Nuclear Energy Outlook – 2008
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Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times. -
Scotland, Nuclear Energy Policy and Independence Raphael J. Heffron
Scotland, Nuclear Energy Policy and Independence EPRG Working Paper 1407 Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 1457 Raphael J. Heffron and William J. Nuttall Abstract This paper examines the role of nuclear energy in Scotland, and the concerns for Scotland as it votes for independence. The aim is to focus directly on current Scottish energy policy and its relationship to nuclear energy. The paper does not purport to advise on a vote for or against Scottish independence but aims to further the debate in an underexplored area of energy policy that will be of value whether Scotland secures independence or further devolution. There are four central parts to this paper: (1) consideration of the Scottish electricity mix; (2) an analysis of a statement about nuclear energy made by the Scottish energy minister; (3) examination of nuclear energy issues as presented in the Scottish Independence White Paper; and (4) the issue of nuclear waste is assessed. A recurrent theme in the analysis is that whether one is for, against, or indifferent to new nuclear energy development, it highlights a major gap in Scotland’s energy and environmental policy goals. Too often, the energy policy debate from the Scottish Government perspective has been reduced to a low-carbon energy development debate between nuclear energy and renewable energy. There is little reflection on how to reduce Scottish dependency on fossil fuels. For Scotland to aspire to being a low-carbon economy, to decarbonising its electricity market, and to being a leader within the climate change community, it needs to tackle the issue of how to stop the continuation of burning fossil fuels. -
STATUS REPORT on SEISMIC RE-EVALUATION English Only Text
Unclassified NEA/CSNI/R(98)5 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques OLIS : 10-Nov-1998 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dist. : 16-Nov-1998 __________________________________________________________________________________________ English text only Unclassified NEA/CSNI/R(98)5 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY COMMITTEE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS STATUS REPORT ON SEISMIC RE-EVALUATION English text English only 71673 Document incomplet sur OLIS Incomplete document on OLIS NEA/CSNI/R(98)5 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: − to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; − to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and − to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter; Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996) and the Republic of Korea (12th December 1996). -
International Nuclear Law Essentials Programme
International Nuclear Law Essentials Paris, France 17 – 21 February 2020 Programme Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency Office of Legal Counsel ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 36 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1 February 1958. Current NEA membership consists of 33 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Korea, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. -
Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 4 South-East Scotland: Montrose to Eyemouth
Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom Region 4 South-east Scotland: Montrose to Eyemouth edited by J.H. Barne, C.F. Robson, S.S. Kaznowska, J.P. Doody, N.C. Davidson & A.L. Buck Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House, City Road Peterborough PE1 1JY UK ©JNCC 1997 This volume has been produced by the Coastal Directories Project of the JNCC on behalf of the project Steering Group. JNCC Coastal Directories Project Team Project directors Dr J.P. Doody, Dr N.C. Davidson Project management and co-ordination J.H. Barne, C.F. Robson Editing and publication S.S. Kaznowska, A.L. Buck, R.M. Sumerling Administration & editorial assistance J. Plaza, P.A. Smith, N.M. Stevenson The project receives guidance from a Steering Group which has more than 200 members. More detailed information and advice comes from the members of the Core Steering Group, which is composed as follows: Dr J.M. Baxter Scottish Natural Heritage R.J. Bleakley Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland R. Bradley The Association of Sea Fisheries Committees of England and Wales Dr J.P. Doody Joint Nature Conservation Committee B. Empson Environment Agency C. Gilbert Kent County Council & National Coasts and Estuaries Advisory Group N. Hailey English Nature Dr K. Hiscock Joint Nature Conservation Committee Prof. S.J. Lockwood Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences C.R. Macduff-Duncan Esso UK (on behalf of the UK Offshore Operators Association) Dr D.J. Murison Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment & Fisheries Department Dr H.J. Prosser Welsh Office Dr J.S. Pullen WWF-UK (Worldwide Fund for Nature) Dr P.C. -
