Enlai, later to become our Prem- chairman of our editorial board and against world fascism. ier, had regard for him personal- Jin Zhonghua. He was a man I From 1939 to 1941 he edited the ly, appreciated what he was doing, deeply respected. He had never Xingdao Ribao, a major daily in and wrote to encourage and failed to help me and mY as- Hongkong, where our China De- orient him. During that parlous sociated comrades in patriotic and fence League was temporarily time, Jin continued to help our progressive undertakings over the Iocated. The League, an organiza- China Welfare Fund (successor to years. tion international in membership, the China Defence League and helped and publicized China's predecessor of the present China D) EFORE the war that broke out fight against aggression. It as- Welfare Institute which publishes -LD in 193? Jin was a prominent sisted with medical and other this magazine) member of the National Salvation supplies the spearhead force in that Movement that called for re- fight, the peopie's armies and A FTER the liberation, Jin sistance to imperialist Japan's ag- areas led by the Communist Party, A Zno.rgf,ua, as an outstanding gression and for democracY within and increasingly under Kuomin- and tested progressive intellectual, China. An indefatigable writer, tang blockade. Jin, a member of was made a vice-mayor of Shang- editor and social activist, he the executive committee of the hai. Concurrently he continued to headed several' publications to League, had charge of our Chinese journalism, editing the grouPs work in which broad of Patriots language newsletter putting in popular Xinusen Ribao, and did Iooked for inspiration in the face as much energy after- hours as much for the people-to-peoPle in- of the capitulationism and Pes- many people do in their entire contacts the new simism sown by the Chiang working day. ternational of Kai-shek regime, and in defiance Then and later he helped bring China (he was a frequent delegate abroad). of its terior against the PeoPle. into active sympathy and support His loyalty to our national and for the goal of China's liberation He was concerned with China popular cause never faltered. Life many foreign friends as well. His Reconstructs from its planning Weekly and World Knoul,edge warmth, optimism and quiet stage and became the first head of were only two of the papers in persuasiveness came through also our board after 1952. which he then played a leading in English, which he knew well. In 1966, when the ten Years of part. They helped enlighten an During the War of Liberation in turmoil began, our China Welfare entire generation of young peo- 1946-49 Jin worked under difficult Institute's work in Shanghai came

2 CHINA BECONSTBUCTS to a virtual stop. There were no ally known journalist and com- issues of irc children's magazine. mentator on world affairs, vice- I had no reports from its hospital, mayor of China's largest city where children's theater and other units he had once upheld the torch of their leaders were - under in- truth under reactionary persecu- creasing pressure or attack. I ap- tion, a man whose whole life was proached Jin, as vice-mayor, for iabor for progress, a man kind and help. Conscientious as always, he good. visited each unit, encouraging it How his old mother must have to carry on. suffered when he was hounded to Subsequently, returning to death, one can but imagine. She Shanghai, I was told that Jin him- survived Jin for some years, dying self had been put under constant at age 98, not long before his re- surveiliance and prevented from habilitation at a memorial rneet- contacting anyone outside by A photo of his mother and grand- ing, when senior leaders of otir adherents of the ; daughter taken by Jin Zhonghua in country, 1960 for his ryrother's 80th birthday, some of our most notd they held him incommunicado in writers and a host of others sent a small room. I tried to reach him wreaths or came to mourn. She but What was accusgd failed. he A N endearing aspect of Jin was denied the solace of witness- of ? I could get no answer. Years fl- 75sng5ua's character that I ing this restitution and these later I learned everything keep recalling was his love for his that honors to her son's memory. good he. had done in his life was aged mother. Often he would take Of the countless victims of that being distorted and thrown at his her to a play or concert, dressed as iime, as have said, was only face to besmirch him in repeated she always was in the simplest of I Jin one. Even questicnings and "struggle meet- Chinese country garb, her hair in our magaZine there were oth€rs. ings" over a period of months. He tied back in a bun. Gently settling Here had been an admirer for decades, her in a seat close to the stage, he I write of Jin to commem- as all his friends know. of Mao Ze- 'rould sit directly behind and hetp orate an old friend and to give dong's leaciership in the Chinese her with explanations. Once. tr saw our readers more understanding through this close-up of the- revolution; he was accused of be- Marshal Chen Yi, liberator of - ing against Chairman Mao. He Shanghai and its first peopl.e's harsh storm we have weatherd. had met ancl worked with many mayor get up from his own place And to help them comprehend our f oreigners in building worl.d to shake old Mrs. Jin's hand and consequent resolve to build so- friendship f or China's liberation talk to her. cialism in unity and stability, with cause; f or this he was publicly Such was Jin Zhonghua, staunch democracy and legality, so that smeard as an "alien spy". His friend and colleague, internation- such abuses will never recur. ! association at various times with Zhou Enlai, to these inquisitors, A memorial meeting held on August 12, 1978 in shanghai to rehabilitate and honor was another reason to revile him Jin Zhonghua. Sun yunshan for they sought to topple the --*4*iq.; -Premier. In the persecution of Jin Zhonghua, the venomous tongue of Jiang Qing, whose every word was to her follorvers a command, played a direct role, as did the serpentine. intrigues of Zhang Chunqiao. Jin, this man of honest heart and good faith who had always radiated gqodwill and bptimism to those around him, could neither comprehend nor endure the tor- ment and slander. On April 3, 1968 he took his own life in the room where he had been ordered to "write out his crimes". This happened immediately after he was personally threatened by one of the heads of the gang of four clique in Shanghai in an attempt to make him part of a frame-up of national proportions.

FEBRUARY 1981 f s llistoric Trial lnside ar,ld 0utside the 0surtroom

ZENG SHUZHT rn HE Special Court under the Zeng Hanzhou and Huang Yukun Faxian, former commander of the I Supreme People's Court of with 31 members of the panel of Air Force: Huang Yongsheng, the People's Republic of China judges, five defense lawyers, and former chief of the General Staff ; 'head began, on November 20, 1980 ..to other court personnel, took their Chen Boda, former of the try the ten principal members oI places. In the public gallery, Party Central Committee's Cul- the "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing people turned their eyes to the tural Revolution Group; Li Zuo- counter-revolutionary cliques". door through which the defend- peng, once first political com- They had been responsible for ants were to appear. On their missar of the P.L.A. Navy; then creating disaster and havoc faces was stern anger, the Zhang Chunqiao, formerly vice- throughout China in the ten years general mood in the country. premier of the State Council; and of turmoil (1966-1976). The day First to be led to the dock was finally, Jiang Qing, formerly when they would be called to Wang Hongwen, "rocketed" during member of the Political Bureau, a account, Iong awaited by China's those years to the post of vice- woman who had dreamed of being nine hundred millions, had at last chairman of the Central Com- a new "Empress" in China. arrived. mittee. Then others who in the The ten were in dock not for At about two in the afternoon, ten years of turmoil had occupied their political errors, but for I walked into the courtroom or usurped, and in all cases crimes charged under the law. where some 800 people, including misused, high posts: Yao Wen- Six other principal culprits were representatives from all parts of yuan, former member of the Polit- dead, so no criminal liability the country and all walks of life, ical Bureau; Jiang Tengjiao, form- against them would be pressed. were gathering .to attend. Over er Air Force political commissar They were Lin Biao, the tormer the judicial bench hung the na- in ; Qiu Huizuo, former vice-chairman of the Central Com- tional emblem. Op the left of the director of the General Logistics mittee and Defense Minister who President and Vice-Presidents of Department of the P.L.A.; Wu stopped at nothing in, his drive to the court were tJre chairs for the other judges, and on the right for the public procurators. On either flank were the seats of the lawyers for the defense and the court recorders. Below, and facing, stood railed-off seats for the accused the dock. Among the- people filling the hall I noticed many older men and 4 women who had been framed, persecuted or lakely implicated in so-called "counter-revolutionary crimes" duping the ten disasttrous years. They were both victims and witnbsses of the culpability of those on tfial. At three p.m. a rang. Silence fell over the public gallery as Huang Huoqing, Chief of the Special Procuratorate, his deputies Yu Ping and Shi Jinquan and 21 other procurators, the President ol the Special Court Jiang Hua and its Vice-Presidents Wu Xiuquan,

ZENG SHUZHI is a reporter for China Reconstructs.

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS seize full Party and state power; 4. Plotting armed rebellion in Kang , another former vice- Shanghai (after Chairman Mao's chairman of the Central Com- death in 1976). mittee and advisor to the Central The Special Procuratorate Committee's affirmed that, under Article 9 oI Group: Xie Fuzhi, former Min- the Criminal Law, they were ister of Public Security: Ye Qun, criminally liable for: attempting Lin Biao's wife and director of the to overthrow the government and Lin Biao General Office: Lin spiit the state, attempting to en- Liguo, Lin Biao's son and deputy gineer an armed rebellion, causing chief of operations of the Air people to be injured or murdered Force; and Zhou Yuchi, former for counter-revolutionary pur- deputy chief of the general office poses, framing and persecuting' of the Air Force. people for counter-revolutionary The two main special proc- purposes, organizing and leading urators read the indictment lt counter'-revolutionary cliques, con- Jiang Hua, President of the Special ducting demagogical propaganda Court (right), declares it open. At left took over two hours. Listed in it is Wu Xiuquan, its vice-president, were 48 specific offenses grouped for counter'-revolutionary pur- poses, extorting confessions by into f our major crimes charged against the ten: torture, and illegally detaining people. 1. Frame-up persecution and opening of Party and state leaders and The session of the plotting to overthrovu, politica) Special Court adjourned at the 77:20. power of the dictatorship of the proletariat. 2. Persecution and suppression Court lnvestigation of large numbers of cadres and Between the 23rd and 29th oI members of the masses. November. the two tribunals of 3. Plotting to assassinate Chair- the court investigaied the charges man and engineer an against the accused. The first armed counter-revolutionary coup tribunal was concerned with Jiang d'etat (headed by Lin Biao in Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wen- 1971). yuan, Wang Hongwen and Chen Huang Huoqing, Chief Procurator (left), reads out the indictment.

the as tlro Boda. The second was trying the de{endants'la the case bf' military defendants. In this Jlang QInS f0uDter-fevo phase, began on all counts of the indictment Nov. 20, 1980, were examined and verified for accuracy. Besides oral and written statements the proofs included contemporary records, tapes and other exhibits, often in the hand- writing or voices of the de- fendants. Beginning on the' 23rd, the second tribunal thus investigated the culpability of Huang Yong- sheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zuopeng, Qiu Huizuo and Jiang Tengjiao- on counts 39 to 42 of the indict- ment, charging the Lin Biao clique with plotting to stage' an armed

*$ 4., The ten principal accused as they appeareal in the dock (lefi to right): " Sr"'\ Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wen- yuan, Wang Hohgwen, Chen Boda, Huang Yongsheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zno- peng, Qiu Huizuo and Jiang Tengjiao.

FT]RRUARY 198I counter-revolutionary coup d'etat and assassinate Chairman Mao Zedong in 1971. Wu Faxian, once head ol .China's Air Force, was charged with illegitimately putting all air force matters under the authoritY of Lin Biao's 25-year-old son, Lin Liguo, enabling the latter to carry Gan Yupei, [Ian counter-revoiutionarY The lawyers for the defense ot the opening session. From left: out many Xuezhang, Zhang Sizhi, Wang Shunhtta and Ma Kechang. acts. These charges, Wu Faxian admitted, were "entirelY true". Jiang Tengjiao, examined during three half-daY sessions, decision to murder the late frame-up against Chairman, Liu state leaders. confirmed that he had ParticiPat- Chairman. Shaoqi and other ed in a secret meeting called bY Qiu Huizuo and Wu Faxian The defendants were brought Lin Liguo at Lin Biao's instruc- admitted having destroYed their before the court in succession. that the tions in Shanghai in March 19?1. correspondence with Lin Biao and Wang and Yao testified and had been appointed frontline his wife Ye Qun as well as chief instigator was Jiang Qing. commander in the Shanghai area notebooks, photograPhs and other But Jiang Qing, when questioned purpose of assassinating implicating material af ter Lin in iourt, denied ail knowledge of it, for the know". Chairman Mao. He also admitted, Biao's defection on the morning o{ replying only "I don't among other related activities, to September 13, 1971, bY a Plane Then Wang Hongweri, summoned having himself outlined three pro- which flew northward and to confront Jiang Qing, testified she had posed plans for the assassination: crashed near Undur Khan in the that it was indeed who the by attacking the late Chairman's Mongolian People's RePublic, kili- called the secret meeting at guesthouse at Diao Yu Tai, train with flame throwers and ing all those aboard. state decided he 40-mm. bazookas, by blasting the The tribunal, from Novem- at which it was that first air triP to anti-aircraft' artillery 24, investigated facts related should make a hurried train with ber accuse Zhou Enlai and at point blank, and bY getting to ltem 8 of the indictment, falsely Chairman Mao former accusing Jiang Zhang Chun- to Wang Weiguo, Political Qing, (who had castigated him tor the commissar in the Air Force units qiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang slander and told him to listen less in Shanghai. to go armed to an Hongwen (i.e. the gang of four) of to Jiang Qing). audience with Chairman Mao and making false charges against Prem- Zhang Chunqiao refused to him. Zhr-ru Entai and Vice-Premier shoot ier answer any questions by the Huang Yongsheng admitteci that Deng Xiaoping, and Item 2 judge. The court plaYed the re- and he had provided Ye Qun with in- accusing Zhang Chunqiao of the confessions of the engineering the cording formation that led to Lin Biao'-" Chen Boda of co-defendant Wang Hongwen, and Lestimony from three witnesses, all confirming the charges. Kuai Wang Hongwen, one of the defendants. testifies during the hearing on lhe evi- Dafu, formerly head of a student rlence in the case of Jiang Qing. "rebe1 faciion" at Qinghua Uni- versity, attested that Zhang Chun- qiao had summoned and ordered him personally to kick off a mass campaign for the overthrow of Liu Shaoqi and Deng XiaoPing. Zhaog Chunqiao shut his eYes and did not respond.' The judge said "Your refusal to answer the ques- tions, either because You have nothing to say or because You do not want to speak, does not affect the trial at the court. For this court is it in ac- cordance with the Lau' of Criminal Procedure. If You refuse to speak, the court will sPeak with evidence.'' (Article 35 stipulates that "any accused shall not be sen- tenced without evidence other'

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Ihe Grim Statistics Framed and Persecuted Persecuted to Death The Eastern case 84,000 2,955 The Indictment mentions by name 420 victims The case "enemy of frame-ups and persecution, Among them: of agent 14,000 Zhao Jianmin" in o 38 leaders of the Party and State; The case of the "Inner 346,000 16,222 o 93 members and alternate members of the Central IV[ongoiian people's revolutionary party" Committee of the and 30 members and alternate members of its Control The case of a " 92 26 Commission; renegade clique" o 36 members of the Standing Committee of the Na- The case of the "counter- 90 revolutionary northeast tional People's Congress; gang that betrayed the o 47 members of the Standing Committee of the Na- Party and capitulated to the enemy" tional Committee of the 's political The case of Consultative Conference ; the " 7,100 85 underground Party or- o 84 high-ranking cadres of the party, State and ganization" Army; Cases of the P.L.A. 80,000 1,169 o 19 leading members various of democratic parties; The violent incidents in 747 Shanghai o 37 other well-known personages in various f ields; and The Jinan incident 888 o 36 others. Leading members of democratic 1B parties A total of 229,511 people were framed and per- secuted in cases mentioned in the Indictment, of Personages in various circles 211,100 40 whom 34'800 were persecuted to death. The specific Returned overseas Chinese 2Bll figures: D

than his confession; he shall be pleted, the judges will hold their Dyeing Plant in Beijing: "The day convicted and punished on the own discussion and verdicts and the trials began, I hurried home basis of sufficient evidence even sentences will be handed down in after work and without bothering without his confession.") accordance with law. to have supper, turned on the TV Chen Boda pleaded guilty to to watch the proceedings witll my the charge in Item 26 of the in- Popular Satisfaction family. I was reaIly happy to see dictment, that he had trumped up the bailiffs bring those people to the case of the eastern Hebei prov- Outside the courtroom, people the dock." Seventy-eight-year-old ince Party organization, which in town and country all over Qiao Shiying, whose husband led to the persecution of 84,000 China clustered daily around TV Meng Tai national model people sets radios - and the death of 2,955 in- or to follow the trial - worker from the Anshan Iron and nocent people, was consistent with other than those involving state Steel Works had been persecut- the facts. He said he had no secrets, the proceedings were ed to death- under the gang of grounds whatsoever for unleash- broadcast or telecast. The general four, said with a quiver in her ing this persecution (a tape of the feeling was that this was history voice: "So the day of reckoning speech in which he did so was re- and the Chinese people judging has come at last for those played in court). coun(er-revolutionary culprits who evildoers. Everybody's glad." In At this writing, the Special have brought such calamities to the TV room on the fourth story Court is continuing its item-by- the country. For the people, the .item of the Huadong Hospital in investigations. On counts holding of the trial was a victory. Shanghai, well-known cartoonist already tested, the court has pro- For the culprits, it was the con- Zhang Leping picked up his sketch ceeded to hearing arguments for sequence of their evildoing. pad to make an angry cari- the prosecution and defense, Said Xie Nengxing a worker at cature of Jiang Qing and her After the proceedings are com- the Chongwen Laundering and associates. tr

FEBBUABY T981 Fes tivol of Minority So ng ond Donce

LI YAOZONG

long, Lahu, Lisu, Mongolian, Hui - the Youle Mountains in Yun- HE 1980 Festival of National in and Miao and the Kucong peo- nan province, after anthropological Minority Art was a big event ple, whose- nationhood is not yet research were formally declared a in the country's life and the largest decided. Though they could not nationality in June 1979, bringing of its kind ever held China. A in understand each other and China'.s total to 56. The Jinuos 1,834 performers from all all total of their styles singing were dif- are great hunters. As they return minority nationalities of of China's ferent, they worked together to from the hunt, to express their presented their art in month- a prepare song in the language joy at a successful bag, it is the long 109 performances a festival of of Hans, China's majority custom for the men to cut two September and the in Beijing last nationality. small bamboo sticks and clap October. was not only an occa- It The group from , them.rhythmically together. From of the culture and sion for display all young and new performers, the sound echoing for miles art of each minority, but for cul- reflected growing prosperity the moqntains, the vil- exploring the through tural exchange and for of the grasslands in thei.r presen- lagers know whether or not the prospects developing the for tations. Thirteen nationalities from take has been good. minority Entries were selected art. Xinjiang in far west gave Manchu and were thousands which had been the from nearly 30 performances of new presented before a Beijing presented various parts the in of recent years. The audience for the first time since performers, numbers of country by minority Tibetan group, in addition to per- liberation. The Manchus now both amateur and professional, in forming well-known and popular number 2.6 million. Many of the past two years. Tibetan numbers, brought to the them came down into central Even just planning such an stage for the first time songs and China during the 17th century at event demanded a lot of coopera- dances of the Luoba nationality the time their rulers conquered all tion between nationalities. The and the Deng and Xiaerba people China and established the Qing program and announcements were who live at the foot of the dynasty (1644-1911). Living to- in eight languages, those of the Himalayas in . gether with the Han people for a nationalities who have official long period resulted in the as- written scripts. National Cooperation similation of the Manchus, and the Another test of cooperation Han language became their com- must have been the preparation China's smallest, the Hezhe na- tionality, numbering only 800 peo- mon speech. By the 20th century of a song by eight young amateur ple living along the Wusuli River Manchu culture and art had singers from seven nationalities in near border far northern almost disappeared. Yunnan province Dulong, Beng- the of - Heilongjiang province, performed To regain this lost treasure, a Hezhe dance based on an old Manchu and Han researchers after-the-hunt game. On their combed the homeland of the Man- return from hunting or fishing chus - the area the men used to stand in a circle, between the Changbai Mountains each with his hunting gear or and the Heilong River - studying fishing spear. One man threw a their history and interviewing old fish or animal into the air and the Manchu artists. When Aisin-Gioro others rushed to try to catch it. Pu Jie, brother of the last Qing Now a straw ball is used instead dynasty emperor, heard about and the game is played after the plans for reviving Manchu art, he harvest as well. was overwheJmed with joy. The return from the hunt was One of the Manchu dances at also the theme of a number by the festival was the Mangshi two Jinuo players. The Jinuo people, who before liberation were Rehearsing the YI nationality Bronz,e LI YAOZONG is a lecturer at the In- Drum Dance. Zhou Youma primitive slash-and-burn f armers stitute for Nationalities in Beiiing.

8 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The Golden Reed-piPes Sound Again, \{iao dance.

Peacocl< Dance of Dai.

Fish and Fisherman. Dai. Gaoshan Love Song, dance of the Gaoshan nationality, south China.

tsridesmaid's Song, BuYi nationalitv. Gttizltou"

Bringing llorne the Bride, Yi.

Dance to the sound of chanting, Manchu. Catching the Straw Ball, E{ezhe nationality, Heilongjiang.

