A List of the Published Work of Margaret Gowing

I. Books and Chapters in Books

(joint author with W.K. Hancock) British War Economy (London: HMSO, 1949; 2nd, revised edition, 1975) (joint author with E.L. Hargreaves) Civil Industry and Trade (London: HMSO, 1952) 'Introductory: the growth of Government action and the ups and downs of the family', in Sheila Ferguson and Hilde Fitzgerald, Studies in the Social Services (London: HMSO, 1954) Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939-1945 (London: Macmillan. 1964) Dossier secret des relations atomiques entre allies 1939-1948 (Paris: Pion, 1965) (joint author with A.H.K. Slater) 'Britain in the Second World War', in Robin Higham (ed.), A Guide to the Sources of Military History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971) pp. 512-41 Independence and Deterrence. Britain and Atomic Energy. 1945-1952 (assisted by Lorna Arnold), vol. I, Policy Making (London: Macmillan, 1974) Independence and Deterrence. Britain and Atomic Energy. 1945-1952 (assisted by Lorna Arnold), vol. II, Policy Execution (London: Macmillan, 1974) 'Anglo-French economic collaboration up to the outbreak of the Second World War', in Les Relations franco-britanniques de 1935 ii 1939 (Paris: CNRS, 1975) pp. 179-88 'Anglo-French economic collaboration before the Second World War: oil and coal', in Les Relations franco-britanniques de 1935 ii 1939 (Paris: CNRS, 1975) pp. 263-75) (joint author with Lorna Arnold) The Atomic Bomb (London: Butterworth, 1979) 'Britain, America and the bomb', in David Dilks (ed.), Retreat from Power. Studies in Britain's Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century, Vol. II, After 1939 (London: Macmillan, 1981) pp. 120--37

'Does the timing of scientific discovery matter?', in John Ken drew and Julian Shelley (eds), Priorities in Research (Excerpta Medica, 1983) pp. 3-33 241 242 Published Work of Margaret Gowing

'The history of science, politics and political economy', in Pietro Corsi and Paul Weindling (eds), Information Sources in the History of Science and Medicine (London: Butterworth, 1983) pp. 99-115 'Niels Bohr and nuclear weapons', in A.P. French and P.J. Kennedy (eds), Niels Bohr. A Centenary Volume (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985) pp. 266-77; the same essay appears, in slightly different forms, in A. Boserop, L. Christensen and 0. Nathan (eds), The Challenge of Nuclear Armaments: Essays Dedicated to Niels Bohr and his Appeal for an Open World (Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1985); and in J. de Boer, E. Dal and 0. Ulfbeck (eds), The Lessons of Quantum Theory (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986) 'Nuclear weapons and the "special relationship'", in Roger Louis and Hedley Bull (eds), 'The Special Relationship': Anglo-American Relations since /945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) 117-28

II. Special Lectures

(Inaugural Lecture) What's Science to History or History to Science? (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975) (Wilkins Lecture) 'Science, technology and education: England in 1870', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, XXXII (1977) pp. 71-90; also in the Oxford Review of Education, IV (1978) pp. 3-17 (Bernal Lecture) Science and Politics (London: Birkbeck College, 1977) (Rede Lecture) Reflections on Atomic Energy History (Cambridge University Press, 1978); also in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, XXXV (1979) pp. 51-4 (Annual Lecture to the Institution of Nuclear Engineers) 'Principalities and nuclear power: the origins of reactor systems', Nuclear Engineer, XXIII (1982) pp. 7(k;) (Spencer Lecture) 'An old and intimate relationship', in Vernon Bogdanor (ed.), Science and Politics. The Herbert Spencer Lectures /982 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) pp. 52-69; also in A. Boserop, L. Christensen and 0. Nathan (eds), The Challenge of Nuclear Armaments: Essays Dedicated to Niels Bohr and his Appeal for an Open World (Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1986) (University of Southampton and Central Electricity Generating Board Lecture) How Nuclear Power Began (University of Southampton, 1987)