The Energy Sector in Sweden
THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN Introduction to the market March 2020 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. The Swedish energy market ................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Different types of renewable sources ............................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Hydropower 6 3.2 Bioenergy 6 3.3 Nuclear power 7 3.4 Solar power 7 3.5 Wind power 8 3.6 Other sources 9 3.6.1 Wave power 9 3.6.2 Heat pumps 9 3.6.3 Body heat 9 4. Role of the government ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 carbon taxation 10 4.2 Green electricity certification 11 4.3 The Swedish Energy Agency 11 5. Long term goals ............................................................................................................................................................................ -
Innovative Nuclear Reactor Development
THREE-AGENCE STUDY IAEA INNOVATIVE NUCLEAR REACTOR DEVELOPMENT Opportunities for International Co-operation Profil couleur : Generic CMYK printer profile - None Composite Trame par dØfaut INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris, cedex 15, France The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1st February 1958 under the name The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an of the OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency. It autonomous body which was established in received its present designation on 20th April November 1974 within the framework of the 1972, when Japan became its first non-European Organisation for Economic Co-operation and full Member. NEA membership today consists of Development (OECD) to implement an inter- 28 OECD Member countries: Australia, Austria, national energy programme. Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, It carries out a comprehensive programme of Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, energy co-operation among twenty-six* of the Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, OECD’s thirty Member countries. The basic aims of the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of the IEA are: Korea, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. • to maintain and improve systems for coping The Commission of the European Communities also with oil supply disruptions; takes part in the work of the Agency. • to promote rational energy policies in a global The mission of the NEA is: context through co-operative relations -
Nuclear Energy: the Big Lie
The Trap Chapter 6 Nuclear Energy: The Big Lie You believe that it is possible to make a very major change in our energy policy? Yes. Technology is now available which would allow us to transform the way we produce and use energy. If we seize the opportunity to make a radical change, the effects would be extraordinarily beneficial to the economy, the environment and public safety. What has suddenly changed to make you so optimistic? The Cold War has ended. During the Cold War, the principal weapons were nuclear. Nuclear energy was an extension of military research and both were to some degree controlled by the same state scientific elites, which for reasons of national security maintained secrecy even when the nuclear programme was extended to non-military projects. Successive governments believed that if problems arose in the civil project, these should be kept secret so as not to endanger the military programme. At first it was thought that nuclear energy would be safe and unlimited, and therefore would put an end to western dependence on imported energy. It was also believed that electricity generated by nuclear means would be, as the Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission declared, 'too cheap to meter'.1 Western governments devoted a major part of their resources to developing nuclear energy. Between 1979 and 1990 the member nations of the International Energy Agency spent nearly 60 per cent of their energy research budget on nuclear power. Only 9.4 per cent was devoted to developing renewable sources of energy and 6.4 per cent to methods for saving energy.2 With almost unlimited state backing, nuclear scientists and administrators operated in secret and above the law. -
NUCLEAR LAW BULLETIN No. 46