Turtledoves Pecl

On the Wav to Meet the tsride, Yugur nationality, !)lttttt: bt Zltott ) oLtntrt Kongqi (the mangshi is a type of representing turtledoves, the piece entitled After the Haroest shou's dance, kongqi is the sound of the is lively and full of humor. a group of old Korean peasants choral chanting to which it is The masked dance W'oter Buf- counting their year's income and done). In their robes with long falo Fight gives insight into the talking about buying motorcycles, flowing sleeves, the dancers whirl strong-willed character of the peo- cameras and drinking to their and turn, one arm at the forehead, ple of the Shui natlonality, who hearts' content. It reflects the im- the other at the back. Iive along the Qingshui River in provement in the peasants' life province. This colorful f ollowing institution of more policies the Hard Times dance is loved by everyone in the flexible economie in Shui village, but it could not be countryside. Since liberation in 1949 much performed during those ten years. Others of this type are a has been done in China to develoP Shui songs and dances were near Mongolian dance entit\ed HeauY the art of the minoritY nationali- extinction in the villages. In prep- Responsibilities, picturing the de- ties; but it suffered greatly during aration for the festival the Shuis termination of the people of the the ten years of turmoil between brought together the former per- Inner Mongolian grassiands to do 1966 and 1976 due to the gang of formers, who had carefully pre- their part in building a modern four and Lin Biao. The camPaign served the masks and costumes. socialist country; the TaPestrY to get rid of the "four olds" (old "This festival has brought the art Dance about Uygur women carpet ideas, culture, customs and habits) of our nationality back to life," weavers ; Picking Pearls by girls was misconstrued to include ban- said one Shui with deep feeling. of the Jing nationality who cul- ning the minorities' Performances, tivate artificial pearls along disbanding their cultural troupes Reflecting Life China's southern coast; Seeds of and persecuting their artists. At Unity, a dance performed by the The rebirth of minority art has perf ormance, a Yao Dongxiang nationality showing the recent accompanied eff orts to its effect been by how the several nationalities of singer from told break away from empty political in a ballad: "Folk songs were the Hexi Corridor in Gansu prov- didacticism and monotony which ince work promoting banned in the ten turbulent Years; some them in together in characterized of agriculture; The Gaoshan Loue cobwebs grew in thousands of prior years, and reflect the life to Son.g of the Gaoshan nationality mouths". of the peoPle more faithfully. gang on China's mainland tells their After the downfall of the An example is Bringtng Home longing for their' kinsfolk on of four, minority art began to re- Bride, dance based on a the a , where the Gaoshans are vive. An example is the storY of tradition of the , the a dance for the bY Li numerous, and their anticipation work of director-choreograPher of its return mother- Zhayue, a director-choreograPher has lived early to the Huang Shi, a Han who land. of the Lahu nationality who live in a Yi area for nearly 30 years. along the Lancang River in Yun- One of the things that impressed nan province, Among the Lahus, him most was the change in the Bringing New Out of Old as among many nationalities of status of women. Before libera- Two longer works are examples the south, there is hardlY a man tion, when slave trading still went of how new meaning is being in- who does not have aLusheng PiPe*, on among the Yis of 's or anyone who does not dance to Liangshan district, young girls out its . Its tones served as cutting firewood or fetching water bugle calls during several big outside the viilage were frequently uprisings of the Lahu people be- abducted and sold to strangers as fore liberation. wives. It was not unusual for a Twenty years ago Li Zhayue girl of 17 to be sold to a man of began working on- a Lusheng trio 70 or 80. dance called Turtledotses Pecking The Yis had a custom whereby Grain. At harvest time the Lahus' the bridegroom cirried the bride homeland teems with turtledoves, home on his back for the wedding. so this bird has become the symbol This was partly a vestige of the for a good harvest. Even through purchase system. After liberation the ten years of turmoil when he Yi girls got the freedom to choose was being persecuted, he never their own hr4sbands, but that stopped trying to improve it. It wedding custom continued, how- was finally presented at the 1980 ever, today only as fun. Huang festival. With the three dancers Shi made it the basis of a rol- licking dance where the man tries to get the girl on his back and the * For more about the lusheng see girl pretends to be reluctant to go. "The 'Lusheng' Music-Maker for the A dance, lively, humorous of the "- in September 1980 Learning from each other. China Reconstruc*. Korean people of Jilin province ZhoLt Youma

FEBRUAEY T981 13 fused into ancient forms. One is ments have removed some of the odies were used at funerals, has the in traditional Tibetan strong ritual flavor. The lion been preserved. Only seven of the style, The Maiden Langsha, which keeper Ioves his lion, plays with original ten pieces remain. Three has retained much of ancient it and teases it. were performed at the festival. Tibetan and Han culture. (An The Armor Dance has been per- Critics point out that though aliicle on it wiII appear in our formed for hundreds of years by new works have been developed March issue.) Another is the first the Qiang nationality on the upper out of the old, they are still far representative work of China,s 6.4 reaches of the Minjiang River in from perfect. Some felt that na- million , Mansuer, a Sichuan. In it, warriors in armor tional characteristics and local five-act song-and-dance drama in commemorate an actual battle flavor were not brought out suf- the hua (flower) style. against invasi.on by another people. ficiently, and that in some items Festivals of hua singing are held It is a tradition among the too many artificial things'had been by several minorities in China,s Kazak herdsmen along the Yili added which affected the style" north'"vest. The people come River in Xinjiang to hold song- Costuming was said to be over- bringing their tents, herds and fests seated around a bonfire. The elaborate, too far from the real f ood and sing together extem- circle around the fire is likened to life of the minority peoples. poraneously or in the wide variety the full moon, and symbolizes of hua . unity, hence the name of the Youth llolds Promise Mansuer is adapted from an dance, Full Moon. From Miao the In old China minority artists ancient Hui love story about people of Hunan province comes were Mansuer the a dcwntrodden lot, many shepherd who fell in the dance Muddg Feet, based on a only wandering performers. Iove with the Princess They of the courtship custom. It pictures often had to become the "cultural Dragon Lake. To consummate young men and women teasing slaves" of the princes. local their love lords they had to fight the each other in the fields, throwing and herd owners of their na- cruel Black Snake Spirit and the lumps of mud at each other's tionaliiy. Since liberation, with rich man Du Laxi. Of the work, heels, the harder, the greater the assistance from the Communist the Hrri Du Shijia has affection. The fun goes on until Party and people's government, said, "Monsuer ends the miscon- pouches or objects symbolizing every nationaiity has created its ception that the Huis have no art betrothal are exchanged. own ranks of writers and artists. which is strictly their own. This The recent festival was a grand is a good beginning for the re- Two Ancient Works review of the results. recogni.tion of Hui culture and its Also performed were sections of Along with well-known minority performers further development". the Traeloe Mukam or lwelve discovered in the bOs The Peacock Dance created by grand suites, and 60s like the Inner Mongolian a classic of the dancer Wang La, a Dai artist from Yun- Uygur nationality. Consisting of Mode Gema, and the women singers Tseden Drolma, nan brings together several styles 170 pieces ivith 72 melodies, the a of peacock dances popular among Tibetan, and Bosa Yixia. an whole takes 20 hours to perform. Uygur', the Dais. "For the Dais the the festivai brought to the Almost forgotten for decades, this fore a great number of promising peacock is a symbol of virtue ancient work was nearly lost to and hope," Wang new artists. The average age of l,a expiains. the world. On the eve of libera- the performers "Whoever sees the bird with its was around Zb. tion in 1949 only a few aged musi- Between 80 percent tail spread is said to have hap- and 90 of the cians could perform the entire numbers were creations young piness in his future". It combines of work. After liberation, fo.ur years people. The average age several dances with charming of the of effort in the 1950s were needed group from Inner Mongolia was golden peacocks, lively green ones, to search out the lost music and only 22. Among them was 23-year- elegant rvhite ones and the ar- ready it f.or publication. part of old Batu, whose Eagle rogant Peacock God, never before the Eighth Mukam was performed fused won first prize in a 197g national so successfully into one at the festival. dance competition. w-ork. The Qiang peo- The long-awaited grand suite of ple's Azalea Dance, which won an The Tibetan Lion Do,nae has the Naxi people, Baisha Ancient ovation the festival, per- been performed for ai was two to three Su,ite was also unveiled at the formed by Chen Hong, a 2l-year hundred years by lamas and be- festival. It is said that in the lievers l3th old amateur who works as an elec- in the temples of the century when con_ trician. yi And Jijue Erbo, an in the Labrang quered the Dali area in yunnan from Sichuan, 12-year-old district southern a of Gansu prov- province he presented this music virtuoso on the hulusheng (a wind ince. The director-choreographer to the head of the Naxi people, irxtrument and performers in the shape of gourd) went to the who made it their own. It was had, already won a prize at a peas- temples to learn it from lamas. the originally a combination of ant theatrical festival in 1978. The present performance is done songs, dances and instrumental All in promises without all, the festival the mask of the lion music. The former two have been a great future for minority art in tamer, and livelier - lost, the latter, whose solemn mel- China. D i4 CHINA RECONSTNUCTS Vis itors' Views on the. Fest ivol

music music. It would be better to first OBSERVERS from the v and dance world of JaPan. record what the villagers do and India, Thailand, Yugoslavia, Aus- then poiish a little bit here and traiia and the United States as there, but not too much. When it well as from Hongkong were is too much, the original character- invited to attend the Festival of istics get lost. We made this same National Minority Art. Below are mistake in India about ten Years some of their comments when ago. Later it was rectified. interviewed by China Reconstructs. The reed-pipe of the Yi nationality and the dance Bring- ing Home the Bride are magvellous Women's chorus, Dong nationality. Sonal lVlansingh of India with Chinese perf ormers. and full of joy. You could almost and people there. see the village The Wh.ite-Haired Girl. Now, On this visit I also went to the eight years later, invited to China grottoes. Seeing, the as an artist, I can see that the gigantic Buddha was a memorable Chinese people are making big experience. In India we are not strides. I'm overwhelmed bY the a\ /are that these cultural relics in China have been preserved. We thought they had been destroYed. Thai singer and musician Vachree Tung- I'm happy to have been invited panich (left) and renowned Tibetan singer Tscden Drolma. at this time, when relations be- tween China and India are'warm- ing up. I cancelled all my engage- Don't Overpolish ment at home to come and see how things are in China. I was over- of Sonal Mansingh, Presidant whelmed by the warm friendliness the Center for Indian Classical and charm of the peoPle. When I Delhi. Dance, New go, I'll leave a bit of my heart here. I saw how courses are conducted T'wo Chinese dancers are in and the training young students India now and five more dancers get. It is indeed of a verY high and are leaving next standard, especially the PhYsical month. I hope China can invite variety of performances, so many and acrobatic training, which is some Indians to study here. I ex- that I couldn't see them all. very exact and places high pect to come with an Indian dance There has been remarkable demands on the boys and girls. troupe next year. Both friends from other improvement in skill, and there is countries and I myself f elt: What the possibility for even more, if Hope for Hoppiness rich indigenous materials China's the basis of tra'ditional Chinese minority hationalities have. But Vachree (Josephine) Tungpanich, martial arts, acrobatics and ad- the is overdone so singer and musician from Thailand. .:ranced gymnastics - all of which that the art of the different na- I came to China as a tourist in are the best in the world - is com- tionalities all seems rather alike. 1972 and saw only two , Thb bined with the characteristics of Particularly the costuming and Red Detachment of Women and the minorities' art.

FEBRUARY I98I 15 Art expresses people,s feeling. that of the RussianS. 'ThiS, was The political We Must Study Asion Music struggles of the past helpful at first but is not 'today. decade Ko Izumi Fumio, professor in the in China damaged peG It has contributed to confusion in ple's Music Department zest for life. The monotonous thinking so that movements at the Tokyo University of Arts, and style and outworn themes on the appear even in national dances. I musicolo- stage are related gist on national instruments to this. I do hope believe that each of the b6 minority the Chinese people There are two reasons f or can be happy nationalities has its owri charac_ and lively again, for this China's colorful music her long will result teristics just as each person is a history and her various- minority in colorful artistic creations on different personality. These char- new subjects. nationalities. Influenced our acteristics, however, have been by Performances neighbor China, Japan, too, has by China's minori- overshadowed on the stage through nationalities become rich in music. How to ty should be like a too much outside influence. delicious dish in which each develop Chinese music further is a I think every form of art must ingredient retains its own flavor. question of interest not only to be developed from its roots and and color heightened by a dash of China but to Japan as well. the minority dances are no excep- things like onion, ginger or cori- The Japanese have studied tion. They should be traced back ander. If you ground them all western music and dance for 100 to their own roots. Developing together, the result would be years, both a good and bad thing them through simple imitation tasteless. I hope the for us. The more we learned about flower of won't do. will be in full bloom it. the more Japanese music was The dance is ultimately related again in the garden of worjd art. to Chinese history and culture, but especially to lif e in China Troce Donces to Their Roots today. Dance is not merely posing Lan-Lan King, Co-director of on stage but should express the the U.S.-China Dance Exchange feeling of today's people. Program of the University of Iowa The dance Af ter the Har- I left Taiwan for the United uest of China's Korean minori- States 14 years ago. A visit to ty presents, as far as I know, an Beijing in May 1978 gave me the aspect true to the present-day life. feeling of tracing my roots, which It, shovfs that the peasants are get- became deeper through two visits ting more income after a good this year. The more I know about harvest so that buying motorcy- China, the easier it is for me to cles and cameras becomes possible. Ko lzumi Pumio oI Japan (riRht) and Kevin R. Siddell of Australia al the point her problems. In comic form with unusual execu- reception. tion, the dance made me laugh, the first time a Chinese dance did. so. looked down upon, (although In terms of dance creation. the government the true is the basis from which encourages ) the good and the beautiful because its basis is entirely dif- must ferent from be built. Some Chinese dancers western music. But failed to achieve real beauty be- cause they pay too much attention Eagle: Mongolian solo danee. to superficial beauty, rather than to what is true. The Bronze Drum Dance of the Yi people brought out the charac- teristics of that.nationality very Lan-Lan King from well. the Unitetl States. I've seen many changes for the better taking place in Chinese is in the stage dance in recent years. Its prob- of groping its way, naturally a lems, which have existed for 'time difficult period. For a,long many years, do not affect the Chinese dance was influenced by hopes I have for it.

16 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS there is no harm in us learning underestimating the young people. about Asian music. as we have a My Japanese colleagues and I Iot of elements in common. were most impressed by the I was very moved by the chorus Tibetan opera. of women of the D<,rng nationaiity and their unusual local style such Toke off the "Uniform" as I had never heard anywhere else before. They take very high Doming Lam, Chairman of the notes in an open natural voice, Asian ' League (Hong- one of the characteristics of music kong district) of that nationality I do not doubt that the dancers. The Maiden Langsha, a Tibetan musicians and composers have Dragomir Vukovie does a Yugosla\ opera. is also very interesting. with the well-known Chi- Its artistir: forms can be seen in made great ef f orts to imProve nese dancer . Japan and India. and aiso have minority performances, but ali in culture. Its en- parallels with European almost the same way. The greatel proof that the greatly in- variety style of rapid narration sembles from Tibet, Inner Mon- people's wisdom- can be brought my friends Australia terested from golia, Yunnan and Xinjiang, all play under the comect Doming Lam, u'ho will into full and Mr. seem to be playing more or less cultural policies. probably use the style in a compo- or- The perf ormances show that next year. These charac- the same instruments and sition has competent dance should be consolidated. chestrations are all alike. So the China teristics choreographers and On the stage I saw that many na- audience can't tell who is from teachers. costume and sc€ne designers tionalities use the same sort of rvhere. May I suggest that you - really a galaxy of talent. instrumen ts. The best of theit' take off the "uniform"? But I was The songs and dances I saw have should be developed instruments deeply moved by the Tibetan opera basically expressed tJre charac- f urther' The Maiden Langsha. which re- teristics of the different nation- tained a lot of ancient elements alities, particularly Turtl'edoues Shore the Best Through and had melodies I had never' Pecking Grain oI the Lahu na- Exchonges . heard before. tionality in Kevin R. Siddell, Australian, I was also interested in the Chairman of the Asian Region Ieaf blowing. In our countrY. Youth Music Association herdsmen play tunes on leaves The first impression I got fron-r while watching cattle or sheeP in the performances was the absoiute the mountains. But You bave been beauty and pro[iciency in Presen- able to work them into comPosi- tation. It is important that You tions with other instruments. do not neglect the characteristic I suggest, though. that in the music of each of the nationalities future it would be better to have grass-roots in each of the regions of Your' more dancers at the country. I think as time goes on level, because folk songs and it is going to be much more diffi- dances are the source of stage the Ilongkong Doming Lam. alt tr cult for you to maintain Hua Yittq features in the music of each minority. But I believe that You More Donce qt Gross Roots Pieking Pearls, Jing nationality must try to retain what is the best Photos bY Wu ChuPinP of each of them. Dragomir Vukovic, Director and It is essential that your Youth Choreographei of the Kolo En- learn from the youth of other semble of Yugoslavia countries, and your young people From the festival I learned how be given the opportunitY to go to intricate the songs and dances of other countries to show them what China's minorities are. I came to they have to offer. I have been China in 1955 as a dancer with a most struck by the ability of the Serbian song and . young people to portray character, During three and a half months I mythology, history and great saw a lot of Chinese national drama. We who are getting old minority performances. This festi- in the tooth may be in danger of val presented many more and

FEBRUARY 1981 k humanitarian spirit of the residents on dialogue is usually above my level, it Hainan Island. introduces me to new characters and ABDAOUI ARRASS helps me to Iearn the different ways Ferjeu:a, Algerio that basic characters and radicals may POSTBAG be used. CONNIE SQUIRE Stress on Changes for People Vancouoer, Canoda

Approved for School Use Perhaps one of the most obvious things of the 20th century is the rapid your Subjects for Children We received copies of the magazine change and so, in country which is becoming industrialized China Reconstructs, arrd find it to be the change must be even greater. Perhaps you To obtain a readership and to pro- interesting and informative. The broad mote interest and friendship at the coverage of varying subjects, e.g. could run a series of articles on how the modern changes have affected, say, start why do you not publish a sports, arts, literature, ecology and children's magazine? Preferably in two history, gives the reader an excellent a peasant's life, a factory worker's life, etc. And a series on what life was age groups: one up to eleven years old, insight into many aspects of China another twelve to sixteen. today. Iike for people in China 50 years ago 'Ihe and how the revolution has changed Articles on Chinese schools, sports, magazine has been approved for dance, fishing, Chinese hobbies, pen use in Montgomery County Public their lives. magazine good friends, music, short stories, painting Schools, grades seven through Your is in the fact twelve. political craftwork. The Chinese home, what REGINA CRUTCHFIELD that all the articles are not and that concerns does a Chinese boy or girl eat for MontgomerA CountA Public Schoors, it itself with life in China. breakfast, and when? Does Mum have Marytand, U.S.A. TIM BARROW a washing machine? The Chinese We hope teachers among our read,ers Orforil, U.K. country child, cit;' child, fisherman's children, hundreds anci hundreds of tuiLl urite comrnents and suggestions . know tor the toider use of China Reconstructs things that English children More About Protection of nothing about (or English And in schools in their areas. Ed. Wildlife adults). - written at their level and vocabulary As a long-standing subscriber, I am with humor. Laughter is international. From Goshen to very happy that your magazine is be- Incidentally, when shall we be able coming more and more better 'and in- to pick up our cheque book and buy you Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana, formative. Particularly satisfying are some of the things advertise - U.S.A. is part of an exchange program "Language Corner", Chinese history direct. I expect they all have to come involving the Sichuan Bureau of Higher and articles dealing with problems through an agent. Best wishes from Education and Sichuan Teachers' Col- shared by every country, such as England. lege, Chengdu. Eight teachers of housing, unemployment, etc., and the MRS. UNA MADDISON English from Sichuan province, two way'to solve them. NelDmarket, U.K. from the Teachers' CoIIege are spend- A defect is the lack of articles about protee- We cannot now publish a special ing from September through May, 1981 environmental protection and magazine but uill take at Goshen CoIIege studying and im- tion of wildlife resources. You have for children these good suggestions into account proving their teaching skills. Twenty covefed some rare animals and plants, lot our Child,ren's Page. students from Goshen CoIIege, Mrs. but also told how people make use of redd,er's Beechy and I are spending four months them, which is harmful to their sur- Sometime we maA statt o purchase sen:ice, but not tDe here studying and vival. Let them live in quiet so that Aet - lack stalf and space.-Ed. culture and working as assistants to they may proliferate. Furthermore, the teachers of English. We have been China should not sell them, either dead deeply r5roved and impressed by the or alive, to other countries, Environ- friendly reception we have received mental protection and protection of More About People's Life from officials, the faculty and students. wildlife resources must be improved in We like your magazine. It is in- China to set an example for the third We are amazed at the achievements teresting and informative. The article world countries. of the Chinese people despite such on Chqngdu was particularly helpful. HARALD BRAUN poor material conditions and relatively Kr dichtal-U nt e s 6ui she im. W e st We want our college Iibrary to backward technology and equipment. Germony subscribe to your magazine. We are happy that in China there is . ATLEE BEECHY no more starvation; and that the young Chengdu, China people have the chance to study be- Etyrnology to Help Learning cause they are the hope of future. First we would like to know more As a new student to the Chinese cul- you Home for Indochina Refugees pleaseil from about the life of the Chinese ture I am truly to find such a people, wealth of information in each month's urban and rural. We would I was deeply moved while reading issue of China Reconstructs. I am also like to know about the factories the article "For Indochina Refugees, presently learning the language in - working hours, holidays, social wel- Homes and Work". It is very natural university and am struggling with fare and pensions, as well as about the in socialist China that her people many new characters every day. I police organization, guarantees of per- donated their own belongings for the would like to see an etymological sec- sonal security and scenic spots for comfort of their refugee brothers. This tion each month on a few characters to tourists, etc. In a word we want to country concerns herself with mankind help the leaining process a little bit know all about China. and its dignity, embodying the su- more. I certainly do enjoy the OTTO W, JOHANN periority of socialism. I appreeiate the "Language Corner" and although the Wittliclt, W est Gerrnany