III. Articles in Learned Journals

'The organisation of manpower in Britain during the Second World War', Journal of Contemporary History, VII (1972) pp. 147-67 'La mobilisation economique', Revue d'histoire de Ia deuxieme guerre mondiale (1973) pp. 11-22 Published Work of Margaret Gowing 243

'The Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre', Archives, XI (1973) pp. 73-5 'A refuge for scientists' writings', Nature, CCLXXVII (1979) p. 7 'The Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, XXXIV (1979) pp. 123-31 'Science, space and survival' (speech given at the 25th anniversary, Women of the Year Luncheon, autumn 1980), Science and Public Policy, VIII (1981) pp. 155-6 'Modern public records: selection and access. The report of the Wilson Committee', Social History, VI (1981) pp. 351-7 'British modern public records: a vital raw material', Archives and Manuscripts: the Journal of the Australian Society of Archivists, IX (1981) 'Les savants nucleaires dans Ia tourmente', Echos du groupe CEA, No. 1 (1984) pp. 12-15

IV. Biographical Essays

'Reminiscences in Whitehall', in Essays Presented to Sir Keith Hancock (Melbourne: Historical Studies, XIII, 1968) 'Dr E. Bretscher CBE. Obiturary', Nature, CCXLIV (1973) pp. 319-20 'Richard Morris Titmuss. A memoir', Proceedings of the British Academy, LXI (1975) pp. 401-28 'Sir Charles Galton Darwin', Dictionary of National Biography, 1961-1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) pp. 272-4 'James Chadwick', 'Frederick Lindemann', 'Nevill Mott', 'Mark Oliphant', 'Robert Oppenheimer', 'George Sarton', 'Leo Szilard', 'Edward Teller', 'Henry Tizard', in Alan Bullock and R.B. Woodings (eds). The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought (1983) 'Christopher Hinton. Lord Hinton of Bankside (1901-1983)', Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. III (London: Butterworth, 1985) pp. 268-74 'Sir Nevill Mott. An appreciation', Philosophical Magazine, B. LII (1985) pp. 215-16 'George Cyril Allen, 1900-1982', Proceedings of the British Academy, LXXI (1985) pp. 473-91

V. Articles in the Daily and Weekly Press

'Atomic energy archives', New Scientist, XXV (18 March 1965) pp. 726--8 'Science and the modern historian', Times Literary Supplement, 7 May 1970, pp. 515-16 (jointly with Lorna Arnold) 'Health and safety in Britain's nuclear 244 Published Work of Margaret Gowing

programme', New Scientist, LXIV (28 Nov. 1974) pp. 659-61 (jointly with Lorna Arnold) 'The early politics of nuclear safety', New Scientist, LXIV (5 Dec. 1974) pp. 741-3 'Lost opportunities in an age of imperialism', Times Higher Education Supplement, 26 November 1976, p. 15 'Are historians really necessary?', Times Higher Education Supplement, 9 June 1978, p. 11 'Records: tomorrow's history', Listener, 17 Jan. 1980, p. 75 'How Britain produced the bomb', Guardian, 8 April 1985, p. 9 'The man who caught a glimpse of Armageddon', Guardian, 25 July 1985, p. 13

VI. A Select List of Book Reviews

'A.S. Milward, The German Economy at War', Economist, 15 May 1965, p. 772 'The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. Vol. I. The TVA Years, 1939-45; Vol. II. The Atomic Energy Years, 1945-50', New Statesman, 31 Dec. 1965, pp. 1035--6 'Hilary Jenkinson, A Manual of Archive Administration; and T.R. Schellen• berg, The Management of Archives', Journal of Documentation, XXII (1966) pp. 25J-4 'David Irving, The Virus House', New Statesman, 24 Febr. 1967, pp. 260, 262 'Ronald Clark, Queen Victoria's Bomb', Times (Saturday Review), 9 Dec. 1967, p. 19 'E. Tal andY. Ezrahi, Science Policy and Development: the Case of Israel', Nature, CCXLIII (1973) pp. 550 'G.A.W. Boehm and A. Groner, Science in the Service of Mankind. The Battelle Story', Nature, CCXLIV (1973) pp. 122 'A.J. Pierre, Nuclear Politics', Nature, CCXLIV (1973) pp. 425 'Kurt Mendelssohn, The World of Walter Nernst: the Rise and Fall of German Science', Lycidas (Wolfson College Magazine), No.1 (1972-3) pp. 26-7 'Peter Mathias (ed.), Science and Society, 1600-1900', History of Science, XI (1973) pp. 143-5 'J.R. Ravetz. Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems', British Journal of the History of Science, VII (1974) pp. 72-5 'P. Forman, J.L. Heilbron and S. Weart, Physics circa 1900', Annals of Science, XXXIII (1976) pp. 610-11 'Jerry Gaston, Originality and Competition in Science: a Study of the British Published Work of Margaret Gowing 245