NUCLEAR LAW BULLETIN No. 46 Contents Detailed Table of Contents Studies and Articles Case Law and Administrative Decisions National Legrslative and Regulatory Actrvrtres International Regulatory Activitres Agreements Texts Bibliography ThlS BulletIn ulcludeo a supplement December 1990 Nuclear Energy Agency Orgamsakan for Economic Co-operahon and Development Pursuant to article I of the Convention ugncd m Pdns on 14th December 1960 and u hlch came mm force on 30th September 1961. the Organ~satwn for F.conom~c Gopcrat~on and Development (OECD) shall promote pols~cs deagned - to achwe the hlghat sustamahk economw growth and employment and a nrmg standard of lwmg m Member countna whde mamtammg linanaal stablIlt, and thus to mntnhute to the ckvclopment of the world economy - to contnbutc to sound cconom~c cxpansmn m Member as well as non-member countnes tn the prams of ec~norn~c development and - to contnbute to the expansmn of world trade on a mululateral nondwnmmatory basis m accordance wth mtcntatmnal obbgattons The ongmal Member countnes of the OECD are Austna Beigmm Canada Denmark France the Federal Rcpubbc of Germany, Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg the Netherlands Norway, Portugal Spam Sweden Swttzerland Turkey the Umted Kmgdom and the Umted Stata Tbe followmg countnes became Members subsequentI) through accewon at the data mdtcated hereafter Japan (28th Apnl 1964) Finland (28th Januan 1969) Autraba (7th June 1971) and New Zealand (29th May 1973) The Soaabst Federal Repubbc of Yugoslavia takes part m some of the work of the -
Swedish Nuclear Power Policy
The Research Project Energy Opinion in Sweden Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg Per Hedberg Sören Holmberg April 2008 Swedish Nuclear Power Policy A Compilation of Public Record Material History Nuclear Power “In Sweden, nuclear technology started in 1947, when AB Atomenergi was constituted to carry out a development programme decided by the Parliament. As a result, the first research reactor went critical in 1954. This was followed by the first prototype nuclear power plant (PHWR) Ågesta located to a rock cavern in a suburb of Stockholm. The Ågesta reactor was mainly used for district heating and operated from 1964 until 1974, when it was permanently shut down. The first commercial nuclear power plant Oskarshamn 1 was commissioned in 1972 and was followed by another eleven units sited at Barsebäck, Oskarshamn Ringhals and Forsmark in the time period up to 1985. The twelve commercial reactors constructed in Sweden comprise 9 BWRs (ASEA-ATOM design) and 3 PWRs (Westinghouse design). As a result of political decisions, the twin BWR units Barsebäck 1 and 2 were finally shut down in 1999 and 2005 respectively. In 2004, Studsvik Nuclear decided to permanently shut down the two research reactors (R2 and R2–0) at the Studsvik site. They were closed in June 2005. The decision was taken on economical grounds, the licences had recently been extended until 2014, subject to certain conditions. The reactors were mainly used for commercial materials testing purposes, isotope production, neutron source for research purposes, medical applications and higher education. They are currently under decommissioning.” (From DS 2007:30:11-12) “Nuclear policy was the major domestic policy issue during the mid and late1970s. -
The Evolving Role and Image of the Regulator in Radioactive Waste Management
Radioactive Waste Management 2012 The Evolving Role and Image of the Regulator in Radioactive Waste Management Trends over Two Decades NEA Radioactive Waste Management ISBN 978-92-64-99186-6 The Evolving Role and Image of the Regulator in Radioactive Waste Management: Trends over Two Decades © OECD 2012 NEA No. 7083 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General. -
Radioactive Waste Management Programmes In
RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES IN OECD/NEA MEMBER COUNTRIES SWEDEN [2010] NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY CONTEXT Commercial utilisation of nuclear power in Sweden started in 1972 and as of 2010 ten nuclear power units supply electricity to the grid. In 2008, nuclear power generated 61,3 TWh of electricity, 42% of the total electricity generated in Sweden. Electricity supply by sources 2008 (158,7 TWh) (Source: Statistics Sweden) SOURCES, TYPES AND QUANTITIES OF WASTE Nuclear waste in arises from 12 commercial nuclear power plants at Barsebäck1, Forsmark, Oskarshamn and Ringhals and from research activities, mainly from Studsvik. Other radioactive wastes, so called small user waste, arise from a number of facilities using radioisotopes in medical, research and industrial applications. The long-term planning for the waste management programme is based on a reference scenario where the reactors in Ringhals and Forsmark are assumed to have an operating time of 50 years and OKG’s reactors 60 years. The quantity of spent fuel to be disposed of amounts to about 12,000 tonnes of uranium (counted as uranium). The total volume of decommissioning waste for all nuclear power plants as well as from research and demonstration facilities is estimated to 160 000 m3. 1 The two units in Barsebäck were permanently shut down 1999 and 2005 1(5) The LILW programme is aimed at disposing of all the low- and intermediate-level operational and decommissioning waste from the Swedish nuclear power programme. The reference scenario gives rise to a total of about 212 000 m3 of short-lived waste and about 8 700 m3 of long-lived waste from the nuclear power plants.