1B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Wit and Barb

ln the Dock of HistorY

Jiang Ching: "0n stage again!" by Yu Fu

There's nothing wrong with me. by Sun Yizeng

S-t-r-e-t-c-h nYlon by Ruai Song

The eadre who thinks only bc can do the iob. bg Sun Xiaolei

How thd New Long March to Modernization Will Be MODERNIZATION Run, (Urging senior cadres to pass responsibilities to younger ones,) bg Song Tao & Wei Bin

FEBRUAEY T98I Giant Proiect on the Ghangjiang (Yangtze)

CHENG SHOUTAI and PENG XIANCHU

qINCE ancient times. travelers u journeying to the Three- Gorge area of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Valley have been rewarded with views of multi- peaked mountains, deep, narrow valleys and bubbling rapids and eddies. But in modern times. when watel conservancy workers contemplate

r 6 Power station r 3 I navigationlock 2 8 scouring sluice s spillway '-rt---

Nanj inguan \,1S-

20 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS *a

Power station under construction. Plnto: ht Shen Yuntai

an area of one million square river was discussed at least 40 kilometers; years ago, it remained a dream . Two hydropower installations under rule. Only comprising a plant that will after China's liberation did serious become the f ourth largest in surveys and scientific studies for the world, with a total generating it begin in earnest. Finally, in capacity of 2.72 million kilowatts December of 1970, the initial work and an average annual output began, then it stopped for two projected at 14.1 billion kilowatt years. When resumed in 1974, it hours more than triple the was divided into two stages. The electrical- proddction in the whole first stage, completed in early country in 1949; November of 1980, has already o Three navigation locks, two passed government inspection and of them among the largest in the will go into operation ahead of world; schedule. The work done in the o A 27-gale spillway and a 12- second and third channels- while gate scouring sluice to regulate the the main channel was open to dam's storage level; navigation as usual consists of e A railway and highway at the a spillway and power- plant on the top of the dam for north-south second channel and two nayiga- transportation. tion locks and a scouring sluice on the third. The spillway i.s "A Long Time Coming" already open to navigation. Though the second stage of the To understand how the projeet project-on the main channel- 1986, Sluice gate weighing 200 tons. has taken form, it is helpful to won't be completed until Xinntno look at the river itself. Stretching the initial task of stopping the f or 6,300 meandering kilometers current there was scheduled for across China from the Tanggula completion in January of this brisk six meters per second, but Mountains, in Qinghai province, year. Once the flow is diverted, a huge volume of silt creates through the Tibet Autonomous construction will commence on a more headaches for planners and Region and seven other provinces second power plant and another builders. Data collected by Yi- I to the Sea at Shang- navigation lock and scouring Hydrological Station over world's sluice. hai, the Changjiang is the the past 100 years show that a third longest river, surpassed only cubic meter of river water there by the Amazon and the Nile. Its Monumental Scale contains an average of one kilo- renowned Three-Gorge area is a gram of silt. That translates into between scale task is truly 20O-kilometer stretch The of the 500 million* tons o"f silt per Four hundred heavy- Year eastern Sichuan province and awesome. 450 billion cubic trucks and hundreds in a flow of western . After the river duty dump meters water, which would have of rushes out of Nanjinguan Pass, it of thousands of workers mean that the dam project would day and night to pour and abruptiy turns south, slowing toiled quickty silt up if the problem of widening 300 transport huge blocks stone down and from of deposits in the navigation chan- meters 2,200 meters. Three and concrete pyramid-shapes each to nels were not first solved. past Yi- weighing to 20 tons. The kilometers the turn, at 15 To do this, two gigantic anti- chang, two islets Gezhouba, cross-river dam requires 60,000 dikes had to be con- fiom which the dam- project gets tons of metal frames and 10 mil- silt-deposit 1,750 meters long, its name, and Xiba divide the l.i,on cubic meters of concrete structed, one 1,000 meters long. The river into three waterways,- known enough to build a one-meter-high- the other divide the river into three as the -iin, s.eo.rd and third and one-meter-wide ridge running dikes channels. The last two are very three times around the globe. waterways. The main sPillwaY, shallow: water flows through Even so, the project's deputy chief in the center, widens from 800 them only during flood season'. engineer jokes that the dam is meters at its start to 1,100 meters The presence of these three chan-l only a minor part of the Three- just above the dam. The dikes nels, and the possibility of divert- Gorge Project. effectively slow the swift current, ing one into the others so that Indeed, the scope and problems keeping it smooth steady, and then construction work can be carried of the construction are immense, direct it sideways to the Power out, makes the site ideal for the The Gezhou damsite is geological- plants to prevent silt from clog- water control project. ly complicated. Not only does a ging the hydraulic turbine. To 'Still, the project was a long tremendous amount of water insure that the silt is removed time .nmine Al,though the pos- (5,000 cubic meters per second at quickly and cimpletely, a scouring sibility of burlding a dam on the low-water season) roar -by 'at a sluice flanks each of the navigation

FEBRUABY 1981 23 compiling historical clata since 1150 perhaps 14 railways when the and precise records of water- Three-Gorge Project is completed. table levels measured since 1877 in Three navigation locks, lock 1 on Yichang. In addition, they the main channel and lock 2 and 3 examined water-level marks (already built) on the third

engraved on stone hills or ancient channel, will have a combined - temples. Finally they determined annual transport capacity of ten that the most serious flood in the times the volume of freight han- past 800 years took place in 1870, dled in Yichang harbor today. i:rri: with a volume of 110,000 cubic They should thus be adequate for meters per second. In the present a long time to come. Locks 1 and century, the most serious flood 2 are both 280 meters long and occurred in 1954, when a water 34 meters wide among the volume of 66,800 cubic meters per largest in the world.- They allow second threatened the area. the simultaneous passage 'of two The engineers then went about 10,000-ton ships or a large Pas- designing a system capable of dis- senger ship as well as bamboo and charging a volume of 110,000 wooden rafts less than 34 meters cubic meters of water per second, wide. Lock 3 is L20 meters the maximum figure of the 18?0 long and 18 meters wide, with a flood. The system consists of the minimum depth of 3.5 meters, spillway on the second channel providing a channel for shiPs and the scouring sluice on the below 3,000 tons and local boats. third. The 500-meter-wide spill- The dam project also has the be- way has 27 gates. each of which raising the water level 'I'he nefit of 27-gate spillway in the center of is 12 meters wide by 24 meters above Yichang by 11 to 27 meters. Gezhou Dam. Liu Xinning high. The scouring sluice, 108 A dozen shoals will be submerged meters wide, has six gates, each by the backwater, greatlY imProv- meters ing navigation. locks and silt-drainage sumps are 12 meters wide and 10.5 When gates terrazzo-walled towers built under the power houses. high. all the are fully Four opened be able safely stand on the two newlY oPened During flood season it should be they will to as bridge effective in washing away all silt discharge the maximum amount navi.gation locks to serve lif Rising 32 to 39.4 meters deposits from the entrance of the of water. ts. power plants. high, the towers have been dub- TriumPh." A second rnajor problem plagu- Vital Transport Artery bed ihe "Arches of And indeed, the magnificent scene ing the planners was that of so- Changjiang River vital .,1'ater rushing through the Iidifying the foundation of the is a of transport a spillway can only be described as dam. The claystone geological. artery in China, with capacity estimated equal to f} structure of the site resembles at triumphal. crisp cake layers solid - not enough to support the enormous Workers building the po\iler plant" Li .Iitu weight. To solve this problem, two measures were taken. First, the rock surface was dynamited to remove the brittle Iayer of clay. Then several hundred holes, each about 20 meters deep; were drill- ed into the earth and filled with reinforced , concrete. These many "roots" effectively anchor the huge structure. Such security is essential in an area troubled by s€asonal flood- ing. A 1931 flood submerged the tri-city of , drowned 140,000 people and left 30 million homeless. But engineers had to determine precisely the largest i: amount of water that might pos- sibly rush through the project. They spent countless hours comb- ing local libraries and archives,

24 CHINA EECONSIRUCTS Employment and Unemployment

KANG . YONGHE, head of million school graduates from the China's State Labor Bureau, cities were sent to work in the answers questions by our reporter countryside. At the same time, Qiu Jian. through various channels the same a. China announced long ago number of country peoPle cdme Kang Yonghe, heaal of the State Labor that she had wiped out unemploy- into the cities and were assigned Bureau. rnent. How is it that so many work. Most of these urban Young people are now waiting for jobs? people returned to the cities since Today most of them have reached, A. At the liberation in 1949 the fall of the gang of four to look or will soon reach working age. China had 4 million unemployed for new' jobs, while the Peasants . r The actual administration and workers and intellectuals from the who ha'd flocked in staYed. This allocation of labor in cities and ol'd society in her cities and towns. has made it more difficult to solve towns was over-centralized in the They represented about 20 percent the job problem among the swollen hands of the state. Localities, of the country's total urban work urban population. factories and enterprises were not force at the time. The people's r Another major cause is a allowed to recruit on their own, government found jobs for them in- disproportion in the national and thus could take no initiative a number of ways including economy. Too much emphasis was in providing jobs; at the same time organizing "self-help through Iong laid on heavy industrY, to the people needing jobs could not find labor" cooperatives and measures neglect of light industry, commerce them for themselves, but had to of work-relief. Thus, during the and the service trades. Besides wait to be allocated. period of rehabilitation of the holding down economic develoP- Moreover, the state plans for national economy (1950-1952) and ment and living standards, this distributing labor power were the First Five-Year Plan (1953- aggravated the job problem. With often out oi harmony with the 1957) unemployment was essential- every one million yuan's worth of economic plan, educational system, ly eliminated in China. And fixed capital (investment in plants) and lack of for Pro- between 1957 and 1966 there was light industry creates 257 jobs. fessional training. As a result, no unemployment problem. Service trades need even less every year saw an increase in the In recent years, however, the capital to put a given number cf number of people waiting to be problem h.as become quite serious, people to work. But in heavY in- assigned suitable jobs, while some mainly in consequence of the ten dustry every million yuan invested branches of Production, construc- years' turmoil (1966-1976) created opens up only 94 jobs. tion (such as housing) and services by the gang of four, which brought r Alother mistake was over- were curtailed or even discon- the national economy to the verge str:ess on changing the urban tinued. On the other hand manY of collapse. Some specific reasons collective economy into state- enterprises and government organ- are as f ollows: owned economy, and the collective i2ations are overstaffed and . In many factories production economy units themselves from efficiency is low. stopped wholly or partially, so small to big, plus the virtual .aboli- In short, China's current they naturally could not take on tion of the individual economY employrnent prcr".1om stems from new workers. Many avenues of '(self-employed small trades people, many complex reasons involving employment were stifled. etc.). So apart from the insuf- the economic structure, geograph- o In the ultra-left atmosphere of ficient number of workers the ical distribution of industry and that time, the question of narrow- state economy could absorb, there population, labor management, the ing the differences between town were no job opportunities. educational system and others. and country and between industry o In the meantime there was an Every year now jobs must be and agriculture was tackled by excessive increase of population found for about 5 million people, sending city people to the villages between the 50s and the early 70s. equivalent to five percent of an

FEBRUARY I98T 25 a. How many people have been As she mechanizes and eventually placed in jobs since the fall of the modernizes her agriculture, a good gang of four in 1976? And in what deal of surplus man power will sectors ? appear in the countryside. How A. Between 1977 and 1979 the to find jobs for them? government arranged employment A. Surplus labor power in the for nearly 20 million people, of countryside will in the main get whom 9 million people were given jobs loeally and will not go to jobs in 1979 alone. These figures cities the government's policy is are unprecedented in China's to control- the size of cities. The history. The majority of these 20 The neighborhood committee provided million were assigned work in help and capital to the young people collectively-run enterprises, and who set up this art shop on West this will be true for quite a long Chang'an Avenue. Zhang Shuyuan time to come. a. What's the difference between unemployment in capitalist coun- be assigned jobs in due time. They tries and what you refer to as diff er from the unemployed in "waiting for jobs" in China? capitalist countries who had jobs A. Insofar as there are people in factories and offices and then who have no jobs, there is no lost them. difference between the two. But The second difference is that in a concrete analysis shows some China the head of a family almost basic ditferences their composi- always has a job and can give in t tion and in the character of the financial support to a son or .d problem. daughter who is waiting for a job Young people in Qinhuangdao near the In China there are certain assignment. In capitalist countries Beidaihe seaside resort operate modest- priced hostels, categories people no it often occurs that the head of the restaurants and a photo of who have shop for tourists. Ben Lanulu problem of jobs, which are ar- family becomes jobless and' the ranged for them promptly by the entire f amily's means of sub- government. They include grad- sistence is affected. policy is find employment In to for uates from colleges, secondary capitalist countries, moreover, them by expanding production in unemployment technical schools or training is often linked with farming, forestry, livestock and courses run by factories, demobi- the adoption of new technology fish raising and building more lized soldiers or armymen originat- and equipment. Wilh more ad- enterprises or factories processing ing from towns and cities who are vanced equipment or proeesses, agricultural and sideline products jobs. less workers transferred to civilian Who are needed, which run jointly by the state and the then are the people "waiting for means more unemployed. In China, communes, or the state pro- jobs"? and They belong to the follow- too, introduction of advanced duction brigades in the rural areas. technology ing categories: and rising labor pro- Foreseeably many satellite cities 1. Middie-school graduates in ductivity generates surplus labor will spring up around the big power. and towns and cities who have not But as a socialist country, medium-sized cities and new small- China does succeeded in entering college. not and will never sized cities will appear in some 2. Persons formerly unable to discharge workers and leave them parts of the countryside. work because of poor health or to shift for themselves. Her way a. Why is it that collectively- family reasons (for instance, those is expanding production and owned units are so important in needed at home to look after an creating new jobs for them. providing employment? ailing parent). but who have re- For instance Shanghai's textile A. With more new technology covered their health or are no industry has undergone two major being used, and the increasing longer needed'at home. technical transformations in the degree of mechanization and auto- 3. People discharged from public past 30 years. These increased mation, state enterprises will not service posts for serious misde- textile output five times and labor need many new workers. But the productivity meanors. two and a half times, collectively-owned economy, as a 4. School graduates who went to while reducing the number of supplement to the state-owned the countryside, but have now spindles and looms by 20 percent economy will grow considerably in returned to the city. and workers and staff from 430,000 the future. Since it consists mostly This analysis shows that (except to 390,000. The surplus workers of small and medium-sized en- for the 3rd category) the people were transferred to newly-built terprises and service trades, it is awaiting jobs in China are general- synthetic fiber plants. expected to provide a great many ly new entrants into the labor force Q. China has a peasant population jobs. and might be called the "initially of 800 million" Of them, 300 China's constitution allows self- unemployed", who can expect to miliion are able-bodied laborers. employed working people to

26 CHTNA RECONSTRUCTS engage in their own trades, so long of production. The cooperatives provide enough jobs for all her as they abide by the law and do may pay for these in instalments, people? not exploit others. This individual or they may be regarded as shares A. Yes, she can, step by step. Of economy! as a necessary comple- in a jointly-run enterprise. this we are confident. The ment to the socialist system of 3. By setting up collectively-owned reasons are: ownership, will play a positive role farms, factories, or agricultural- 1. The Party and'state leaderships for a long time to come and serve industrial-commercial joint en- at all levels are required to take as another source of employment. terprises which employ mainly this matter very seriously. In To sum up, in line with China's school graduates, close to the cities August last year a national con- present state of economic develop- and towns. ference on employment reaffirmed ment. employment is provided in 4. By developing and fostering policies that have been proved to three ways through labor of- within individual- - certain limits - be effective in practice and pro- undertakings such as small res- posed promising ways of providing taurants, tailor shops, shoe-repair more jobs. shops, transport services and so 2. China's economic construction f orth. will absorb a large amount of 5. By shortening work hours or manpower. changi.ng work schedules. Some 3. Owing to irrationai economic textile mills have gone over to a planning in the past, quite a few four-shift system. Each shift works were given sufficient the regulation eight hours, while trades not at- another of the shifts (in rotation) tention and are now short of hands. Fop instance is generally felt takes the day off. This gives each it there need more worker two free days out of every is an urgent for people the eight. More workers are employed facilities and in and, experience shows, productiv- handicraft industry, commerce, the service trades and the building industry. 0ne of the many new collectively- owned furniture workshops through 4. Drawing lessons from the past, which young people are supplying the some cities like Changzhou in people's needs. Liu XiangAang Jiangsu province have readjusted their economic structure and fices, self-organized collectively- successfully provided employment run enterprises, and self-employ- for virtually all their young people, ment by individuals. setting a good example for other A. Would you elaborate on that? cities. They have done it by large- A. The state labor bureaus apart, scale development of collectively- there are a number of ways by run light and textile industries which we provide employment. turning out products that seII 1. By encouraging and setting up Three young men in who readily because they directly meet knew about radios set up this repair the people's needs. tr different kinds of cooperatives or shop with their own funds. small cooperative groups which Pan Jiarnin take responsibility for their own profits and losses. Such col- lectively-owned units play a big ity is raised. In China's mines a part in enlivening the market and six-hour work day will soon be meeting the people's everyday adopted. needs. 6. By establishing government- 2. Getting state-run enterprises, organized labor service companies. where possible, to help young China now has 831 of these. They people waiting for work assign- recommen'd people to jobs, mainlY ments set up cooperatives. In 1979 in the collective economy sector, many state enterprises in the cities provide casual labor, giv6 job ap- created jobs for the children of plicants training in skills that will their own workers an_d staff help them obtain employment. members in this way. One of its This is a transitional measure. merits is that it produces quick They are in fact becoming a kind .rsnS.r ,.Na*i:.. results. The funds for these of social organization for handling " r_ cooperatives are raised by the par- and regulating part of the work ticipants. The state enterprises force. Busihess is booming at an eatery owned cooperatively by 18 young people in provide, at reasonable rates, work- a. Do you think China can solve Shanghai's Zhabei district. shops, equlpment and other means her employment problem and Zhang Ping

FEBRUARY 1981 27 How One City Provided Jobs for AII

WANG YANPING

HANGZHOU, west of Shanghai viding employment became a ma- health, their sons and daughters in Jiangsu province, is the jor social problem. can go to work in the same units. first of China's 59 medium-sized Two years ago the people's This method has proved effective r ities that, in the current period, government in Changzhou and its in providing more jobs for young ir;.oves itself able to provide all labor department jointly made an people. . its young people with jobs. The investigation of the distribution of A lot of state-run economic un- 1if v ir.15 360,000 inhabitants, of labor power among the city's dif- degtakings need people, but at pres- \,'h()rn 230,000 are wage workers. ferent occupations. They found it ent owing to the state's quota re- Among them 72,000 are young peo- to be irrational. For some three strictions, they cannot take in as ple who took up jobs between decades the percentage of indus- many as they want. Under such 19?6 and 1979. trial workers in the city's total had circumstances Changzhou has put increased every year. But that of major efforts into developing col- The Key - Developing Production workers in building construction, Iectively-owned enterprises, espe- The key to Changzhou's success commerce, transport, and service cia1ly in commerce and the service Iies in constant growth of produc- trades had kept declining. In'some trades. As enterprises of collective profits tion. In 1949, when liberated, it had cases, even the absol.ute figures ownership bear their own only several cotton mills that were dropped. and losses, they can decide the on the brink of bankruptcy. Even From 1965 to 1978, the percent- number of workers they hire. Now, the famous local craft of age of bui$ing workers in the among the city's 405 factories, 239 comb making was dying out. After city's total declined from 5.4 per- are of collective ownership and than liberation industry was rapidly de- cent to 2.7. As a result, on the they have employed more workers. veloped here. By 1974 Changzhou average, only half of each year's 70,000 had 405 factories iind industrial construction targets were met. Right Person, Right Job enterprises in textiles, machin- During the same years the per- - ery, electronics, chemicals and centage of workers in commercial, In the past the organizations 'building construction. The gross transport and service trades feII that applied to the state for work- value of local industrial output for from 11.4 percent to 7.7 percent of ers had no right to choose but had 1979 was 3.24 billion yuan, or the total, and the number of trad- to take those allocated, and the 1,200 times as much as in 1949. ing establishments in the city people thus employed could not That is the main reason Chang- shrank from 1,139 to 600. select the units they were going to zhou has been able to offer more work for, or the jobs they would New Employment Structure and more jobs to its people. do, Changzhou's labor depariment During ttre ten years' turmoil Based on these findings, the changed these things in 1979. It betWeen 1966 and 1976, Changzhou city's labor department decided to lets applicants choose between like other cities in China had much make a big effort to reinforce work units and jobs, while difficulty finding jobs for its peo- trades that were short-handed, organizations taking in new work- ple (See "Problems of Employment aside from continuing to support ers select those most suited by , in China" in this issue). At the end industry witJr the workers it need- examination. So both sides have of 1976 #hen the gang of four was ed. At the same time the city more room for choice. smashed 40,000 young people in authorities took steps to limit the The Changzhou Art Handicrafts the city were waiting for jobs. Pro- number of peasants coming in for Research Institute used to take temporary jobs. When Changzhou's whatevei apprentices the labor de- WANG YANPING is the head of thc workers reach retirement age, 60 partment assigned to it. Most of Dhildren's department of the Communist Youth League Committee in Changzhou, for men and 55 for women, or re- the young assignees had no special Iiangsu provinee. tire ahead of time because of poor skrll, bent or interest in this pro-

2B CHINA BECONSTRUCTS fession, so their progress was na- turally slow. Last year the insiitute held an entrance examination, open to any applicant, for would- be art craftsmen. More than 500 young people promptly applied and were tested in specialities like Chinese traditional painting, oil painting, carving, embroi.dery, and scroll mounting. Many showed talent and got high marks. The institute had planned to take on 100 apprentices, but because so many proved well qualif ied, it admitted 174.

