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The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency at 50 by GAIL H

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The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency at 50 by GAIL H The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency at 50 BY GAIL H. MARCUS As the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency celebrates HE OECD NUCLEAR Energy its 50th anniversary, it is appropriate to consider Agency (NEA), which first opened T its doors 50 years ago this month, its contributions over the last half-century, began its existence as a much different en- tity than it is today, and in a different envi- and its prospects for the future. ronment. In the mid-1950s, the Organization for OEEC. This in turn led to a decision by the nings of two other important international, European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), OEEC Council in 1957 to establish the Eu- intergovernmental organizations that are originally chartered to administer the Mar- ropean Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA) un- still active today: the European Atomic En- shall Plan for the post–World War II recov- der the OEEC. Its statute entered into force ergy Community (Euratom), headquartered ery of Europe, sought to address increasing on February 1, 1958. in Brussels, Belgium, and the International European concerns about an energy supply The original membership of the ENEA Atomic Energy Agency, located in Vienna, shortage. While the United States, which included all 17 countries that were OEEC Austria. Both actually predate the ENEA had funded the Marshall Plan, participated members at the time of the ENEA’s found- slightly, having been established in March in OEEC activities, the organization’s ing: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, and July of 1957, respectively. The three or- membership and focus at that time were West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, ganizations have distinct but overlapping strictly European. (In 1961, the member- Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Nor- roles, missions, and memberships. A vari- ship of the OEEC would expand and its way, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, ety of coordinating efforts, including par- name would be changed to the Organiza- Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Spain ticipation in each other’s meetings, joint tion for Economic Cooperation and Devel- was not a member of the OEEC at that time projects, and management reviews, help en- opment. The OECD today has 30 members, but joined the OEEC and the ENEA shortly sure that the efforts of the three organiza- including the United States.) thereafter.) Since this was a European or- tions are complementary. In December 1953, the OEEC Council, ganization, countries in other parts of the the governing body of the OEEC, commis- world were not members. The United States Initial activities of the ENEA sioned a report to identify solutions to Eu- and Canada, however, participated as asso- The earliest activities of the ENEA actu- rope’s energy problems. That report, sub- ciate members. ally preceded the formal establishment of mitted to the council in May 1955, focused The ENEA was designed to provide a the agency. Even as the discussions that on the potential of nuclear energy and high- mechanism for peaceful nuclear coopera- would lead to the formation of the ENEA lighted the importance of European cooper- tion. The agency had three primary objec- were under way, the OEEC Council was ation in this field. In response to this report, tives: the establishment of joint research providing an early response to selected in 1956 the council established a temporary projects; the solution of specific legal prob- needs for work in the nuclear area as they working group and, later, a permanent body, lems related to nuclear energy through the were identified. Targeted committees under the Steering Committee for Nuclear Energy, harmonization of national laws or the adop- the aegis of the OEEC were formed in two to identify potential areas of activity for the tion of regional conventions; and the provi- areas–nuclear liability, and radiation pro- sion of a forum in which the national nuclear tection. Both committees were subsumed Gail H. Marcus (<[email protected]>) was energy programs of its member countries into the ENEA when it formally came into the deputy director-general of the OECD Nu- could be discussed and coordinated. being. clear Energy Agency from April 2004 through It should be pointed out that the ENEA The first of these committees, now the March 2007. Prior to joining the NEA, she was was born during a period of great excite- Nuclear Law Committee, was initially es- the principal deputy director of the U.S. Depart- ment about the potential for nuclear power. tablished by the Steering Committee as a ment of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy, Sci- The 1950s were also the formative years for working group in January 1957. Eleven ence and Technology. She also served as the a number of nuclear activities and institu- members of the OEEC joined the effort. 