High Energy Physics Community', Nature, CCLIV (1975) pp. 217-18 'Mel Thistle (ed.), The Mackenzie-McNaughton Wartime Letters', Science, NS CXCII (1976) pp. 363 'W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: a History. vol. II. 1926-52', English Historical Review, XCL (1976) pp. 875-6 'G.B. Kistiakovsky, A Scientist at the White House', Times Literary Supplement, 8 Nov. 1977, 1348 'W.M. Elsasser (ed.), Memoirs of a Physicist in the Atomic Age', Contemporary Physics, XX (1979) p. 368 'Max Born, My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate', Contemporary Physics, XX (1979) pp. 485--6 'Otto R. Frisch, What Little I Remember', Contemporary Physics, XX (1979) pp. 655-7

'G.M. Caroe, William Henry Bragg, 1862-1942: Man and Scientist', English Historical Review, XCV (1980) p. 234 'R.V. Jones. The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence. 1939-1945', Isis, LXXI (1980) pp. 518-19 'L.M. Libby, The Uranium People', Contemporary Physics, XXI (1980) pp. 653--6 'Roger Williams, The Nuclear Power Decisions', New Scientist, LXXXVI (19 June 1980) p. 329 'A.K. Smith and C. Weiner (eds), Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and Recollections; Peter Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer: 'Shatterer of Worlds'; L. Badash, J.O. Hirschfelder and H. Broda (eds), Reminiscences of Los Alamos', Contemporary Physics, XXII (1981) pp. 681--6 'C.P. Snow, The Physicists', New Scientist, XCI (1 Oct. 1981) pp. 49-50 'S. Cockburn and D. Ell yard, The Life and Times of Sir Mark Oliphant', New Scientist, XCIII (4 March 1982) p. 585 'John Simpson, The Independent Nuclear State: the United States, Britain and the Military Atom', Survival, Nov.-Dec. 1984, pp. 285--6 'Lawrence Badash. Kapitza, Rutherford and the Kremlin', International Affairs, LXII (1985) pp. 12(}-1 'Nevill Mott, A Life in Science', New Scientist, CX (12 June 1986) pp. 52-3 'Crispin Tickell, Climatic Change and World Affairs', New Scientist, CXI (24 July 1986) p. 57 'Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb', New Scientist, CXIV (21 May 1987) p. 70 'L.F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War', English Historical Review (in press). 246 Published Work of Margaret Gowing

VII. Tape-recording

(jointly with David Holloway), Government and Science in Britain, the United States of America and the USSR (Devizes: Sussex Publications, 1981) 30 minutes

VIII. Contributions to Parliamentary Papers (see Editor's Preface)

Report of the Committee on Departmental Records (Grigg Report), Cmd 9163 (London: HMSO, 1954) Modern Public Records: Selection and Access (Wilson Report), Cmnd 8204 (London: HMSO, 1981) Public records. Minutes of evidence taken before the Education. Science and Arts Committee (House of Commons) 4 May 1983 (London: HMSO, 1983)

IX. Published Interviews with Margaret Gowing

Alan Cane, 'Bringing science into orthodox history', Times Higher Education Supplement, 9 March 1973, p.6 Sarah White, 'Nuclear historian', New Scientist, LXIV (28 Nov. 1974) pp. 656-9 Ian Smith, 'Atomic energy historian once shunned science', Oxford Times, 3 Oct. 1986, p. 13 Index