New Atmosphere

More jobs f or young people have brought a higher living standard. An investigation of 30 workers of the Changzhou Transis- Through tests, the Changzhou Art Hantlicrafts Research Institute now chooscs people with artistic talent as apprentices. Geng Rongting

tor Radio Factory revealed that in 19?9 the families of two workers

I had increased their yearly income ! by 1,000 yuan or more, comPared { with 19?6, and of five workers' bY I at least 500 yuan. Among the rest, increase Lr t 14 families had a 300 Yuan I tl of income and B families got 200 yuan more. Of the 30 workers fl there was only one. whose familY had had an increase of just 100 yuan. More jobs and familY income create better conditions for young people to study technology. Eighty percent of Changzhou's 50,000 young workers in industrY and University courses by TY lor young workers in Changzhou's light industry. are now attending Xu Hepino communications TV university courses, workers' colleges, night schools, technical training classes and the like. Many who used to while away their time on cards, fishing or window-shoP- ping have become enthusiasts in study and technical innovation. One of these, Gu Yaozhong, a young worker at the Changjiang Electric Welding Factory, has re- novated four automatic hydraulic metal-cutting machine tools and seven semi-automatic forging pro- cessing lines. For his achievements he was elected a "shock worker on the new long march" bY Plant- wide vote. Among Changzhou's young people eagerness to studY and to work for the countrY's four general Pan Lam'ei, a new worker at the eollectively-run People's Garment f'actory, has modernizations is the become a pacesetter. Geng Rongring spirit. u

FEBRUARY 1981 29 t* ,\; fi*

i: o^,}

ln Anji county's bamboo groves.

Diuersified Economy in 'Earthly Paradise' YU YUNDA

T N THE SKY there is paradise, The revival is apparent as soon and sheep raising. One Huzhou r and on earth there are Suzhou as one approaches the area via the sheep produces enough manure and ". This old Chinese Grand Canal. A three-hour steam- each year to supply all the nitro- saying pays'tribute to the beauti- er ride north from scenic Hang- gen, phosphorus and potassium zhou brings the visitor to the heart needed for one mu (lll5 hectare) ful and fertile Suzhou-Hangzhou of the region. In one direction of mulberry. This, in turn, not only plain. Located in the Changiiang mulberry bushes stretch as far as feeds silkworms in the season but (Yangtze) delta, the plain reaches the eye can see, interrupted only provides enough autumn leaves to north into Jiangsu province and by scattered fish ponds. Ricefields feed a sheep all winter. Silkworms south into . With 448,000 ripple in green or golden waves, hatching from each sheet of eggs according to the season. Motorboats hectares of cultivated land, it has can produce 200 kg. of excreta, loaded with silk cocoons speed historically been noted for the sufficient to feed 25 kg. of fish. down the river toward the fila- The mixture of water and fertilizer unusual diversity of its rural tures. Along the dykes peasants that runs off from mulberry gar- economy - agriculture, forestry, with lambs on their backs trudge dens into ponds can speed up the animal husbandry, fishery and silk to the supply and marketing co- growth of planktons (food for production have thrived together operatives. fish). The droppings of the fish in there, making it seem indeed an turn enriches the silt; that from earthly paradise. During the ten Fish-Sheep-Silkworms-Rice orre rnu of pond can be used as base fertilizer for two mu of rice years of tuimoil from 1966 to 1976, Over the centyries, the people fields. As long as each link meshes this unique was diversity threaten- have taken advantage of local with the next, a good harvest is ed by a- one-sided emphasis on topography by planning different ensured for all four products. rice-growing that severely dam- lines of production for different locations: higher land, aged the other undertakings. For- on the Huzhou mulberry trees were planted for Silk, "Finest Under tunately, the past years, Heaven" in two silkworm breeding; on the level this dangerous trend has begun to ground, rice was grown in paddy Silk has been produced in the be reversed: diversified production fields; on the bottom lands ponds area for at least 4,700 years. Silk has increased. were dug for fish breeding. They threads and sashes excavated from also created a special agricultural the neolitic site at Qianshanyang structure the mutually benefi- YU YUNDA is a reporter for the Hang- - in Wuxing county (Huzhou) have zhou branch of Xinhua New5 Agency. cial dependence of rice, silk. fish been dated. by tests, at 2750 B.C.

30 CHINA RECONSTR,UCTS Lambskin from the Huzhou sheep ranks with silk as a product of the area. P" ,:_c I :.# s."*

The well-known Hangzhou white chrysanthemums, used both as aromatic tea and a medicinal drink.

Production of fresh-water fish is expanding. ,7

Typical water-country town Wuzhen in Zhejiang province. Pltotos ht SltLn ( ltrhtti Cocoons from this locality, account- History records that the ances- total of 2,300 hectares. Income ing for one-fourth of China's total tors of Huzhou sheep were the from fishery accounts for 20 per- output, have thick layers of fiber, Mongolian breeds from the north- cent of the agricultural production. yield silk at an impressive rate of ern grasslands. Nine hundred Popularization of scientific meth- 13 percent. The fiber, even in years ago, when em- ods iesulted in 8,350 tons of fish measurement and pure white in peror Gaozong (1107-1187) moved in 1978. an increase of 900 tons over color, is _strong and contains just to his capital south to Lin'an 1977. the right amount of gum, winning (now Hangzhou), a great number it the accolade: "Huzhou silk is the of northerners came to the plain. Land of Bamboo Groves finest under heaven". bringing with them the Mongolian Along the western edge of tlre This has created a center of sheep. Changes in their living plain environment and food gradually the Tianmu range stretches China's silk industry from the 12th for hundreds of kilometers. With have led to changes the sheep. century A.D. on. But there in In- its workable and fertile humus soil been downs. the stead of the wool-producing breed ups and During and its particular climate and war with Japan (1937-45), the in- of Mongolia they became the Hu- humidity. the range provides the vaders destroyed two-thirds of the zhou breed, raised chiefly for ideal conditions for growing bam- Iambskins. mulberry bushes along the canal. boo. Famed for over 1,000 year:s and rail lines, and production suf- Now, sheep-raising is an impor- as a bamboo region, il is home to fered badly. After liberation, the tant sideline for virtually every some 30 varieties. Anji county, people's government put great ef- peasant family. Lambskin sales in long known as "the land of bam- forts into restoring and developing 1979 brought in over 10 million boo". has 42,000 hectares of groves the silk industry. By 1979, the total yuan. The Huzhou sheep grows and in an average year produces matures value of the silk output in the rapidly, early and breeds 7 million poles of r?.oo bamboo for all year round, Huzhou vicinity amounted to 400 each litter number- the market, 10 percent of all those ing million yuan, 20 times that of 1949. from two to five. Huzhou skins sold to the state. from Today it exports 120 varieties of newborn lambs are unique - Bamboo is an extremely versa- silk products to more than 50 white as snow. soft as silk. curly tile material. It can be used not countries. as waves. It can be dyed to any only for house-building and paper- The people's government of color desired and made into , dif- making, but also for tools, art Zhejiang province recently decided ferent style.s of coats, capes, hats. crafts and furniture. The tender to make eleven counties, including and scarfs. In 1979, pro- and fragrant bamboo shoots, rich duced 1,263,000 Wuxing, Tongxiang. Haining and skins. an increase in protein and low in fat. can be percent previous Yuhang, bases for silkworm breed- of 76.89 over the made into delicious and nourish- year. ing. A society and a research in- ing dishes. To meet the demand of stitute for this purpose have been To further develop the breed, a foreign markels, 4,000 hectares in set up in Jiaxing. From spring to stud farm was set up in Yuhang Anji and Changxing counties are autumn of 1979, Jiaxing bred five county, near Hangzhou, in 1979. generations of silkworms, the Over 1,000 head of the best strain can be bred there each year. Tasty and nutritious loquats abound in total yield of cocoons weighing Yuhang eountt'. Shen Chuhot 44,060,000 kg. Each mu of mul- berry bushes averaged 54.4 kg. of Ponds Teeming with Fish siLk cocoons, an increase of 24 per- The plain crisscrossed with cent over 1978. In 1980, the cocoon lakes, streams- and rivers is yield was 49,000,000 kg. (60.5 kg. ideal for breeding freshwater -fish. per mu of mulberry). Legend has it that Fan Li, a high- ranking official of the Yue State. "Soft Diamonds" which existed here in the 5th cen- tury B.C., wrote a book on fish- A few years ago, a Chinese trade breeding. If true, this would make delegation on a mission to West Germany visited it the world's earliest work on the a big department subject. store in Bonn and noted over- that Today, the surface of the water- coats made of Huzhou sheepskins ways crossing the plain has ex- were prized young highly by the panded to 20,000 hectares and that women customers. informant An of the ponds to 10,000. Over 50 estimated that one out of every varieties of freshwater fish thrive. four young women was wearing One of the largest breeding this. Men, too, were beginning to grounds is in the Linghu district buy it. These sheepskins have of Wuxing county, where the ponds gained fame as "soft diamonds" in twinkle Like stars in the moonlight. fbreign markets and are valued on The district consists of eight com- a par with the silk from the area. munes whose fish ponds cover a

FEBRUABY T98T given over to growing bamboo benefited: it meant 21,5 yuan addi- year. Adding the basic income to shoots. tional income per capita. The year- that obtained from household Indeed, every county in the area Iy income in 1979 from collective. sideline production, the income per has its traditionaL hative speciality. production for each of the 4.43 head was over 300 yuan, making The lilies and white lentils of million peasants of the Jiaxing area the plain, if not a paradise on Wuxing, the watermelons and averaged 199.3 yuan, far above the earth, certainly a land ,of relative green soybeans of Pinghu, the national average of 83.4 yuan that high prosperity in China. tr smoked plums and chestnuts of Changxing and the cured tobacco of Tongxiang are all renowned far and wide and exported to many Things Chinese ties, which local inhabitants later countries abroad. encircled with dykes and canals, flooded with water to make Ponds Bases for E-xport and planted with lotus. The location, of the plain, south Irctus plants are known in China Best Lotus $eeds and lotus, of Shanghai. and north of Ningpo, as "summer" and "autumn" and its convenient land and rvater depending on the seasons in which routes make it well-suited for Hhere They Grow they are harvested. The baikoil carrying on foreign trade. For belongs to the summer varietY. tourists and businessmen, sched- The excellent quality of the seeds uled flights between Hangzhou and LIU WENBING pwes much to the water and soil Hongkong started last JuIy, each . here. The ponds are surrounded flight taking only one hour and by hills containing potash feldspar 45 minutes. At the end of 1978, the and their silt is high in potassium. government T OTUS seeds are a favorite food As ea'ch pond gets water from its Chinese decided to I--l meaty, make Jiaxing an export center, i., China. Small, close own spring, the water temPera- they are pre- with eighteen bases devoted to to almonds in size, ture stays moderate all the year different products, such as silk- pared in a variety of ways. round. Vegetables and melons seeds' grown worms, Huzhou sheep, freshwater Of all the lotus grown on the banks shield the fish, Angora. rabbits, smoked in the country, the baikou or Iotus from the wind and keep the plums, etc. In 1979, Jiaxing ex- "hundred ponds" seeds are air humid. So favored by nature, Large, ported 265 million yuan worth of thought to be the best. the lotus plants here Yield an they goods, 11.8 percent more.than in white, sweet and nutri(ious, abundance of seeds, which labor- popular the year before. The value of ex- are domestically as well atory tests show to be rich in ports for the first half of 1980 was as in southeast Asian countries, proteins, fat, sugar, ealcium, phos- 40 percent higher than for the same Hongkong and Macao. phorus and iron. from period of 1979. These iotus seeds come The peasants pay much atten- prov- if The Suzhou-Hangzhou plain has Jianning county in tion to timely harvesting - an average of only 0.081 hectares ince. Their name originates in a done earlier or later it affects seed of cultivated land for each rural Iocal legend. The Queen of quality. Prompt processing fo1- inhabitant, far below the pational Heaven, it related, ordered ten of lows: the pods, shells, membranes average. However, 6ecause of the her palace maidens to collect lotus and cores are removed and the successfully diversified economy, seeds for a banquet. On their way seeds spread out to dry on sieves production in agriculture and back they disturbed a serpent. placed over fire pans in the sideline enterprises is high. Terrified, they dropped their sunshine. In 1979, each of the 1.03 million baskets, and a hundred lotus seeds Today, the originai "hundred agricultural households in the area rolled out ihto a hundred ponds. ponds" are no longer the only sold to the state, on the average: History teLls us, however, that 700 source of these fine quality seeds. years ago in the Southern Song Last year's output of 50 tons of Grain 1,000 kg. dynasty (1127-1279), builders dug baikou was harvested from some Silk cocoons 41 kg. up earth to make bricks for, the 156 hectares of ponds, four times Sheepskins 7.2 county town, and left many cavi- the area in 1979. f] l-reshwater fish 14.5.kg. Pigs 2.8 Moo bamboo 9 poles Eggs 6.5 kg.

in addition, there are some other local specialities. In 1980, when the government raised the purchase Drou)ing by Cao Xiaohui price for these products, the peasants of this area were much

34 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS planned waY, according to the needs' of her economic readjust- First U.S. Trade ment and the Progress of her modernization Program," Peng Runmin. Director of the Head Of- Exhibition in Ghina fice of the China National Tech- laHE U.S. National Economic and' Department of Commerce, which r Trade Exhibition in Beijing, sponsored the event. "There is no first to be held in China since doubt that a great deal of infor- Sino-U.S. relations were normal- m4tion is passed on at such an ex- ized in 1979 afforded 254 exhibit- hibition", one firm's representative ing firms the chance to show their observed. At the seminars U.S. products and meet and talk with jindustrial and agricultural special- people from China's industrial, ists and firm representatives trade and technical circles. A demonstrated products for Chinese total of 200,000 visitors saw the buyers, technicians and designers, huge display in the Beijing Ex- and representatives of plants hibition Hall November t7-28, where these items were already in viewing everything from small use, often discussing operating hand metal-cutting power tools problems that arose. Every day and computers for use in the Chi- about 300 .people attended such nese language to a model of the seminars. offshore oildrilling platform built There was also a forum with by a U.S. company in Eur.ope's U.S. speakers on the Science and North Sea. Technology of Management spon- With participants bringing those sored by the Chinese Association items they felt were most likely to for Science and Technology. be wanted by China in her drive for modernization, exhibits cen- f)N the other side of the ex- tered around five main fields, pe- \-/ change, exhibitors were able troleum exploration and extraction to tour nearly 20 Beijing factories equipment (the largest single in order to get a better idea of group of exhibitors), power gen- China's technical level and needs. eration and distribution, agricui- The volume of U.S.-China trade, tural machinery, transportation which in 1979 increased 150 per- In the yard of the exhibition. "Rides" pro- and machinery. cent over previous in the building construction lift light industrial that for the vide a note of excitement, AII leading firms in these fields year to reach 2.4 billion U.S. Wu Chuping were there. One visitor from a dollars, had already come to 1.88 U.S. technical publishing com- billion for the first six months of pany remarked that the exhibition 1980. "China will continue to nical Import and Export Cor- was an excellent opportunity import modern technology and poration, said at the opening to 'selectively see the very latest U.S. technology equipment and in a ceremony. tr in so many fields "all under the same roof something you could At one of many forums concurrent wlth the exhibition, a firm representative ex- not do even- in the U.S.". plains equipment for detecting what goes wrong in complicated machinery. Many discussions were held, a Zhang Shuicheng number of contracts Were signed and, perhaps the most important achievement, a basis was laid for long-terrp exchange of infor- mation. An exhibitor-repre-senta- tive from a large aircraft company introducing a new helicopter product, when queried, said that he felt "satisfied" that he had met the people he needed to know for future busines-s. Concurrently a series of day- and-a-half seminars were held on 149 topics chosen by Chinese representatives from a much Iarger list submitted by the U.S.

FEBEUABY 1981 The Kenli ferry, not far from the mouth of the Huanghe.

rFHE Huanghe. or Yeilow river, China's second Ranking first among the world's ri.vers in silt con- I longest waterway, known as the of the tent, the Huanghe contains as much as 590 kg. of "cradle ,*,ater. Chinese nation", empties into the at Kenli sand and mud per cubic meter of It brings to the lower reaches up 1,100 miliion tons'of county, province after flowing 5,400 kilo- to silt annually. This forms new land at the river mouth meters. at an average rate of 50 square kilometers a year and Thele is no lixed riverbed at the Huanghe's outlet. extends the coastline outward by 1.4 kilometers. The closer the river runs to its mouth, the broader, Today's Huanghe river delta, 6,000 square kilo- shallower and more unstable its channel becomes. meters in area, has gradually taken shape since 1855.

Cotton grows well on the alluvial plain A thermal r,r'ell sunk on the Huanghe delta by the of the estuary, Matou People's Commune. The water's temperature reaches 70 degrees centigrade, Teachers and students from Beijing University use remote sensing techniques to probe surfacr and underground phe- nomena at the mouth of the river.

The Sihetou Irrigation Project waters 7,000 hectares.

the year the river breached its banks at Tongwaxiang in province and changed to its present course. On this fertile alluvial piain, state pastures and farms have been set up and settlers from nearby communes help exploit the new land. China's second largest oilfield, the Shengli Oilfield, went up here in the late 1 9 60s.

The outlet of the Huanghe in Shandong province is nearly ?0 km. wide, with the riverbeds split up into shallow channels.