2001–2002 president of ANS. tions, and, in particular, marked the begin- This working group soon evolved into the February 2008 NUCLEAR NEWS 27 Group of Governmental Experts on Third by the OEEC Council on July 29, 1960, is United States. The foresight displayed by Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear En- the first of several international instruments the framers of these early instruments in ad- ergy, which first met in January 1958. The that establish clear rules of responsibility dressing issues of nuclear liability in ad- group continued to operate under this name and levels of compensation for damage vance of any incident potentially requiring until October 2000, when the NEA Steer- caused by nuclear activities to ensure equi- compensation is still considered remark- ing Committee finally changed its name table treatment in all countries. Other inter- able. and mandate and it became the Nuclear national treaties and amendments over the The second of these committees, now the Law Committee. years have broadened the applicability and Committee on Radiation Protection and The very first activity of the group, the updated the compensation levels. It should Public Health (CRPPH), was initially estab- drafting of the Paris Convention on Third be noted that the United States is not a party lished by the Steering Committee as a Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear En- to any of these conventions. The 1957 working party in March 1957. In February ergy (the “Paris Convention”), remains as Price-Anderson Amendment to the 1954 1958, this became the Health and Safety perhaps one of its most significant accom- Atomic Energy Act, however, confers sim- Committee (HSC), and in 1973, it finally plishments. The Paris Convention, adopted ilar types of protections for incidents in the took its current name. Since radiation pro- NEA Timeline: The First 50 Years (1958–2008) Precursors 1948 16 April • Organization of European Economic 1959 Cooperation (OEEC) established 1960 29 July • Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the 1953 14 December • Secretary-general submits report to OEEC Field of Nuclear Energy adopted by OEEC Council of Ministers on energy supply Council difficulties • Agreement for cooperation signed between 1954 December • United Nations conference on peaceful uses ENEA and IAEA of atomic energy held 14 December • Convention establishing the Organization for 1955 May • Report by Louis Armand citing potential of Economic Cooperation and Development nuclear energy and need for European (OECD) signed in Paris, France cooperation 1961 • OEEC becomes OECD 10 June • Working Party on Nuclear Energy set up Autumn • Prof. J. M. Otero y de Navascues, of Spain, 15 December • Working Party submits its report elected chair of SCNE 1956 29 February • Council of Ministers establishes Special 1962 Committee on Nuclear Energy; four working 1963 31 January • Brussels Convention Supplementary to the parties develop proposals Paris Convention adopted March • Prof. Leander Nicolaidis, of Greece, appointed 1964 • Einar Saeland, of Norway, appointed director- chair of Special Committee on Nuclear Energy general 18 July • Council of Ministers responds to working July • Prof. U. W. Hochstrasser, of Switzerland, parties’ proposals with a series of actions, elected chair of SCNE including the establishment of a Steering • ENEA common services created (Computer Committee for Nuclear Energy (SCNE) Program Library at Ispra, Italy, and Neutron November • Prof. Leander Nicolaidis appointed chair of Data Compilation Center at Saclay, France SCNE • Study Group on Long-Term Role of Nuclear 1957 24 January • Working Group on Harmonization of Energy (NELT) established Legislation established to examine third party 1965 • Japan joins ENEA as associate member liability for damage caused by the peaceful • Committee on Reactor Safety Technology use of nuclear energy (11 members of OEEC (CREST) established join) 1966 21 March • Working Party on Public Health and Safety established by SCNE 1967 June • H. H. Koch, of Denmark, elected chair of SCNE 3 July • Group of Governmental Experts on Third Party 1968 Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy 1969 April • Prof. Carlo Salvetti, of Italy, elected chair of established by SCNE, replacing former SCNE Working Group (first meeting held 22 January, 1970 1958) 1971 29 July • International Atomic Energy Agency 1972 • Japan becomes a member established 20 April • Name changed from ENEA to Nuclear Energy 20 December • European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA) Agency (NEA) established by Council of Ministers’ decision May • Reinhard Loosch, of Germany, elected chair of The First 50 Years SCNE 1958 1 February • ENEA Statute enters into force (all 17 OEEC 1973 • Australia becomes a member members join ENEA); Canada and the United • Committee on Radiation Protection and Public States are associate members; Pierre Huet, of Health (CRPPH) established, replacing HSC France, appointed director-general • Committee on Safety of Nuclear Installations 21 February • Health and Safety Committee (HSC) established (CSNI) established, replacing CREST and • Halden Reactor Project established taking on the regulatory functions of HSC 28 NUCLEAR NEWS February 2008 THE OECD NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY AT 50 tection affects all uses of the atom, not just publication in 1959 of its Radiation Protec- do not survive today.
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