Abderhalden, Emil 123 work on colonial boundary Aboukir, HMS 97 determinations 48-9; Academic history in US consulted on telegraphic hegemony of 218-19 matters 49; builds up crisis in 1960s 219-20 Observatory staff 50-2; gentlemen scholars 216-17 leads team to Spain for isolation of historians 218 eclipse of sun, 1860 52; professionalisation 217, 218 knighted, 1872 56 problem of disillusionment with engineering bent 40, 44 history 219 frequent service on non• see also Public history in US astronomical Commissions Adams, George Buxton 217 42-3 Adams, John Couch 41, 45, 52 honours conferred on 56 Addison, Christopher 184, 186 love of data collection 38 Admiralty 42, 46 position in public life 52-3 Hydrographic 36, 53 publications for general reader see also Royal Navy 49-50 Airy, George Riddell 28, 37, 38, 92 relations with statesmen automatic choice as government employers 54-5 scientific consultant 44-5 Reports 39, 46, 49, 50, 51, 54, career: Director, Cambridge 55 Univ. observatory 1.828 38, view of Observatory's role 40; becomes Astronomer 45-6, 55 Royal, 1835 37, 38; obtains Albert, Prince 73 realistic salary 38; Alder, L. S. B. 111 rejuvenates Greenwich Aleksandrov, A. P. 153--4 Observatory 39--41, 50; American Historical Association work on timekeeping 217, 218, 219, 233 39--40; publishes Greenwich 'Rights and Responsibilities of Observations 41, 45; the Historian in Society' dislike of testing 234 chronometers 41-2; work American Historical Review, The on Weights and Measures 217 42; consulted on rebuilding American Telephone and of Westminster Palace 43; Telegraph 91 work on design of 'Big Amsterdam: Central Brain Ben' 43, 45; trials re iron Institute 131 hulls and ships' compasses Anderson, John 194 43--4; consulted on railways Arnold, Lorna 169 and bridge-building 44; Artsimovich, Lev 147 misses chance of discovering Asdics 105-6 planet Neptune, 1845-6 55; origins of word 113-14n consultant re colonial Athenaeum Club 27, 56 observatories 47-8, 49; Athenaeum 50, 64 247 248 Index

Atomic Age 160 Becquerel, Antoine 171 ABM treaty 166 Beilby, George 98 atomic homing of Japan, 1945 Bell, Graham 93 160, 164-5 Bell Telephone Laboratories, NJ 'breeder reactor' 164 91 difficulties of nuclear Beria, Lavrenti: put in charge of disarmament 165-6 Soviet atomic project 153 effect on scientists' status 160, Beringer, Kurt 133 161 Berlin Observatory 46 fear of nuclear war 160, 164-5 Bernal, J. D.: The Social Functions fears of radiation 161-2 of Science 145 nuclear accidents 161, 162-3, Bevan, Aneurin 185 164 NHS Bill 197, 198 nuclear deterrence 168 Beveridge, William 189 nuclear 'First Strike' fallacy Report 188 166--7 Bevin, Ernest 194, 195, 196 nuclear weapons overkill 166 Birmingham University 100 neutrons' use in research 161, Blake, L. I. 93 168 Board of Invention and Research problem of radioactive waste (BIR) 102, 103, 106 162 asdics research 106 SALT I treaty 166 founded, 1915 98 'Star Wars' programme 168 Parkeston Quay Laboratory suspicion of nuclear energy 100, 102, 104, 107 160, 161, 163 reorganised, 1918 104 value of radio-isotopes 161, 168 scientific direction of 98 Atomic Energy Authority, US scientific work 99 177 sections comprising 98-9 Atomic Energy Research Board of Longitude 36 Establishment, Harwell 161 Bohr, Niels 151, 152 Attlee, Clement 194, 195 suspects Soviet work on atomic Auckland, Lord 44 project 151-2 Austen, Robert 20-1 Bombay Observatory 48 Australian Observatory 48 Born, Max 126 Bourne, Aleck: plan for health Babbage, Charles 38, 78 service 189-90 calculating machine 4, 28, 52 Bourne, J. 29 Bacon, Adm. Sir Reginald 94 Boyle, R. W. 106 Baker, H. H. 98 Bragg, W. H. 98, 99, 102, 104 Bancroft, George 216 Breen, Hugh 51 Baring, Francis 17, 22 British Association for the Barry, Charles 17, 43 Advancement of Science Baruch, Bernard: plan for (BAAS) 4, 8, 11, 23, 26, 65, internationalisation of atomic 76, 77, 78, 81 energy 165 memorial 'respecting the Batement, W. A. S. 111 management of the British Baxendell, Joseph 48 Museum' 75-6 Beatty, Adm. Sir David (later British Institute of Public Adm, Earl) 99, 102 Opinion 188 Beaufort, Capt. Francis 36, 53 British Medical Association Beaverbrook, Lord 196 (BMA) 184, 187, 192-3 Index 249