On the 330,000 hcctares of pastures at the river's estuary a state farm breed versatile ,.Bohai" horses, usetl in coastal areas and the hot south as sarldle ponies and draft animals. Photos bg Yue Guofang

37 $alvaging Ships in the $outh Ghina $ea

QIN FANG

Part of the crew of Suijiu 201. Han Xiaohua

A LOT of shipping traverses the TI,:^e Suijiu 201's' young sailors Panamanian-flag freighter S.S. fL , whose remembered the Bangkok Orient 3 Mary, which had run aground on winter storms are of legendary well, for it was the first of three the Nansha sandbar not far away. ferocity. This means a lot of work ships run aground in the area by Capt. Niu Zhendong and four for .the , Guangzhou (Canton) the same monsoon storm. Bangkok sailors waded across the reefs and Sdlvage'- Company; its fleet has Orient 3, returning from Yoko- hauled the Mary's crew into life- rescued hundreds of foreign sailors hama to Bangkok, veered from the boats. in the past five years, and salvaged regular sea lane in a strong gale Afterwards, Sui.jiu 201 took the millions of dollars wortlr of cargo and heavy seas, and struck the reef Bangkok Orient 3 in tow end head- and equipment. with full force. Suijiu 201 picked ed for port. But before they had I recently spent some time with up the SOS right away, but it took gotten very far the 18,000-ton the crew of Sui,jiu 207, or.re of the 30 hours to find the distressed ship. Cypriot freighter Miss Papali.os, company's tugs berthed at the Even some of the veteran sailors sailing from in mouth of the Zhujiang (Pearl were dizzied by the rough water, to Karachi, was also grounded on River), listening to their tales of the Suijiu 20I's inclinometer reg- the Spray Reef. Her captain at first daring rescues and seemingly im- istering port and starboard lists thought his ship could be floated possible salvage operations. A fine of 30". When the Bangkok Orient off the reef and refused Suijiu silver plaque in the master's room 3 was finally located, it could not 207's offer of assistance. Soon, commemorated one such event. Its be approached through the moun- however, a new gale hit the Xi- shas, great inscription, in English, reads: "In tainorx waves crashing against the and seas repeatedly gratitude of your rescuing the reef. dashed the ship against the reef. Eventually, the Miss Papalios was crew of the 'Bangkok Orient 3' Suijru 201's captain and political tugboat stranded on the Bombay - heaved up onto the reef, and cap-. commissar drew up a plan. Reef, Paracel Steam- tain and crew abandoned her in, [Spray] [Xisha] ing around the reef's le€ward Island on 21st to the belief that, even if she could side, waited the tug while the tide be unloaded of her 7,000 tons of rose. Then Capt. Niu Zhendong cargo, her hull was destined to and nine sailors set out in a life- rust forever on Spray Reef. boat across the reef. After three But Sui,ji,u 201's crew decided to hours the rescuers were 80 meters try for both the cargo and the ship, from the Bangkok Orient 3, but and returned to the scene in Feb- just then the ship's generators ruary. Miss Papalr,os's condition failed and all its lights went out. was deplorable; the steel plating It too| another eleven hours fop on her starboard hull had been the lifeboat to approach the smashed into the hold, the bow Bangkok Orient 3 in the dark. framing had been twisted out of At dawn Huang Yuguang, a young shape, and crucial pipes and valves sailor, managed to swim to the ship were broken. The engine room was with a nylon rope, and by 9:15 a.m. two meters ,deep in sea water and the Bangkok Orient 3's entire crew more was gushing in with each wps safely aboard the Suijiu 201.- tide. No sooner had the rescue work The Silver plaque presented to Suijiu 201 by first task was to save the the crew of the rescued Thai tug been completed than the Suijiu engine room. Suijiu 201's engineers Bangkok Orient 3. 201 picked up an SOS from the and sailors prepared steel beams,

3B CIIINA RECONSTR.UCTS tubes, and plates and lowered them To get the ship itself off the its horn, and the American Siour into the engine room from an up- reef, the hole in its starboard hull was on its way to drydock in per deck. Welders followed and had to be repaired. Lin Yaorong, Huangpu Harbor. After further soon there was an improvised patch Ieader of the salvage team, and a repairs, cleaning, and reinforce- in the hu1l. Over the next four fs\ z young workers cut away the ment, it was towed to Hongkong days, the sailors manage'd to trans- jagged steel plate and cleared the and returned to its owners .in fer 4,000 tons of cargo to tbe Suijiu .srea of obstacles. Working with August. tr 201. At noon on February 24, ten welders, they dropped seven pumped 5,000 tons of water was steel plates with a total area of 85 out of the hold and Miss Papalios square meters into the hole, finish- began to cast off. Her bow began ing the repair in five days. to turn and the Suijiu 201 hauled Taking advantage of a rising sea lane. her into the tlde, Suijiu 20I pulled t}:^e Ameri- can Siour forward. about six or tAmerican Salvaging the Sioux' seven meters. As its bow turned into the sea lane, the crew man- On September 24, 1978, the aged to shift the ship's center of 10,500-ton container ship American gravity grounded forward to facilitate Siouz was on Spray Reef towing. by a typhoon during a voyage from At 10 a.m. on April 21, when the Hongkong to Bangkok. Although tide was rising Suijiu 201 sounded Spray Reef is in Chinese waters the ship's orvners first asked a A Chinese diver clears away debris foreign firm to salvage its cargo. in the engine room of the American Sioux. Zhou Wanll As it was a period of strong north- east monsoon, the foreign firm was unable to carry out the mission despite repeated efforts over three months. By the end of 1978, the American Siour's owners handed the job to the Guangzhou Salvage Company. Aside from being grounded on the reef, the American Siour's major problem was a gaping hole in its hull, 17 meters long and 4.5 meters wide. Seven containers eaeh weighing 20 to 30 tons had already been washed out of its hold and broken to pieces by the waveQ; Since the ship was stuck on the north side of the reef where the wind and waves were highest, Suijiu 2Q1 couldn't repch it The grounded American Sioux. Clien Junling directly. After a careful survey, the salvage workers decided to anchor their ship on the south side of the reef and to biast a channel through it. Within twelve days a 100-meter waterway had been cut through the reef to a depth of one meter. At the same time. the crew construct- ed a number of punt barges. Then, as the tide rose each day, they rushed to unload the distressed ship. By Februaly 22 all 168'of the remaining containers, totaling more than 2,000 tons, had been carried back to Guangzhou. The crew had beat its March 15 dead- Iine by three weeks.

FEBRUAEY 1981

": 2rr.*, -'l The Old Summer Palace, Yuan Ming Yuan

BAI RIXIN yuan THE RUINS of Ming Iakes, streams and lotus ponds, when was I Yuan, known it sacked and burned as the Old SumI wondrous artificial hills and val- by the Allied French and British mer Palace. lie northwest Bei- of leys and, dotted among flowers Forces. Even those gardens spread- jing, north of where Beijing Uni- and trees, pavilions, towers and ing around the Western Hills were versity and west of Uni- Qinghua palaces linked by covered corri- burned, Some repairs were made versity are situated today and hall dors, with the whole but it was burned 1g00 a kilometer east yuan, set against a again in of Yi He backdrop Western by aR army foreign the better-known Summer palace of the Hills. of eight The part most powers. whose main structures date from familiar to peo- the late 19th century. yuan ple today, covering only a tenth of Ming the Yuan was once a magnificent en- original area, contains what TIfHENIwasachildIwas semble of traditional-style Chinese remains of Xiyang Lou, a paiace lY given a book of photo- Iandscape gardening. Originalty in 18th century European rococo graphs, Ruins of the European covering a total of 160 hectares, it style located in Changchun Yuan. Palace in Yuan Ming yuan, taken consisted of three gardens, yuan Built between 1747 and 1?60 ac- by the German Ernst Ohlmer not Ming Yuan (Garden of perfection cording to a design by F. Giusep- long after the destruction of the and Light) which made up over pe Castiglione, an Italian Jesuit, palace. The then almost undam- half the area, Yi Chun yuan (Gar- and his colleagues, it was the first aged walis and perfectly-pre- den of Wonderful Spring) and European-type architecture in served carvings revealed its splen- Changchun Yuan (Garden of China. dor and I felt sad to see them Everlasting Spring). What took nearly 150 years to overgrown with grass and thickets. They must have resembled a build and consumed countless From the book I thought that all of -Yuan Ming vast ]andscape scroil in traditional wealth and manpower was de- Yuan had been built painting in rococo style, with their many stroyed in ten dayi in october 1g60 style. Actually this was only one small part. The rest was Yuan in traditional Chinese style. My Ming Yuan at its height: one of its scenes pictured by two artists Qian Long reign (f786-1296). of the father, a collector of antiques and lover of relics, took me to the yi He Yuan gulnmsp Palace, and other gardens- so that I could get a good idea of Chinese architecture and landscaping and then to the ruins of Yuan Ming Yuan. It was the end of summer. The shrill of the cicadas seemed to prolong the day. Beneath the grass, over which butterflies flut- tered, one could find broken bricks and shards of beautifully-carved tiles. Still visible were the out- lines of the unusual-shaped lakes and winding rivulets which pre- sented a different scene from every angle. I felt an indescribable sense. of quiet beauty even among the ruins.

BAI RIXIN, a teacher of architecture at the Raotou lron and Steel Engineer_ ing Institute, after 20 years of researct. has drawn up a tentative plan of how' fuan Ming Yuan must have looked ifi its day.

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Remains of a fountain

a

l&:11

tr,..

Carved stone tortoise Arch bridge still standing, though in ruins. Shards of some of the carved tiles.

Original aspect of a section drawn from old date by Bai Rixin. lYtrng Hongrun Later a middle school history Iesson on the sacking and burning of Yuan Ming Yuan deepened my understanding. I felt I should try Forum llotes to Restore to do something for its r.estoration. As a Chinese, I shouldn't let thal lncient Garden fine tradition die out without trying to save it. After I became a student at the the 120th anniversary of the destruction of yuan Ming yuan. f)Nv Chongqing Architecture College, I a forum last August called for its restoration. At a Z_day meet_ came realize to that Chinese tradi- ing more than 70 specialists in architecture, gardening, relics. tional architecture is not charac- historv and geology met with representatives of various govern- terized merely by the big roof Its ment units to exchange views on the history, gardening, and essence is the special style o1 build- landscape gardening. Long before ing technology of the old palace. and the use of, the present site. the idea of "clear structure and A1l spokesmen agreed that knowing the history, original plan free p1an" was fostered in our cen- and technology of the garden would be a great asset to continuing tury by the U.S. architect Mies and developing the tradition of chinese architecture and landscape Vander Rohe, this principle was gardening. A formai proposal for step-by-step restoration of the being followed in Chinese iand- garden was passed unanimously and, circulated later, was scape gardening by signed by as typified lcading personages. Yuan Ming Yuan. incLuding Soong Ching Ling. On graduation I was assigned to Forum participants felt that restoration of the grounds would teach at the Iron and Steel be possible because the system of pools and streams is still fairly Engineering Institute. This gave well-p.eserved, and 150 of the original artificial hillocks are still me the opportunity to realize my intact. A portion of the funds will be provided by the peopte,s long-cherished proiect. I decided government, to first collect historical data about To further the work, a'Yuan Ming yuan society consisting Yuan Ming Yuan and from it to of specialists in the field is try to visualize the plan of the to be formed. A preparatory committee three gardens. Then I would now exists which includes leading members of the committee on survey it part by part to study Architectu.al History of the Chinese Architecture Society, which which principles of Chinese archi- sponsored the forum. tecture and landscape gardening had been used and how they had been employed. Fortunately the original designs and models of a number of buildings are still avail- able in the Qing dynasty archives I drew on many sources, including paintings of 40 scenic spots there done during the reign of Emperor Qi.an Long.

T planned to linish the projecr r in ten years. But repeated po- litical movements and manual la- bor in factory and countryside. where few referehce books were available, delayed my work. But my determination never flagged, Whefrher or not I would get any recognition, I was sure that what I accomplished would be used one day. With the aid of friends, col- leagues and the Committee for Architectural History, I finally fin- ished the first draft of the all-over view in 19?8. After more study I made , i{[K{ a second draft in 197g, which , is still not perfect, €" .r"{i but can serve as Eai Rixin (second left) a basis for and some other specialists survey the ruins. further study. tr Wu Cltuping

FEBBUARY T981 43 The Yuon Ming Yuan As lt Wos rFgn Emperor Kang Xi. whose edge, others on the sloPes of hills platf orm on which the water I reign in 1662-1723 was the or in pleasant valleys fragrant with tower rested. second in the Qing (Manchu) flowering trees. Each maison de The Yuan Ming Yuan ensemble- for its archi- dynasty, once made a tour of south pl"aisance, though small in com-' remarkable not only the col- China. Enthralled bY its moun- parison with the rvhole enclosure tecture but for Precious Iections art its buildings con- tain-and-water scenerY, in 1709 he is large enottgh to lodge onr: of our of tained, was to the torch in began recreate it in the north, European grandees with all his Put to 1860 by British and French trooPs outside his capital Beijing. In the suite. That destir-reci for the Em- who broke into Beijing in the years, mainlY in his immense . . . and course of 150 peror himself is Second Opium War, when China grandson Qian Long's reign (1736- within may be found all that the was being reduced to a semi- Yuan 1795), in what is known as whole world contains oI curious colony. Ming Yuan many scenic sPots were ind rare a great and rich collec- - "We went out and, after Pillag- constructed in miniature including tion of furniture, ornaments, Pic- ing, bur:nt the whole Place", wrote West Lake and its Su DYke oI tures, precious woods, Porcelains. Charles Gordon, one of the invad- Hangzhou. the garciens of Suzhou. silks, and goid and sihrel sluifs. ing officers who later became one scenes from Wuxi, Ningbo and Nothing can compare with the of the main supPressors of the Yangzhou, a mountain village and gardens which are indeed an Taiping peasant revolution in a picturesque street of shoPs. earthly paradise. China. "We got 48 aPiece Prize Emperor Qian Long said he money bef ore we went out of wanted to have there not onlY the A T Xihuayuan, the vresleln-sl;'is here.. . . you can hardlY conceive most beautiful places in China, but fI palace, playing tountains and of the beauty and magnificence of in atl the wor1d. After he saw the water clock with twelve ani- the places we burnt we were pictures and heard descriPtions mals which spouted water were an so presEed for time that we could from Jesuit priests of the French important feature. Water wa-< not plunder them carefullY." royal palace of Versailles, he also brought from nearby Jade SPring Today the Chinese People having commissioned a western-stYle and raised several stories to a won equality and indePendence, palace of that tYPe to be built. reservoir to give it enough force. are thinking of restoring the Yuan A visitor, Father Attiret, wrote One of the few surviving struc. Ming Yuan, as part of the heritage after seeing a part of Yuan Ming tures just west of the columned of their own and of world culture. Yuan: "This palace has four ruins is the high and solid central D fronts and is of such beautY and taste as I cannot describe. .The The maze at Xiyanglou, patterned after one in view from it is lovely. The rocks France's Versailles Palace, and a small pergola, Photos bg Wu ChuPino of wild and natural form that com- pose the island itself are fringed by a terrace of white marble with balustrades curiously carved. On this stand at intervals of twenty paces beautiful blue en- amel vases with imitation flowers made of blood, cornelian, jade and other valuable stones." Another foreign visitor wrote: "Canals winding between artifi- cial mountains form a network through the grouniJs, in some places passing over rocks, then expanding into lovely lakes bor- dered by marble terraces. Devious paths lead to enchanting dwelling pavilions and spacious halls oI audience, some on the water's

44 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS China's Animated Cartoon [ilms

ZHANG SONGLIN fTHINA'S intriguing animated The Wans Early Creators \-1 cartoons have aroused great - interest among filmmakers and Animated films, in fact, had audiences abroad. Many foreign- first appeared in China a couple ers want to know the background of decades earlier. Three brothers. and present situation of such Wan Laiming, Wan Guchan and films, and some even come to Wan Chaochen, had begun study- China for this. ing the technique in 1920. Imitat- ing American models, they tried The First Studio to make one for advertrsing, but In 1947 when China's liberation failed. They went on experi- war was approaching its end, the menting and in 1926 finally pro- Northeast Studio, the first under duced China's first animated a people's government, was set cartoon, Trouble Ln a Patnter's Te Wel, the head of the Shanghai mated Cartoon up in Xingshan, a small town in Stuili,o, and soon afterward a few Studio. Heilongjiang province. It began shorter ones. When sound films to make animated films. The late appeared in the early 30s, the Chen Poer, artist and head of the Wan brothers began making sound studio, wrote the scenarios and cartoons, Princess lron Fan, tbe directed the shooting. The equip- first in Asia, won great approval ment was crude and the staff in southeast Asia and Japan. small, years puppet but in two a However, lack of financial back- film, The Dream of the Yelloro ing halted the Wans' filmmaking. Emperor, and an animated car- toon, Turtle in a Jar, were pro- duced. Mr. Mochinaga Tadahito, The Shanghai Studio a Japanese expert gave great as- sistance in the project. The founding of the People's Although the technique was Republic in 1949 gave China's rather primitive and the themes cartoon films a new lease on life. were adapted rather serious In 1950 the animated film pro- Wan Laiming, Wan Chaochen and Wan to Guchan -(right to left). current problems, the audiences duction department in northeast Dingyuan were delighted with the films' use China was transferred to Shang- of humorous exaggeration and hai, and Te Wei, a famous car- satire. toonist, was appointed its head. By 1957 the studio had 200 workers (today it has 500). It made 100 Put(ing on the puppets' makeup. over films before 1966 when such work was virtually halted by the "cultural revolu- tion". Many were well received at home and abroad. The 1955 puppet film, The Magic Paint- brush, based on a Chinese folk tale, is an example. In the story, a boy named Ma Liang got a magic paintbrush which enabled him to obtain whatever he paint- ed. He painted things needed by the poverty-stricken peasants so

ZHANG SONGLIN is deputy illrector of 't the Shanghal Animated Cartoon Stutllo.

45 they could live a happier 1ife. A In two years, over 1,500 copies Iocal rich man hired thugs to were distributed throughout the seize the brush, and he tried to country and the number of viewers paint a hoard of gold, oniy to be broke all records. In 1978 it was drowned in a sea painted by the commended as the best entry at brush. The Magic Paintbrush the London International Film received awards at four interna- Festival. The British Fil,m and tional film festivals. Photo magazine carried an article in its 1979 February issue praising Period of Advance it as the festival's most sensational. journal The early 1960s were better years and lively offering. The for China's cartoon and puppet called it beautiful and vivid, not- films. Good ones included Haooc ing its typical Chinese artistic in Heatsen, a full-length animated style and simple, smooth language. feature; The Tadpoles Look for Praise also came from audiences Their Mother and The Boy Co'w- in the U.S., Japan, some countries herd's , ink-and-wash paint- in Europe and Africa, and in ing puppet films; Prin cess Peacoclc, Hongkong and Macao. a major puppet film; and The Now China has made new pro- GoLd Conch, a new type of cartoon gress in animated cartoons. In done with paper-cuts. Chinese 1979, for the 30th anniversary of animated films, distinctive in the people's government, a group their art and technique, were of new cartoon and puppet films maturing. were produced. Among them a Hsuoc in Heauen. for example. wide-screen animated cartoon, was a two-hour film in two parts. Nezha Troubl.es the Sea, mainly

Wan Laiming with some young members of his audience' Wang Zijin

Top to bottom: 'The Tatlpoles Look for Their Mother". 'A Conceited General". "The Boy Cowherd's Flute". Hunter". Three years in the making, it directed by Wang Shuchen, who "Fox was based on episodes in the had also directed Hauoc in Heauen, famous Chinese novel Pilgrimage was acclaimed at the Cannes Inter- is that China has followed her copying foreign io the West. The director was Wan national Film Festival last year. own road. After filmmakers, an original path had Laiming and the art designers For Hunter, a paper-cut cartoon, been struck in the mid-50s. The were noted brothers, Zhang won a prize f or its art at the the Magic Paintbrush dlrected by Guangyu and Zhang Zhengyu. It Zagreb International Film Festival in Yugoslavia last June. Jin Xi in 1955 and A conceited told how the wise and brave General, by Te Wei in 1956 suc- Monkey King fought the auto- ceeded in truly capturing the China's Own Road cratic and stupid Jade Emperor. style of Chinese art. Both used Like all other cartoons, it was Analyzing their experience of the expressionistic technique, not shown during the "cultural 30 years, new China's animated- figure design and colorful back- revolution". Reappearing in 1977, filmmakers found that the main drops of China's traditional it again aroused great enthusiasm. reason for the successes achieved arts.

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The paper-cut film put out by the Shanghai Studio in 1958, can be described as completely Chi- nese in art and style. It combined folk paper-cuts and shadow pup- ilate lor lhe llhite ilonkey pets. The decorative paper-cut has a simple shape and fine lines. The shadow play, very popular with the Chinese people, uses flat puppets made of ox, donkey or sheep skin treated with saltpeter, scraped thin and dyed in various colors. The perf ormers give shows by manipulating them (with sticks) against a lighted white background (a sheet, for example). Wan Guchan, a puppet film artist Male white monkey and others successfuily applied caught by a peasanl in a forest 2,400 both forms of art in The PiS meters above sea Eats a Watermelon, China's first Ievel in the north- paper-cut film. west of Yunnan province. Three and The painted ink-and-wash car- half years old, it toon film, is another innovation has a coat of pure style white hair and in and technique. It is grey-blue based eyes with on the Chinese brush and red pupils. !." ink style, the mainstream of Chi- Photos bA Zhou Zhonguei nese painting, which is fresh, free and natural. Such pictures do not usually have the clear-cut outlines, usually considered necessary to animated cartoons. Te Wei and WO months aiter a Taiwan newspaper carried on July group T his overcame this difficulty 4 5th, 1980, a worldwide appeal for a mate for a four-year- in The Tadpoles Look Their for old female white monkey named Kunming Mother, China's first animated "Meidi", the film in this medium. It brought Zoological Institue announced the happy news that a three- to life on the screen the frogs, and-half-year-old male, also $/hite, had been captured in Yun- tadpoles, shrimp, crabs and chick- nan province. Pan Qinghua, the head of the institute, hopes ens painted by the famous zoologists in Yunnan and Taiwan will arrange the match, artist , and won awards either by bringing the "bride" to Yunnan or by sending the at the international film festivals "groom" to Taiwan. It is believed that the union will benefit in Cannes and Annecy in France and Locarno in Switzerland. An- genetic and biomedical research. other ink-and-wash painting cartoon, The Boy Cousherd's Flute, won a silver medal at the In- ternational Fairy TaIe Film Fes- tival in Odense, Denmark in 197g. In April 1980 Te Wei went to the United States on a lecture tour, taking scime Chinese animat- ed cartoons with him. American audiences were greatly attracted, especially by the ink-and-wash painting films. "I hope your cartoons will maintain their high place in world filmmaking," a foreign friend said, "and I hope "Meidi", a four-year-old you will not imitate other countries white female monkey but keep to your own national found in Hualian county, Taiwan province. style." We consider this is a sound view and it accords with the path we have chosen. tr

FEBRUABY T981 47 D UBBER trees usually grow in l\ tropical and subtropical zones south of latitude 17'N. But China has succeeded in raising them in a colder climate as far north as latitude 22'. The Jinghong State Farm in the Xishuangbanna autonomous area of the Dai nationalitY in Yunnan province started in 1956. It has grown to 8,000 hectares and produces 4,000 tons annuallY. In 1979 the per-hectare average w6s 862.5 kilograms, 3.5 kilograms Per tree, even higher than that in Hainan Island, China's biggest rubber producer, which lies be- tween 18'and 20'N. The growing of natural rubber developed slowly in China. In 1949 her entire annual output was only 200 tons. Today it is over 100,000 tons. Hainan Island pro- duces 82 percent of it, Yunnan 15 percent. The rest comes from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous province. New 'ig-": i Region and Fujian systems of cultivation are being combined with advanced techni- ques from abroad. At the same time China is developing its synthetic rubber industry. Starting Point '"i Because China was not then producing it, and was thus vulnerable, rubber was one of the main industiial products embar- Returning home from tapping latex. goed by imperialist countries after the People's Republic was founded. The new government Growing Rubber first set up rubber-growing areas in,1952 on the Leizhou Peninsula. protruding south from Guangdong province, then on Hainan Island in Colder Climates across the narrow strait. No locations farther south were PENG XIANCHU available except the Dongsha, Xisha and Nansha islands, which are coral atolls of small area. So rubber production had to go north- ward if it was to spread at all. In the same year scientists investigated localities in southern Yunnan province. The area is warm, humid, calm and fertile, with no clear distinction between the four seasons, only a dry and a rainy season. The average (Left) Factory director Ye Ercong study.- ing to further improve technology. ddI"l8.srlFEi* (Risht) Xu Yazhen, a good hand at tap- ping. Peng Xianchu ond. Shao Yu

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 'e production at No. 6 branch "y'..1r- brigade .'*L'-. : of the farm. "A rubber tree is just like a person." she says, "If it is better nourished, it wiII be ':l$'l.* strong, otherwise it will be weak. Why don't we give it more *1, nutrition?" Every day she collects animal manure and applies it around the trees. She has done this for 16 years, giving the 323 trees under Latex at Jlnghong farm on its way to the processing factoiy. Shao Yu her management 5 tons more fer- tilizer than her brigade allots her each year. Over 200 of her trees annual temperature is 21'C., rain- latex tapper, Xu Yazhen, played have already produced latex. The fall 1,400 mm. - conditions suit- an important role in this. average per-tree was 5.41 kg. in able for rubber trees, though the Xu Yazhen, then 42, had learn€d 1975. By 1979 it had increased to area is north of 17oN. Moreover, how to tap latex when only ten, 8.75 kg., double that of trees run in 1904 it was to this area that working with her mother on a by others. people had brought 8,000 saplings rubber pl.antation abroad. In 1952 Ye Ercong, director of the rubber first rubber trees. By she came on processing 3 -China's to China and worked factory of No. branch 1949 only two of them remained. a Hainan Island plantation f or of Jinghong farm, is a good In 1953 a tropical plant ex- some years, then transferred to worker. Together with others he perimental f arm was set up in Jinghong. As soon as the 1974 has applied new technology on his Xishuangbanna-forerunner of cold wave lifted, she led a group farm and raised work efficiency. today's Yunnan Tropical Plant of young tappers to the groves. He uses electricity' instead of Resealch Institute. After tirree They found that because of damage firewood for drying the rubber. years of work, scientists were to the tree-bark, the latex inside saved materials and 'like This has both certain that rubber could be grown had congealed. Working manpower. Today it only takes a successfully there. In ,1956, Jing- surgeons, they hooked out the little more than two minutes to hong farm and some others were hardened latex. Their efforts dry the latex instead of three begun. brought the trees back to life. hours as before. He is now pre- Numbers of demobiiized soldiers The farm constantly learned new paring to use solar heat for drying. who had already planted rubber rvays to keep the trees in good With this kind of spirit and trees on the Leizhou Peninsula and condition in this northern latitude. inventiveness, China is slowly ex- Hainan Island came to rvork. The With the help of scientists, its panding her rubber production. D first year they nurtured saplings workers selected and cultivated from Hainan, then transplanted trees that showed better resistance them the next. Immigrants and to cold. They chose sites for This rubber iree, now 20 meters high more ex-servicemen arrived, the planting on hillside easier to and 310 cm. in girth, is one of the first protect improved rubber trces introduced in Yingiiang farm expanded and the first iatex from frost. They county in the Xishuangbanna Dai was tapped in 1963. That rubber rnanagement of the groves, and Autonomous ' Prefecture in Yunnan trees could grow at latitude 22'N. their skilL in tapping the iatex. pfovlnce. Li Yulong was now a proved fact. Xu Yazhen pays particular at- tention to the rvay the bark is cut, Struggle against Nature minimizing the incisions so as to increase the trees' ability to resist They did, however, suffer from cold. It turned out, when the cold cold waves and strong winds. In waves came, that 70 percent of the January 1974, the temperature trees managed by other workers Production dropped to 5"C. bri- suffered from frost, while only 49 gades sounded the slirrm to call the percent of those under Xu's care people to light smudge fires among were damaged. The farm spread the trees to keep off the cold. But her methods, making her a model a few days later the temperaiure and genera). advisor. went down to 2.7'C. The ground surface was only 0.1'C. The cold Women of Action lasted seven days, killing 50,000 of Jinghong farm has many tap- ftre 808,000 trees, severely damag- pers like Xu Yazhen. For example, 100,000 others. ing 50-year-old Zhang Fengxian of a The farm workers and staff tried many ways to save the dam- PENG XIANCHU is a staff reporter for aged trees. A skillful woman China Reconstructs.

FEBBUAEY I98I There are several dozen species of narcissus which fall into two categories: the single-flowered narcissus, also known as the "gold cup flower", has six petals and a The Narcissus "gold cup" in its center. The bunch-flowered type narcissus, also called the "silver cup flower" or "hundred petals", has a corona China of split petals clustered in a ball shape, white intermingled with yellow. CHEN YI and ZHOU LI rFHE cultivation process of the I Zhangzhou narcissus takes three years. Little bulbs which re- semble garlic cloves are separated from the bulb of a mother plant and set out in the fields in early October. They sta;r in the soil until the following June when their roots and outer leaves wither. Then they are unearthed, laid aside for a summer and autumn and replanted in October of the same year. This rotation takes place for three years until the buibs mature. Such large, full bulbs can bear more, longer-lasting and sweeter- scented fiowers. Chinese craftsmen also have a part in the cultivation of the narcissus. With a few touches from a carving-knife. skilled persons can produce a bulb that will grow into an artistic plant and blossom in the anticipated season. One traditional Chinese hobby is growing narcissi in shallow bowls, each trained into a different C'arving narcissus bulbs. Chen Yi f antastical image resembling a landscape or animal. f N late winter, Chinese people The narcissus once grew wild in To create the "Crab's Claws" r celebrate their Spring Festival. the marshes along China's south- narcissus, one popular shape, a They prepare feasts, visit relatives eastern coast. Cultivation of it craftsman makes a few delicate and decorate their houses with began as early as the Song dynasty cuts on the bulb and then soaks it flowers and plants. A favorite in the 10th century. Now it is in water. Flowers and leaves will flower is the narcissus, with its grown mainly in Fujian, Zhejiang, spring from the bulb's center and narrow emerald-green leaves, Hubei and Hunan provinces. extend sideways in two different large, white flowers with golden The most lamous variety of directions, Iike the claws of a crab. coronas, and silvery-white roots. narcissus comes from Yuanshan - Some people tint the flowers with Its delicate fragrance adds to the a small mountain near Zhangzhou, a few drops of color in the water festive atmosphere. Fujian province. The area has a while they are.budding. The color, temperate, humid climate, and the the fragrance and the harmonious soil is soft and fertile: these proportions of the flowers have CHEN YI is a photographer of docu- morning character poem mentary films. His "Garilen of Art" factors combined with the of an ancient has been translated into five foieigxr sunshine and cool mountain shade or painting. SoId worldwide, they languages. in the afternoon add up to ideal served "friendship Z}IAO Ll is on the staff of the Shang- have as a hai Film Translating & Dubbing Studio. conditions I'or the narcissus. emissary". D

50 CHINA EECONSTBUCTS Bunch-fl owered silver cup narcissus

"Crab's clarv:" spreading r-tarcissus

$,

& Single gold cuP narcissus

wall-vase ..Imaginative

Narcissus display photos bt Chen Yi Encyclopedia of ehinese Medicine

LI JTNGWEI

Editors at the discussion on Bnt:!'clopedia ol Chinese Tradi- tional ]ledicine. Li Jingwei, author of this article, is tirst from left. W u Chupirtrt

IIOR six years some I00 special- hypotheses, fol science and for terminology. pharmacology and r isls and plofessols flom further study. prescriptions precisely and scien- eleven institutions of traditional In 1927 the Kuomintang govern- tifically. A Dictionary of Tradi- Chinese medicine in the country ment. colonially intent on "total tional Chinese Medicine was writ- have worked on a tive-million- westernization" in medicine. ban- ten early in the century by Xie word Encyclopedia of Traditional. ned the traditional Chinese type. . a famous traditional doctor. Chinese Medicine. the largest in Although strong protests pre- Though it played a fairly large half a century It is being put vented this ban from being fully role for some time. it was the out by the People's Medical applied, development stagnated. work of only one school and Publishing House. Its 50,000 Without legai status, to say noth- flawed by unexplained terminol- entries explain medical and phar- ing of governmental support or ogy, errors in quotation, surfeit macological terms and prescrip- recognition and cooperation ,from of material and in many cases by tions. and give brief accounts ol modern branches of medical and outworn viewpoints. So it could doctors from ancient times and of other science, traditional doctors not meet the criteria of a scientific works they authored. had to struggle for a bare living, account. Covered in its eight volumes are and could not systematically study In 1973 the Chinese Medical traditional medical theory, phar- or advance their heritage. Thus, Research Academy and the Guang- macology. prescriptions. historical true and f alse remained in- zhou Chinese Medical College col- Iiterature, internal medicine. termingled (and essence mixed laborated in publishing Notes on surgery, the sense organs (eyes. with fallacy). Research and de- the Terminologg of Traditional ears, nose. lips and tongue). velopment were further hampered Chinese Medicine. The 200,000 gynecology, pediatrics, acupunc- by different interpretations of copies printed were snatched up ture, (a system of thera- books by noted doctors, and con- immediately and lettels demand- peutic deep breathing exercises) fusion in terminology, phapmacol- ing a new edition deluged the and massage. Volumes 1 and 2, ogy and prescriptions caused by editors. A Hongkong publisher gynecology covering theory. and the fact that medical knowledge put out an offset edition under a pediatrics, rvill come out this had long been handed down from new title. A Japanese edition spring, the rest within another fathel to son. appeared in Tokyo. year. The serial publication enables In the circumstances of the old readers to off er comments and society, these problems could not suggestions Collaboration for revision and a one- be settled. In 1949 the new peo- volume future. edition in the ple's government moved to put The urgent need for an en- traditional Chinese medicine back cyclopedia at home and abroad Meeting Modern Needs on its feet. The policy was to encouraged the Ministry of Health train traditional doctors. improve in 1974 to approve ihe plan of the More years than 3.000 old, the their work. unite with thenr and People's Medical Publishing House traditional Chinese medicine was combine traditional with western to create one. The academy once and one of the world's most medicine. Doctors of the western the Guangzhou medical college advanced. Its unique theories school began to study Chinese were to organize and edit it. Spe- and vast experience clinical fur- medicine and explore its mysteries cialists and professors from tradi- nish a wealth of practice, and of with modern scientific methods. tional Chinese medical schools in Today, with deepening study Shanghai, Liaoning, Chengdu, LI JINGWEI is head of the Medical and the worldwide reputation of Anhui, , Hunan, Nanjing History Research Division of the Chi- traditional Chinese medici.ne grow- and Hebei nese Medical Research Academy and helped. The editorial an editor of the Encyclopedia of Tradi- ing there is a sharp need for ref- board, set up in 1975, did much of tional Chinese Medieine. erence books explaining its its work through mass discussions.

FEBRUARY 198I 53 For the next five years the 3. Views are based on solid ref- group read extensively. investigat- erence and are ar-ralytical. About ed widely, collected'a huge amount 10,000 ancient books and several Ghina's of material and selected entries. thousand modern publieations on It sought the advice of doctors medicine were consulted. For in- and medical workers, and consult- stance, people difl'er on such con- Traditional ed those who had edited Chinese troversial traditional theories as Encyclopedio and Drctionary of gin and Eong (positive and nega- Chinese Pharm,acoLogy. Viewed tive) and the five elements (metal, Medical analytically, Xie Guan's Diction- wood, water, fire and earth, used arg of Traditional Chinese Med- to expiain physiological and icine was a mine of information. pathological phenomena). Some Part of the first draft of the en- who consider them to be the es- $cience cyclopedia was published in the sence of traditional Chinese meC- influential domestic journals Ne'ur icine. wanted them to be given a Pharmacol"ogg and Neti-r Chinese correspondihg place. Others, be- XIMEN LUSIIA Medicine. It drew hundreds of Iieving they had impeded the de- letters with vaiuable suggestions, velopment of traditional medicine, great public interest indicating the suggested that they be eliminated. /.r HINESE traditional medicine in the project. Adhering to historical materi.al- (, be traced back over 3,000 base a milli.on-word On this ism, the editors confirmed the pos- years."rr, On oracle bones and tortoise Concise Dictionary .of Chinese itive role these theories had played shells one can find written in Medi.cine rras published in l\1[arch in the past, and also pointed out ancient script the names of 1979. The first printing of 200,000 their limitations. Whenever pos- diseases. their symptoms and ways sold Work on copies out rapidly. sible, explanations of these theo- keeping good By this shorter version helped reveal of in health. ries are weighed in the light of 1,000 B.C. was medical the problems invoLved, and this there a modern scientific experiment administration nascent in turn has contributed to the and a rather than accepted or rejecteC system of examinations for doctors. unificaiion of the style and con- outright. The profession then consisted of tent of the Encyclopedia of Tradi- 4. Combination of traditional four fields: nutrition, surgery, tional Chinese Medicine. Many western general Chinese medicine and internal and veterinary medicine. medical specialists and medicine. Because of its long his- practitioners were invited to ex- tory, traditional Chinese medicine History of Systematization amine the manuscript before en- tended to follow the ancients tries were finalized. btindly and use metaphysical During the Warring States period (475-227 instead words. B.C.), its funda- terms of simple principies Features The encyclopedia's editors paid mental had been formu- characteristics en- equal attention to the academic The of the XIMEN LUSHA is a staff reporter lor cyclopedia are: tradition and to modern scientific China Reconstructs. 1. Entries are chosen strictlY. analysis, emphasizing the histor- A11 through a process of selection ical significance of a term as weli Silver boxes of verrnillion, amber, coral, and comparison before adoption, as its relationship with modern litharge and other substances used as so that the result is unified and e cience. The designation bihuo. medical ingredients unearthed from a balanced. The final number of for example, is first explained in Tang-tlynasty (8th century) tomb near Xi'an. Xinhuo entries for the volume on internal terms of Chinese medicine, and medicine, for example, was only then its similarities with atrophic half of that first collected. rhinitis are given. In explaining 2. Content is rich and explana- ch.an yao huo dan, the editors in- tion concise. The number of serted "herpes zoster", a few words is the same as that in Xie words to help specialists in their Guan's dictionary. but there are study. Under the entry qinghao, 40 percent more entries. They a Chinese medicinal herb, the note average 100 words, none more tells that a new anti-malaria drug, than 1,000, avoid abstruse ter- qinghaosu, more efficient than minology, are accurate, scientific chloroquine but with less side ef- and easy to understand. All fects, has been extracted from sources have been well checked. qinghao, and introduces the use The encyclopedia also includes and theory of this herb. Acu- short reviews of two thousand puncture anesthesia, an achieve- Chinese medical books and bio- ment resulting from the combining graphical notes on two thousand of Chinese and western medicine, traditional Chinese doctors. is also explained. D

54 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS lated. The Canon oJ Internal fusa). Both are s(ill being used Medicine (Nei Jtng). the earliest today. Hua Tuo (?-208 A. D.), a book in this field, systematically farnous doctor in the second presented what was known in century, did abdominal surgery China of physiology, pathology, using an anesthetic powder, the diagnostics, treatment and pre- ingredients of which have not ventive medicine. Theoretical bases come down to us. A Treatise on for diagnosis and treatment were Febrile and Other Diseases (Shang also given. The book contains a Han Za Bing Lun) by his con- surprising amount of scientifically temporary, Zhang Zhongjing, was valid facts and views. the first more thorough medical After 200 B.C. Chinese medicine work containing theory and developed more rapidly. Famous clinical experience. physicians and medical w'orks ap- Further progress was made in peared. Both medical theory and the 4th and Sth centuries. More ciinical experience reached a comprehensive works on the pulse, higher level. One evidence of this acupuncture and the causes and is a woman's body discovered in a symptoms of diseases were pub- Han-dynasty tomb at Mawangdui iished. In the ?th century, special- in Hunan province ln 1972. Still ized fields began to appear, in- Zhang Zhor^gjing, famous physician oI well-preserved and flexible after cluding internal medicine, surgery. the second century, Museum of Chinese History 2.100 years of interment. it shows pediatrics, acupuncture and mas- that Chi.nese pharmacology and sage. Medical education improved. chemistry had found eff ective The Imperial Medical Academy of ways to prevent the decay of in- the was the earliest terred corpses. Also found in this medical school in the world. site w-as a chart of curative exer- cises, the first of its kind so far Innovations and Achievements dis'covered in China. As many as After the 15th century, during 14 treatises were unearthed, in- the , innovations cluding some on acupuncture, were made with the formation of surgery, obstetrics, diagnostics, a system of treating communicable and preservation of health. diseases. Outstanding landmarks In the first century A.D. came in this period included the famous Shen Nong's Canon on Materia Compendium of Materia Medica Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing), (Ben Cao Gang Mu) by Li Shizhen China's earliest book on pharma- (1518-1593), Wu Youxing's new cology. It records, for example, theories in etiology, discoveries in that asthma can be treated with anatomy by Wang Qingren (1768- Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica) 1831), and the widening use of and malaria with the roots of inoculation A l0th-century bronze ligure u'ith against sma).lpox long acupuncture points made by Wang Wei- antipyretic dichroa (Dichroa f ebri,- before its use in Europe. yi, Museunt ol Ch.inese Histora X-ray photo study of the 2,100-year old female corpse unearthed in a Han-tlynasty tomb at Mawangdui near Changsha.