A General Medical Service for Cabinet Office Historical Section the Nation 187 1 Medical Planning Commission Cairncross, Sir Alec 203 192, 193 Cambridge British Medical Journal 85, 192 Cavendish Laboratory 147 British Medical Research Observatory 38, 40 Council 173 Psychological Laboratory 101 on radiation 'thresholds' 177-8 Cambridge Scientific Instrument British Museum 67 Co. 96 Board of Trustees 74, 78, 80 Cape of Good Hope distrust about management of Observatory 47, 48 74-5, 76 Carnegie-Mellon University, US lack of naturalists on Board 75 220 natural history collection see Chapman, Allan 36,92 British Museum natural Charles II, King 36, 91 history collection Charlesworth, Edward 12 reform recommendations, Catham Dockyard 45 1870s 77-8 Chilowsky, Constantin 105 Royal Comission on, 1847-9 75 Christie, William 53 scientists' regard for national Churchill, Winston 152, 196 library 79-80 Clark, G. N. 3 British Museum natural history Clyde Anti-Submarine collection 67 Committee 101 Banksian Herbarium 80, 82 Coinage Commission, 1853 42 bills to remove from Colby, Gen. Thomas 7, 8, 14, 22, Bloomsbury defeated 67, 69 36, 53 overcrowding 63, 64, 80-1, 82 Colenso, John, Bishop of Natal plans for separate building 63-5 49 British Thomson-Houston Co. Colorado Fuel and Iron Co.: 100 striking miners shot, 1913 Brongniart, Adolphe 24 121 Brown, Ernest 192, 193, 195 Congress of Radiology, 1925 171 Brown, S. G. 106 Cranbourne, Lvrd 48 Brown's Ferry nuclear power Cressy, HMS 97 station, US: near-accident Crookes, William 98 163 Crystal Palace Anti-Submarine Brunei, I. K. 40, 44 Centre 101 Bryce, Robert 213 Curie, Marie 169 Buccleuch, Duke of 99 Buchan, Alastair 4 Darwin, Charles 76, 77, 79, 80, Buckland, William 27, 36, 73, 75, 82, 85, 86 76 Autobiography 85 Bukharin, Nikolai 148, 155 conflict with Owen 85 Bulganin, N. A. 155 Davy, Humphry 36 Bull, Hedley and Louis, Roger De La Beche, Henry 20, 26, 27, 37 (eds) 'The Special differences with Lyell 12 Relationship': Anglo-American empire-building 7-8, 28 Relations since 1945 5 financial arrangements with Bullock, Lord 1 Phillips 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, Bumke, Oswald 133 27, 28 Burn, Duncan 214 first Director of Ordnance Geological Survey 7 250 Index