FEBRUARY 1987 55 Autopsies were done as long as 2,000 years ago. Tll,e Canon of Internal Medicine recorded the NADI(I PEI{IilG length of human skeletons and Schedule for English longuoge tronsmissions beginning Oct. 31, 1980 blood vessels, position, and the GMT Local Standard Time Metre Bands kHz shape, size and weights of internal organs. Many of these measure- North America (East Coast) ments are close to those to'day. For 00.00-01.00 19.00-20.00 (E.s.T.) 19, t6 1t120, 17680, 17854 instance, the Canon gives the ratio 01.00-02.00 20.00-21.00 (E.s.T.) 19, 16 15120, 17680, 17855 02 00-03.00 21.00-22.00 (E.s.T.) 19. 16 15120, 15230, 17680 between the lengths of the 12.00-13.00 oz.oo-oe.oo (u.s.'r.) 30 9820 esophagus and the intestines as 1:35, while in modern anatomy it North America (West Coast) is l:37. That the bk.rcd constantly 03.00-04.00 19.00-20.00 (P.s.T.) 19, 16 15120, 15230, 17680 04.00-05.00 20.00-21.00 (P.s.T.) 19. 16 15120, 15230. I?680 circulates was stated in the Canon, which also dealt with the rela- The South Pacific tionship of the movement oI 08.30-09.30 18 30-19.30 (Ausr. E.S.T.) 30. 25. r9, 17 9860, 11600, 11?20. r5I20, 17635 the aorta, breathing and the pulse 20.30-21.30 (N.Z.S.T.) rate. 09.30-r0.30 19.30-20.30 (Aust. E.S.T.) 30, 25. 19, 1? 9860. I1600. l1?20, 15120, 17635 21.30-22.30 (N.Z.S.T.) Gynecology and obstetrics also had a long history of development. Southeast Asia Tbe Canon of lnternal Medicine 12.00-13.00 r9.00-20.00 (western Indonesia. names women's diseases and Bangkok) 25. 19, 16 1rti00. 15280, r7?0tl 19.30-20.30 (Singapore) describes treatment of pregnancy 20.00-21.00 (Ho Chi Minh City. Nlanila) illnesses. In the 1Sth century, 18.30-19-30 (Rangoon) Chen Ziming (1190-1270) compiled 13.u0-14 00 20.00-21.00 (western Indonesia. Bangkok) 25. 19. 16 l1{i00. 15280. 17?00 Collections oJ Ef f ectiue Prescrip- 20.30-21.30 (Singapore) tions Women (Fu Ren Da 2L0a-22.00 (Ho Chi Minh City. Manila) for (Rangoon) Chuan Liang Fong), which sum- 19.30-20.30 marized practice in this field and South Asia . is still a valuable rellerence today. t,1.00-15.00 19.30-20.30 (Delhi, Colombo) 30. 25. rs 0860. 11650. 15165 Chinese pharmacology is rich 19.00-20.00 (Rawalpindi) 20.00-21.00 (Dacca) and old. Shen Nong's pioneer r9.40-20.40 (Kathmandu) Canon of Materia Medica listed 365 l5 00-16.00 20.30-21.30 (Delhi, colombo) 30. 25, 19 9860. 116i0. l5t6; medicinal herbs and laid a 20.00-21.00 (Rawalpindi) 21.00-22.00 (Dacca) better foundation for working with 20.40-21.40 (Kathmandu) prescriptions. In 659 the Tang government issued a Reuised East and South Aftica Maieria Medica (Xin Xiu Ben Cao) 16.00-t?.00 18 00-19.00 (Cape Tou'n, 25. 19 11650. 15165 SaIisburY) with 844 entries, the first official r9.00-20.00 (Dar-es-Sataan) pharmacopeia in the world. In l?.00-18.00 19.00-20.00 (Cape Town. 25. 19 11650, l;r6i 1578 Li Shizhen wrote the Com- Salisbury) 20.00-21.00 (Dar-es-salaam) pendium of Materia Medica, listing 1892 medicines and including 1,000 West and North Africt illustrations and 10,000 prescrip- rS.J0-20.30 18.45-19.45 (Monrovia) 40, 3r, 26 7480, 9440. rril; tions. Later additions by Zhao I9.30-20.30 (Accra. I'reetown) 20.30-21.30 (Lagos) Xuemin in the mid-l8th century 21.30-22.30 (Cairo) brought the number of medicines 20.30-2r.30 ),9.45-20.45 (Monrovia) 10, 31. 2(; 7480. 9440. 11515 listed 2.608, highest i.n 20.30-21.30 (Accra. FreetoB'n) to the the 21.30-22.30 (Lagos) world bqfore modern pharmacol- 22.30-23.30 (Cairo) ogy. No other country has pre- served in their entirety as many Europe ancient medical works as China, 19 00-20.00 20.00-21.00 (London, 38,30 7780,9860 Stockholm Paris) where over 5,000 are still extant. 21.00-22.00 22.00-23.00 (London, 38, 3n 7780, 9860 Acupuncture in treating diseases Stockholm. Paris) is unique to China. As eariy as 500 B.C., Bian Que, a famous physician, used it to save the life of a patient close to death from which greatly promoted this in China alongside western shock. Wang Weiyi (ca. 987-1067) system. medicine is a tribute to the lasting of the Northern Song period cast Tbat the rich heritage of Chinese value and continuing potential of two bronze figures wi.th acupunc- traditional medicine is today being the oldest medical systems in the ture points as teaching models scientifically investigated and used world. I

56 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 'Ro dio Pek ing' ond lts Iisteners

YE ZHIMEI

T ESPECIALLY enjoyed the sum- r marized reports of the speakers at the National People's Congress. Very educated, very informaiive. Great hope and vast possibiiities. I am encouraged tremendously. Let's hope that you and I live long enough to see the results of these

hopes and plans by the year 2000 ! Good luck to you and your people." This is an excerpt from a letter Mr. George J. Poppin of San Fran- cisco wrote to Radio Peking's English Department after he heard one of their broadcasts about the Third Session of the Fifth Nation- a1 People's Congress held last autumn. Radio Peking is China's sole English announcers tor Radio peklng (lef1 to right): Wu Zhenchang, Li Dan, [.ang overseas service and broadcasts in Ling, Li, Yang eing, Tong Zha-nwu, Su Ming and Zhang Jiaping. 38 foreign languages. It transmits from the Broadcasting Building, about six kilometers west of Tian Holland and other countries taken 'Granddad, we going An Men Square, the center of Bei- are to have together with members of Radio talks and lessons jing. The English Department at school about Peking's staff in its studio. recep- China occupies several rooms in the west and I've told my teacher tion room or grounds. that you have beautiful books and wing on the second floor of the Letters from building. abroad to Radio papers sent to you from Radio Pe- Peking began to arrive in March king, so may I borrow them to 1949, not long after it started its Contact with Listeners take to school?' So we carefully English language broadcasts. At packed all the China Pictorial, In the Letters Section there is a first there were only a few each China Reconstructs, Chines e Liter a- big of fascinating photos. year, but the annual number kept ture, Beijing Reuiew magazines They portray men and women of increasing until it reached nearly plus my calendar for 1980 and the ten thousand different ages and nationalities, in 1979. Altogether, one for 1979. Also, all my QSL often sitting before their radio Radio Peking has received 1b0 cards and souvenirs sent by the sets, with QSL cards, pennants thousand letters from a hundred station. The teacher was very and calendars or so countries past from Radio Peking in the three pleased and the children had a pinned on the walls. A striking decades. very enjoyable time listening, one shows Through correspondence, a beautiful Bengali girl many Iooking at these books, etc., which dressed Iisteners have in a sari. Others show become the station,s were on show for a couple of Finnish and Swedish teenagers, an close friends. They write to the days." old couple in Australia, and a re- staff about their thoughts and tired British worker with a bou- feelings, joys and sorrows. A re- The Announcers You Hear quet of flowers picked from his cent letter from Mr. Richard own garden. All. of these were H. Miller of Birmingham, England One of the questions constantly sent by listeners. There are also reads in part: asked by Radio Peking's listeners pictures of another type visiting "I would like to tell you about is: "Who ard the announcers?,, listeners from Iceland, -Australia, my two granddaughters. Amanda "Are they all Chinese?" ,,Where is seven years old and Charlotte is did they learn their English?,, YE ZHIMEI is on the staff of ..Rattio four. About three weeks ago, Some listeners ask for their names Peking." Amanda came in and said and pictures.

FEBRUABY 1981 57 Printe'd here is a photo of the of the cultural programs and Liu vice-chairman of the Committee announcers of the -English Depart- Hui who hosts the "Magazine for Legislative Affairs of the NPC ment. Let's see who is who. Digest". Standing Committee. The man on the far left is Wu Interviews rvith Prominent vis- Zhenchang, an overseas Chinese News Programs itors to China and others rePre- who returned from Jamaica. For senting different trades and Pro- Radio Peking does 18 one-hour fessions make up another major a while, he taught English at his in English every day alma mater, Beijing University, transmissions portion of the Programs' Well- and work goes on at the news desk known figures interviewed on before starting to work as an an- in three shifts round-the-clock nouncer about 17 years ago. Now Radio Peking include the eminent every day of the Two senior he has been recent- Year. scholar Dr. Joseph Needham, Pres- in his forties editors and about 10 writers and reports on ident of the Society f or Anglo- ly doing some actuality announcers handle it between political such as the Chinese Understanding; New York major events, them. The make-uP of the Radio National People's Congress session City mayor Edward Koch; Joris Peking News Program consists of Ivens, Dutch documentarY film domestic and international news director: Frank Mujiji, vice-chair- as well as news on China's rela- man of the Botswana Federation tions with other countries. Gen- of Trade Unions. Feedback shows erally news takes uP 15 minutes a tremendous amount of interest of the hour-long transmission. The in these programs in which listen- aim is to provide listeners with ers see China through the eyes of prompt, accurate and comPrehen- a foreigner. sive information. In Particular, staff members make it a to Point Variety of Features include news from third world countries. Programs not news-related are As a supplement to the news, produced by the Feature Section. Radio Peking features desPatches Different people have different from these countries in the week- interests and tastes. Some tune in Iy series "The Third World to the "China in Construction'' Marches On". SimilarlY, the Pro- series, to gain a better understand- gram "Across the Lan'd" suPPle- ing of the progress the Chinese ments the domestic news with people are making in their drive varied selections of rePorts. for modernization. Others enjoy Does Radio Peking have corre- listening to "Culture in China" spondents sbationed abroad? Not usic editor at lvork. which presents excerpts from at the moment. But, when events novels and topics like new ar- of major importance to China oc- chaeological finds, Chinese hand- cur, staff reporters are sent tcr paint- Prime Min- icrafts, Chinese traditional and the New Zealand cover them. ExamPles include ings. art iestivals and popular ister's visit to China. Deng Xiao- former Vice-Premier dramas. It also interviews peoP1e others have been trained States in All the ping's visit t,o the United Iiterary circles or artists, such of them Hua in mainly in China, several 19?9 and f ormer Premier actor Zhao Dan, graduates foreign lan- as the late film being of Guofeng's visit to Britain the same and Yang Xianyi and his British Their names Peking's staff report- guage institutes. year. Radio wife Gladys Yang, translators into from left to right are Li Dan, Fang ers covered both events, sending world- Yang Tong For English of China's Ling, Xiao Li, Qing, reports home via satellite. renowned classical novel A Dream Ming and Zhang domestic events, an Zhanwu, Su important of Red Mansions. coverage of the Jiaping. example is the Another program which attracts these are not the onIY National People's Congress Howeyer, Fifth many is "Listeners' Letterbox." voices one hears over Radio Pe- session in Beijing last September'. progr'am says Lin, now in her fifties, Peking staffers sent in re- The editor of this king. Wei Radio growing was one of the onlY two English ports on the proceedings directlY the mail received shows a and way of announcers at Radio Peking in from the Great Hall of the PeoPIe. interest in China the people. questions 1949. She carried a heavy schedule They also interviewed a number life of its Their for two decades and, at the same of deputies who helped exPlain to cover a wide range of toPics and time, helped novices to learn the Iisteners abroad the government he often finds it difficult to give art. She has broadcast less policies and laws Passed at the informed answers. To some lis- frequently in recent Years, but can Congress. Among these were teners' questions he replies him- still be heard occasionallY on the Bainqen Erdini, Tibetan religious self, after research and study. For air. Then there's Zhou Hong, the Ieader and newly elected vice- others, he calls on people who are rs,rs'rrrrorl who introduces all the chairman of the NPC Standing knowledgeable in those fields. For music, Dang Bing who does manY Commiitee and Zhang YouYu, instance. he interviewed Xu Shao- CHINA RECONSTBUCTS 5B ment a week, and the listeners Ioved it.

Growth and Effort Radio Peking started broadcast- ing in English in 1949 with a very small staff. Today, the English Department has about 50 staff members in the News, Feature and Letter Sections. Besides, there are two foreign experts, one from the United States and one from Canada, working with the staff, revising scripts, helprng an- nouncers, advising reporters. They work very hard and are aware of how much more needs to Li Dan interviews Harold D. Boyce oI Allis-Chalmers Corporation at the National Economic & Trade Exhibition in Beijing. be done. An encouraging letter received from Mr. Winston C. Kam of Ontario, Canada reads: xie, a research professor at the Talk" series put out by Radio "After a two-year hiatus, I am Geophysics Institute of the State Peking. It rl,ill soon be on sale once again listening to your pro- gramming. several Seismological Bureau, for inf or'- through the agents of the China There are mation about earthquake predic- Publications Center in many changes I have noted and they tion in China. And to answer the countries. are definitely for the better. in that they are more interesting and question "What is the Chinese A woman staff member selects appealing. Your news reporting people's attitude toward Western and edits all the music pt'ograms has improved and analyses music," he talked to Wu Zuqiang, heard on Radio Peking's English lour of certain events are also quite in- composer and prof essor at the broadcasts. She presents a wide teresting. I enjcy very much your Central Conservatory of Music in variety of music for her listeners Chinese language programs as Bei;ing. popular contemporary songs. well as those on Chinese In the early 70s, many listener-s traditional- instrumental numbers, . . im- wrote to Radio Peking asking for culture. . There is room for songs and 's nation- provement and I can sense the a program teaching Chinese. Con- al minorities. Western classical desire on your part but I sincerely sequently, in 1976 a regular series works pLayed by Chinese musi- hope a greater effort is made and "Learn to Speak Chinese" rvent on cians, recorded excerpts from that you do not sit thinking that the air. That course was com- concerts given by visiting musi- everything is fine and all right pleted last April. Li Shutian, the cians from abroad and so forth. with your programs. Radio Peking, program, pre- editor of the has Tu,'o regular music shows are carrying the voice of China to the pared new one, beginning a Jan- featured each week. "Mu,sic from world, should be amongst the uary 1981. Li says that it is a China" and "Music Album." In trail-blazers to'Modernization'." challenging task teach foreign- to view of the particular interest in The staff of Radio Peking ap- ers the Chinese language on the Chinese traditional instruments. preciates such comment. It is in air, especially over shortwarre. she presented a series io "Music line with the direction of their The instruction has to be simple, AIbum" introducing one instru- own efforts. tr interesting and linguisticaily ac- curate. It took him a year to com- pile the ner'rq lessons. Now the texts Staff of the Letters Department. Second from right is the author Ye Zhimei. are available to iisteners on Photos by Wu Chuping request. Other programs with good feed- back include "Profile," introduc- ing people in all walks of life, and "Travel Talk" which takes the lis- tener each week on a tour to scenic spots in China. In view of the tremendous demand for tourist information, a book 60 Scenic Wonders in China has been pub Itshed by the New World Press in Beijing based on the "Travel

FEBRUARY T98I Famous lamaswy in Qinghai Prouince SUO WENQING

Tibetan Buddhism. When about cerer's dance hang on either side 40 he took two disciples who Iater of the door. Lining the hallway became the First Dalai Lama and to the second floor are stuffed First Bainqen (Panchen). Lamas specimens of tigers, bears, bison, of the Yellow Sect, in memory of wild sheep, monkeys and other him have statues of him in all animals which manifest the their . lamaseries. The Gombom characteristics of certain deities Lamaser/ has many, and a sacred peculiar to . stupa built especially in his honor. Among the animal specimens is a for which it is famous. horse draped in colored silk, which the Ninth Bainqen (Panchen) I S one approaches the lamasery rode from Tibet to the Gombom gold-plated On the bronze roof of the fI one passes a row of eight Lamasery in the 1920s. Great Hall of Meditation are fine bronze depictions of the deer and wheel, small white stupas. Pictures of From this hall a pebble path a traditional symbol in Buddhism. eight episodes in the iife of leads up to the main hall of the .lin Mer Sakyamuni. founder of Buddhism. lamasery, the Grand Temple of are carved on them in relief. They the Golden Roof . The original were built in 1776 during the structure, built in 1560 during the rfi Hf Gtrmbom Lamasery. also Emperor has undergone I reign cf Qing dynasty Ming dynasty, called Taer Lamasery. in Qian Long by the then abbot of several r.econstructions which Qinghai province. is one of China's the lamasery A-Kya Hutuktu with have made it into a magnificent six famous temp).es of the Yellow money donated by him. building with walls of glazod tiles Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. some- Nearby is the Lesser Temple of and gold-plated bronze roof. It times known as Lamaism. It is the Golden Roof with statues of is said that the Mongolian Prince a treasure-house of the art and Sakyamuni's warrior attendants. Erdini from Qinghai spent 1,300 relics of that religion Its each holding a magic weapon. ounces of gold and 10,000 ounces architecture in Tibetan and Han Murals along the walls of the hall of silver on its renovation in 1717. style dates back to the 16th cen- depict fierce-looking deities and Later fine bronze deer and other tury Legend says that it is built stories with f antastic figures of castings were added on the roof on the site of the birth of Tsong- the six stages through which a by the Tibetan leader Pho lha- khapa (1357-1419). reformer of man was traditionally supposed to Nas. Tibetan Buddhism and founder of pass before being reborn. The Great Hall houses one of the sect. Masks, swords and bows and the famed relics of the lamaserY. Construction of the iamasery, arrows used in the Lamas' sor- the 12-meter-high stupa contain- which is located 25 kilometers southwest of the city of Xining in was begun in 1560, and Woodblock-printers in the Gombom Lamasery at work on seriptures in the Tibetan Qinghai, Fan Rujttn various additions were made over thd past 400 years. The most re- cent renovation was in 1979, after which, following a period of closure, it was again opened to the public. Tsongkhapa is highly respected among the Tibetans. At 17, aftet' monastic study in Qinghai, he went to Tibet to study, then for 29 years travelled to all its big monasteries and mastered the doctrines of the various sects of

SUO WENQING is a lecturer at the Institute for Nationalities in Beijing.

60 The Lesser I'emple of thc Golden Roof and the eight stupus.

(Jverview of the Gombom Lamasery

Gilded bronze root- of the Grand Flali of riri: Goldcn Roai l'he Gocldess of Wondnrus C)ne of the sacred fhangka paintings NIusic in butter sculpture. tbr u'hich the lamasely is famous.

A huge devotional ceremoniallv displa-ved fot beiievers on c hill liLnrasetv one d:rl each rear,

l)1,, ,,', i.. I iti RtttLtti

Er* ru ing Tsongkhapa's earthlY belong- ings. It is covered with a Yellow drape studded with diamonds and pearls, and lamps of gold, silver and ivory, and other antiquities, are laid out in front of it' The ceiling is covered with beautiful paintings of birds, animals, flowers and religious figures. Along the four walls are shelves of Buddhist books in Sanskrit and Tibetan. Among them are the Kangyur and TengYur scriP- tures, together comPrising over 300 volumes in the world- renowned red letter Co-ne edition, which have been kePt in the Pavilion for Buddhist esoteric studies' Fan Ruiun lamasery for 200 Years and are deemed of great value to research. ments: exoteric and esoteric century princess from China's Opposite the Great Hall is the astronomY and medi- Tang dynastY court who came to doctrines, in- flat-roofed Great HaIl of Medita- cine. Scholars in the first two are Tibet to marry its king, and tion built in typical Tibetan style lamas doing troduced Buddhism'to Tibet. The hlgher-ranking in- dating from 1606. In this sPacious research in Buddhism. The latter latter, a brilliantlY-colored, lamas of the and beautiful hall the two lrave trained manY outstand- tricately-carved Panorama gather to read the scriPtures ing Tibetan and Mongolian princess's deParture from Chang- aloud, seated on the some 2,000 doctors and researchers who have irr, the Tang dYnastY caPital, cushions. When thousands of made contributions to the contains two hundred life-size lamas chanted here to the ac- Tibetan medical and calendri- human figures and a view of companiment of drums and 's Zuglakang (Jokhang) cal studies (in Tibetan tradition, It the sound could be heard these two functions are linked in Temple in the far distance. a dozen a iong distance awaY. Here too the same persons.) was made in a month bY along the walls are shelves hold- Tibetan artists out of 350 kilo- ing bundles of scriPtures. A T four fairs held at the temPle grams of 'butter. During the Lan- In the interior of the hall are A year the masked "devil tern Festival, a hundred thousand 108 pillars. Around them twine dance""..h is done bY skilled Per- visitors streamed Past it. is one dragons woven in taPestrY' In f ormers bef ore thousands of The Gombom Lamasery the center of the hall are the spectators. Most fascinating is of the historical Places under seated statues of Tsongkhapa and the Lantern Festival on the 15th state protection. As earlY as 1953 Sakyamuni flanked bY chairs for of the first month of the Lunar the people's government spent a Iecturers. Here both the Present New Year. This is the time for large sum .of moneY to renovate Dalai and Bainqen Lamas have making marvellous multicolored the Grand TemPIe. At that time given lectures on the scriptures. sculptures of butter, some huge, an administrative office was set In this room also hang the some small showing landscaPes, up to oversee its Preservation' thangkas, exquisite religious flowers, birds,- human figures and Since the fall of the gang of four paintings, as well as Pictures in dieties. Tibetan butter sculpture in 1976 government funds have patchwork and aPPlique' The has long been famous in the again been allocated for Painting thangkas and aPPliques, along history of Plastic art' Connected the main parts of the lamaserY' with the butter sculPtures, are with the lamaserY are many Recently the Qinghai Province establish known as the "three wonders" of highly-skilled butter craftsmen government decided to the Gomboin LamaserY. Among who have brought the art to the here a Tibetan cultural institute the things the th,angkas dePict are high level of Perfection and are and assigned 100 Promising stu- episodes from Buddhist stories, constantly creating new designs' dents of various nationalities to the God of LongevitY and the The best are disPlaYed Iong study theire the traditional arts of Arhats, those who have attained after the Lantern Festival, Pre- butter sculPture, thangka-mak\ng woodblock Nirvana, or a state of Perfection. served in the dim chambers of the and Tibetan-stYle In this vivid art the influence of temple. Some of thoSe from. the printing. Another grouP of Young native pre-Buddhist re- Iast festival were "Havoc in people is doing research on the Tibetrs other Iigion, Bon, is qpparent. Heaven" from the storY of the Buddhist scriPture and Wukong, Buddhist ! . For over 400 Years the lamaserY Monkey King Sun studies. has been not onlY a shrine of "Chang'e Flies to the Moon"* and * see China Tibetan Buddhism but an institute "Princess Wen Cheng Marries King For more about Chang'e for training. It has four dePart- Songtsan G4mbo" about the 7th Reconstructs Dec. 1980. 65 FEBRUARY 1981 Ghildren's Books hy the Hundred Million LU BING

AVnn 700.000.000 books. nearly beings honest, kind, hardwork- \J +.ooo tirles (including some of ing, brave- and eager to serve the China's long-time best sellers), people. three children's magazines. one For children of school age the of which circulates more than 100,000 WhEs series, of which 17 1,000,000 copies each month - volumes have already appeared, plus a huge number of picture- tells of different branches of story books, using a technique like knowledge Lu Bing (right), rvritcr of this articlc, in and is among the best his office. that of western "comic books". sellers. Other favorites are 5,000 but very different in content. Years consisting of stories from This is the astounding record of Chinese history, in five vblumes. THE picture story books. Iargely the Shanghai Children's Publishing The Adoentures of the Littl"e Cock r lor pre-school children, are House, founded in 1952, suspended and Ma Liang and His Magic Brush read avidly throughout the in the "cultural revolution" and (for the story, see page 45 of this country. Here is the Cunning revived in 1977, slnce when many issue, dealing with a cartoon film Fox, the Pesty Panda, the Clever new titles have been published on this theme). Rabbit, the Honest Etephant. In and some outstandi.ng old ones The magazines are Children's folk stories and fairy ta1es, midgets reprinted. AII these works it is- Literature and Art, Science and other strange characters ap- sues designed for pear. The best-loved is the Monkey are to help children Children and Little Friend. The to grow up to be decent human King, the never-conquered Sun last, for primary school 6 and 7 Wukong. from the 16th century year-olds, began publication in Chinese classical novel Journey to LU BING is an editor of the Shanghai 1922 and is perennially popular. It Children's Publishing House and the West, endlessly r-esourceful in director of its Department of pre- is the one that has hit the million fighting evils and exposing all School Age Children's Books. works. false pretence. These are in- teresting and imaginative stories which past and present, fact. Iegend and fancy are enlisted to teach children values useful in our socialist society. A Carrot Returns to its Owner is a perennial favorite. On a snowy day, Rabbit found a carrot. It was not easy for him to find things to eat in such cold weather. But then he thought of his friend. Poor Monkey might not have anything to eat either. So he decided to give it to him. When Monkey came hoine and found the carrot, he knew it must have come from his friend. Moved, he gave &. it to Little Deer. The carrot ('hen Bocui, writer and vice-director ot the Children's Publishing House. telling traveled this way from l,ittle Deer children his new saories. to Bear and at last back to its

66 CHINA EECONSTRUOTS original owner, the generous people want to lock him up in a the children know r,vho the lesson's Rabbit, showing how thinking of cage. Monster Windstorm dreams for. Poems from new books are others before oneself is a sPirit of swallowing up little Kha-sang. often put up on the wall, recited that spreads. But when he wakes up, he finds on the stage or linked with Bird Tree i.s about two boYs who that he himself has been locked children's games. found a little baby bird trYing to up by shelter belts of trees. The Shanghai Children's Pub- learn to fIy. But it was too Young Such books, based on science, lishing House invites many writers and had fallen to the ground. The the natural world and the effort to and teachers to contribute stofies, out boys wanted to take it home and control nature, bring children poems and articles f or children, raise it. But its eyes had closed. of their homes into the wide, wide and also wants them to recommend Was it sad? Perhaps it missed its world of deserts, grasslands, outstanding foreign works. Such mother? When they tried to get primeval forests, the sea and space stories as Cinderella, Snouuhite, it to fly, to their surprise it was and some deal with biograPhies of The Three Little Pigs and, Little dead. With many tears, theY great scientists. Red Riding Hood are well-known. buried it carefu).Iy, expecting a now plan to introduce years, There is a bird tree would grow up some daY [tOR thousands of Poems many more from the children's with. I' and songs have been used to and bear little birds to PlaY literature of other countries. ! educate children. Today, much Of such are dreams publishing house is now Well-known writers for children teaching is stilL done through The editing both old and who have been commissioned by poetry. Some of these are highlY collecting and the publishing house include Xie imaginative, others criticize' bad new fairy tales, Chinese and China's Bingxin, Chen Bocui and Bao Lei: habits. For instance: foreign. The first gift for and among the famous painters Meoto, rneou), meow! children this year will be the are Zhang Leping, Wan Laiming He raises such a row ! two-volume 365 Nights (a bedtime and Huang Yongyu. Many other A lazg old dtsgrace, story, poem, song or riddle f or writers and artists in various parts When Ma says, "Wash gour each night of the year, often based of China have contributed. face" on an ancient tale or newlY He only does one place! created to amuse or to in- HILDREN are eager to know fr\-,{ This poem is about a cat but. struct in different branches of an'd understand everything while laughing at the lazy thing. knowledge) n around them. They are constantlY asking "what?" and "why?". So Children reading. Photos by Zhotto Xiattgdong the Shanghai Children's Publishing House puts out lively books to helP them with the questions and answers of life. A Tadpole Looks for His Mother for younger children is one of these. A small tadpole in the water doesn't know who his mother is. A shrimp tells him his mother has two big eyes. The goldfish! A goldfish tells him his mother has a big white belly. The crab! But no.. . and so, as the intriguing mystery goes oD, .a children learn what the goldfish, ;b crab, turtle and catfish look like, h and how a tadpoie becomes a frog. Littl,e Kha-sang and Monster Wi,ndstorm. a story about a Tibetan boy, for children a bit o1der, uses the technique of per- sonification. Monster Windsiorm tyrannizes a desert village. The .q v FEBRUARY T98T CHII'|ESE HISTORY-)()(I)( The i"g Dynasty 2. Gonsolidating and llefending the ilultinational Counlry JIAO JIAN

T N its eally period the Qing I dynasry (1644-1911) quetied several rebellions by nobles in the frontier regions, further consoli- dating the multinational-Chinese state in a situation in which foreign powers (first Russia, then Britain) were already trying to split it up by intriguing, in their own expansionist interests, with some aristocrats of China's border nationalities.

Tsarist Russia Eyes the The Mongols were then divided into three groups. Those living in what is today Inner Mongolia south l<3'-Fr of the Gobi desert were known as €r the Inner Mongolian tribes. Those I north of the desert were the Khal- 4 ka Mongols. The Eleuth (Western) Mongols inhabited the area north of the Tianshan Mountains in today's Xinjiang (Sinkiang), west of the Altay Mountains and south and east of Lake Balkhash, and portions of today's'Qinghai prov- ince. Inner Mongolia and its people had already come under Portrait of Qins dvnastv Emperor Qian Long, with memorial tablet, hangs in the the Manchu rulers bef ore they highest hall of ribet's Potala Palace as a symbol of authority of the chinese central government. yang moved south of the Great WaLI to Zhang set up the Qing dynasty. Soon afterwards the northern and was at that time conquering Galdan, urged on by the Russians, western Mongols signified their Siberia. Despite the opposition of attacked Inner Mongolia on the allegiance through tribute to the his brother Cenghe and uncle pretext of pursuing the Khalkas. Qing court. Shukur, he was in contact with the Qing troops met his army in what The Jungarians (Dzungars), a Russians almost every year from is now the Hexigten banner in branch cjf. the Eleuth Mongols who 1674 to 1683. Arms and gunsmiths northwestern Liaoning province, inhabited the Ili River valley, were supplied to him by the and drove it back west. under their leader Galdan, subju- government of Tsar Alexei Mikhai- In 1695 Galdan's forces struck gated the other Eleuths and ex- lovich (father of Peter I). eastward along the Kerulen River. tended their influence south of the In 1688, Galdan and his cavalry The following year Emperor Kang Tianshan mountains. Galdan, bent came eastward to attack the Khal- Xi led an army to defeat him on splitting the country, wrote to ka Mongols. In 1689, the Treaty southeast of Urga (now Ulan Emperor ,Kang Xi (reigned 1661- of Nipchu (Nerchinsk) was signed Bator in today's People's Republic \722), "Your Majesty is emperor to define the Chinese-Russian of ,Mongolia). Galdan fled with of the south, and I intend to be border. The next year, Fyodor what remained of his cavalry. In the supreme ruler of the north." To Golovin, the tsar's representative, the meantime the Uygurs and secure his object, he entered into received Galdan's emissary, seek- Kazaks in Xinjiang and the collusion with tsarist Russia. which trng a military alliance. Then Mongols in Qinghai rose in revolt

68 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS against him. The Jungarian peo- defence of China's northwest it stretched to the Outer Hinggan ple and the nobles also began to. border. Mountains north of the Heilong desert him. He ended his life by In the 1820s Jehangir, grandson (Amur) River. On the seaboard it taking poison. of Khwaja the Elder, rose in re- included islands from Sakhalin in The area inhabited by the beliion. He had been in Af- the north to Taiwan and its Khalka Mongols once more came ghanistan in his youth, and come subsidiary islands Diaoyu and under the Qing government in into contact with the British Chiwei. Also four- groups in the Beijing, which conferred titles and colonialists, who having completed South China Sea Dongsha gave official positions to their their conquest of India were (known in the west as Pratas),- Xi- nobles. In 1733 it set up the Ulias- actively extending their sway to sha (the Paracels), Zhongsha (Mac- sutai military command to gar- adjacent countries and areas. clesfield Bank) and Nansha (Sprat- rison the four khanates Tsetsen, Jehangir Lent himself to their lys) ; part of China since ancient Tushetu, Dzarssaktu -and Sain schemes for aggression into Xin- times they were under the admin- Noin and two divisions - Gobdo jiang. In 1826 he secretly returned istration of Guangdong province and Tangnu- Ulidnghai, which then to southern Xinjiang and organiz- during the Qing period. made up what was known as ed some nobles for armed re- More than 50 nationalities lived . bellion. The British government within the Qing borders. They A later separatist revolt, again sent its agents as his advisors and included: Han, China's majority backed by Russia, was launched provided him with ,inodern nationality, Manchu, Mongol, Hui, by the Jungarian noble, Amour- weapons. He was captured by Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Korean, sana in 1755. Emperor Qian Long Qing troops in 1828, and the Miao, Yao, Yi, Li, Gaoshan, sent troops by two different foreign-backed revolt crushed. Zhuang, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen routes to attack him at Ili. While and Hezhe. he retreated in defeat, Amoursana Strengthening Control over Tibet The unified administration of received word from the tsar that During the early period of the the Qing government provided he might take refuge in Russia. dynasty, Emperor Shun Zhi favorable conditions for economic 1757 Qing In he fled to that country, (reign, 1644-1661) received the 5th and cultural exchange between the and was put in the rebellion down Dalai. head of Tibetan Buddhism natioiralities and f or further 1758. and conferred him the title of development of the frontier Dalai Lama (Prelate of the Ocean). regions. British Try in Xinjiang Emperor Kang Xi conferred the Many Manchus came south of the early days Rebellion by two Uygur 5th Bainqen, another leader of the Great WaIl in the Later many aristocrats, Khwaja the Elder and Lamaism, the title of Bainqen of Qing dynasty. to settle his younger brother Khwaja the Erdini (Treasured Great Teacher). Hans and Huis went In this way the government north of the wa]l. With the local Younger was put down in 1758, Qing position the Manchus, the new settlers began making it again possible to established the of Bainqen as religious to develop agriculture on the administer Xinjiang under the Dalai and leaders decreed broad northeast China plain. They government. 1762 the within China. It Qing In that future Dalais and Bainqens built settlements known as tun. court set up the Ili area com- Qing had to receive their titles from the Eventually every tun was sur- mand administer regions both to central government. rounded by fields opened in the north and south of the Tianshan ln 1727 the Qing court began to waste. Mountains. It stationed troops send a high commissioner to Lhasa The Daurs, Ewenkis and and set up outposts in various of Oroqens, three separate nationali- parts as a permanent representative of Xinjiang to strengthen the central government. Some ties, were all known as Suoluns years later it empowered the Dalai (Solons) in Qing times. Originally Lama to administer Tibet. In 1793 they inhabited areas along the Silver-studderl quiver and sheath for a bow presented to Emperor Qian Long it sent a high commissioner, upper and middle reaches of the by Taiji Dundobudash, head of the representing the central govern- Heilong River and its tributary Torguts, a branch of the Eleuth Mongols. join Lama and the Zeya River, and Sakhalin Museum of Chinese History ment, to the Dalai Bainqen Erdini in the administra- Island. Repeated invasions by tion of Tibet. Thus the Qing tsarist Russia caused them to move government in Beijing greatly to the valley of the Nen River strengthened its control of the south of the Heilong. Most of tlre regron. Daurs were farmers and herders. The Ewenkis and Oroqens were Vast Territory, Many Peopies nomads and domesticated deer for During the early part of the their transport. They lived by dynasty, China's teritory ex- hunting marten for their furs in tended west to the Pamir Moun- the forests and digging ginseng tains, taking in the area north of roots in the mountains. These two Lake Balkhash. In the northeast (Conti,nued on p. 72)

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Lesson 2 HUANG WENYAN On the Street

_a: * lK, lfr * 4F,rL r lK +e, T Etn;; ,{ W{ng: LLo Zhdng, ni qir n6r? ZhE,ng: Te bir -E"yiding. Xingqiliir wd Wang: OId Zhang, you go where? Zhang: Her not certain. SaturdaY I K, ,\+ Hfi" it 4ik#t lr P.it +ifr lh. ZlE.ng: Wd qir shilngdiin. Zhi, wCi shi sbui? di didrnhuir girosu ni. Zhang: I go store. This person is who? ' telephone (to) tell you. At *e *- c.( hIJ Jc flA}-, ,l' *. az fi; *L" W6ng: Te shi w6 de ni p6ngyou, XiAo H6ng. W6ng: Hlo. Ziijidrn. Wang: She is my girl friend, Little Hong. Wang: Good" Again see! 6&' (lt *) lk *tt K' '+ 4," Zh5lngi (Dui H6ng) Ni hio.! Zhdng: Ziijiin. Zhang: (To Hong) You well! Zhang: Again see! i*: tt ifr H6ng: Ni Mo! Translation Hong: You well! Wang: Old Zhang, where are you going? ltr qtl tr-t Zhatg: I'm going to the slore. Who's this? lK, il1 * Wang: This is my girl friend, Little Hong. Zlrli,ng:. Nimen qir nlr? Zhang: (To Hong) How do you do? Zhang: You go where? Hong: How do you do? az N,+ Lu)L, t\ + +ii" l?*.x Zharlg: Where are you going? W{ng: Ti qt shing bin, wd qir xudxiiro. Ni iiren Wang: She's going to work and I'm on my way to school, Wang: She go to work, I go (to) school. You (r) wife How are your wife and child? Zhang: Very well, thank you. fio AA fi '4t Wang: (To Hong) His daughter is very pretty, really cute. I h6 h|izi htro ma? am very fond of her. and child well ? Zhang: I'll bring her to see you on Sunday. lK, l1r. +T, 'il+d+ lk Hong: Wonderful. ZhF.ngi H6n hio, xiixie ni. " Wang: What time will you come? Zhang: Very well, thank you. Zhatgt Ten in the moming. Wang: Can your wife come, too? ar ($ r*)lu rt4r Jrru lk '&ft, Zhatg; I'm not certain about her. I'll phone you on Saturday. W4ng: (Dui H6ng) Te de ni6r hEn pidroliang, Wang: Fine. Good-bye. Wang: (To Hong) His daughter very pretty. Zhang: Good-bye. *Tr,L)L *&" lB- T , *\ fFfi' Eri. Notes hAow6nr ifle, wd fEicMng xihuan t i, cute very, I extraordinarily like her. 1. Ni qir nir? ff+qft rL ? (Where are you going?) l(z ElAa fl ffi *u + h 'f,jlfll" This is commonly used to greet someone on ZhE;ngl. Xingqiri wd dni tA qir kin nimen. the street and may strike someone not accustomed Zharng: Sunday I bring her to see you. to Chinese as being overly-inquisitive. It does r*, Jtil!" not always demand a direct answer, but can be H6ng: Tii' hlo le. answered in a general way such as W6 qt bin Hong: Very good. di6nr shir t,+,I,*.lLF,,L (['m going out to do a: th l+ Z rtm *r some business). W6ng: Ni sh6nme shihou l6i? for husband or wife. Wang: You what time come? 2. Airen fA This term,' meaning literally "loved one", i&' -L+ f,k. came use liberation 194) and can Zhdng:. Shingwfi shi diln. into after in Zhang: Moming ten o'clock. refer to either husband or wife. 3. Lilo* (old) and xiio ,1. (little). tB frF,, J-z EL 't + '\z prefixed family name as Wdng: Ni iiren y6 n6ng l6i ma? These are often to a Wang: You(r) wife also can come? a sign of familiarity; L[o, 2 for an older person,

FEBBUARY T981 71 Xiio ,.1. a younger, as Lio Zhdng *K and Xiio 2, Lgr shing bin (go to work) H6ng ,J. i*. J+tE shing ziob[n (work morning shift) 4. Intenogafive pronouns. j-WgL shhng winbdn (work night shift) Four used in this Iesson are: T 9z xii bdn (leave work) shui ip (who) or lr P.it d[ diirnhui (to telephone) sh6nme ll A (what) q t,rt hui diirnhuir (return the telephone call) sh6nme shihou t+,Atti#- (when or what time) nir dp lU (where) Exercises In Chinese the interrogative word is placed A. How do you say the following in Chinese: where the answer would be in a declarative sen- Where? Who? What? tence. Examples: Ti shi shui? *U.&-zE3 (literal- B. Translate the following sentences into Chinese: She is who?). shi Xido H6ng ly: Tii *uE,t.* l. His daughter is very pretty. (She is Little sh6nme shihou Hong). Ni l i? ltr l+ 2. I will phone you. (You what time AWIR*? come?) Ni qi nir? 3. Where is Old Zhang going? (You go ft*qltUt where?) 4. He is going to work. Words and Phrases C. Read the following passage: )Llkl#fr,; tL)LILT, JilF'fr',+ ...... +Ll *Kal* fi t, jile (very) rt*0. ,}n4i.f"+\ a1r*An Lfr n,1 *1K, NiL (very i|rx,)Lfu-f hiowdnrjile cute) (shud, say) 4u ffJe;u *fr lxlil, 4i-fi ErA a L l#ft,*Ll piioliangjfle (very pretty) +f ,t,F" *Ttel hiojile. (very good) (Huang Wenyan, Instructor, Beijing Lan- t*-ifr*Ll mdfanjile (very troublesome) guages Institute.)

The Qing Dynosty still) concentrated in Ningxia, raised yaks and sheep on the Gansu, Xinjiang and plateau pastures (Continued from p. 69) Qinghai in of its northern the northwest, in the north China part. products, and deer antlers used provinces of Henan and Hebei and During the early period of the f or medicinal purposes, they in Yunnan in the south. The Hui Qing dynasty, the Tibetans rebuilt exchanged the Han people with people have been an important the Potala Pa1ace* on a hill in the grain, cotton cloth and iron for force in developing the northwest. heart of the Lhasa River valley. people implements. The Hezhe Their merchants played a big role In the resplendent and magni- Were hunters and fishermen the in in economic exchange between the ficent 13-story Potala are colorful lower Heilong River valley. In frontier regions and other parts of murals dealing with the rich winter they traveled by dog sled. the country. history and culture of the Tibetan In the Mongolian regions animal Among the many nationalities people intermixed with religious husbandry, the traditional occupa- in Xinjiang in the far west, the themes. Just as the Tang dynasty tion, flourished in early Qing Kazaks in its northern part weie emperors of China had sent times. Some Mongols also became herdsmen. The Uygurs in the craftsmen of the Han majority na- farmers as the Hans migrated in south were famous for their tionality to help build the original large numbers to open land above wheat, corn, cotton, grapes and Potala in the 7th century, so the the great bend of the Huanghe melons. In their dry climate they Qing dynasty emperor Kang Xi (Yellow) River and in the eastern irrigated with the melting snow sent many to participate in its re- part -+ of Inner Mongolia. During from the Tianshan Mountains, or construction and extension a E the reigrl of Emperor Qian Long with underground water brought thousand years later. E Guisui (today's ) had de- L to the fields through karez, a The Zhi-rangs in Guangxi, Yun- 4 veloped into the largest com- system of underground channels nan, Hunan and Guangdong, the t W mercial city of that region. dug by linking a series of wells. Miaos, Yaos and Yis in the south- 6 The Moslem Huis developed The silks, carpeds and jade west, the Lis on Hainan Island and tt from centuries of intermingling handicraft of th6 highly-skilled the Gaoshans on Taiwan, all with = between various peoples of central Uygur artisans were known a long history, like other nation- I Asia, the Persian and Arab throughout the country. alities in China, enriched the coun- \ )j. merchants, army officers and The Tibetans, living on the try's culture with their own others who came and to China, Qinghai-Tibet plateau were mainly creations. tr )L the Hans and minority peoples of livestock raisers or farmers. They . China. They lived in many parts grew qingke (highland barley) in China Reconstrllcts carried an article + on the Potala Palace in its March 1980 g. of the country, but were (and are the valleys of southern Tibet, and issue sl= 72 OHINA NECONSTRUCTS Mi Mi Brond l Children's Gorments I

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