lobbying skill 22, 27, 28 production- v. market• need for Phillips' help 9-10, orientation 212 15-16, 19, 20 problem of communication opposed to naive Smithian 211-12, 214 palaeontology 10, 12 uncertainties in both fields Report on Devon and Cornwall, 205-6 1839 15-20 passim use of models and Researches in Theoretical measurement 204 Geology 14 Edinburgh Review 78 under attack in geological field Edison, Thomas 91 8-9 laboratories 91 Department of Scientific and Egerton, Jack 102 Industrial Research (DSIR) Elcho, Lord 71 98 Electrical Engineering Laboratory, Derby, Lord 71 Finsbury 100 Desmond, Adrian 82, 85 Elieness research centre 101 Devonshire Commission on Ellis, William 51 Scientific Instruction and Embree, Edwin 123, 130 Advancement of Science, Encyclopaedia Metropolitana 11 1870--4 471-2 Eugenics Record Office, US 130 Disraeli, Benjamin 66, 68, 71, 72 Eve, A. S. 104 Du Pont company 91 Eversole, Henry 124, 126 Duddell, William 96, 99, 106 Dunkin, Edwin 51, 53 Dunning, William A. 217 Faraday, Michael 19, 36, 92 Felixstowe Air Station 100 East India Company 47 Fessenden, R. A. 96 East London College 102 Fischer, Eugen 132 Eastman Kodak 91 Fisher, Sir John Arbuthnot (later Eastern Telegraph Co. 100 Lord) 91, 102 Ebro II, trawler 106, 111 as chairman of BIR 98, 104 Eckstein, H.: study of NHS 184, on Admiralty conservatism 92 185, 198 Flamsteed, John 37 Economists and engineers Flerov, G. N. 149, 150, 151 areas of collaboration 206-7 Flexner, Abraham 124, 125, 128, common interest in efficiency 131 203-4 enters Rockefeller service 121 common practical aims 203 Medical Education in Germany differences in use of theory 121 204-5 wish for Rockefeller Foundation economists' estimating to support German problems 208-10 science 123 engineers' estimating problems Flexner, Simon 130, 131 207-8 Flower, W. H. 84 getting economics over to Fortescue, C. L. 97 engineers 212-13 Fosdick, Raymond 130, 135 lack of co-operation and Franck, James 165 understanding 208 Frankland, Percy 98 need for learning from Frey, Max von 125 mistakes 214 Fuchs, Klaus 151 Index 251

Gallipoli Hydrophone School 101 135, 141, 142, 157, 203, Gates, Frederick T. 120, 121, 124 239-40 Gaupp Robert 133 Britain and Atomic Energy, General Electric laboratory, 1900 1939-45 1, 151, 226 91 British War Economy, The (with Geological Society 28, 65 Sir Keith Hancock) 1 Wollaston Medal 22 Independence and Deterrence: Geological Survey Museum, Britain and Atomic Energy, London 100 1945-52 5 German science Interdependence Regained: Brain Research Institute, Britain and Atomic Energy, Berlin 131, 132 1952-58 5 Committee for Racial Hygiene list of published work 241-6 125 Oxford chair in history of Emergency Fund for German science 1; Herbert Spencer Science, 1920 124-8 lecture, 1982 4; inaugural passim, 132, 134 lecture (What's Science to German Psychiatric Institute, History or History to Munich 131, 133 Science?) 2, 5; organising high educational reputation, and work as archivist x-xi, early twentieth c. 121, 123 4-5; philosophy on history Institute for Cell Physiology of science,2, 3, 4; Rede 130 lecture (Reflections on invasion of Soviet Union, 1941 Atomic Energy History) 150 156; teaching 4 Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft period at LSE 1 121, 126 period in Cabinet Office Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Historical Section x, 1 Anthropology, Human period with UK Atomic Energy Heredity and Eugenics Authority x, 1 132-3 retirement, 1986 ix, 1 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Wilkins Lecture to Royal Biology 125 Society, 1976 4 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for GPO London 100 Physics 130 Gray, Elisha 93 Nazi takeover, 1933 128, 132, Gray, J. E. 84 133-4 Great Exhibition, 1851 73 pioneering in applied science 90 Greenwood, Arthur 192 sonar development 113 Gregg, Alan 122, 128, 130, 131, U-boat successes, 1914 97 133, 134, 136, 137 Gladstone, W. E. 42, 52, 66, 70, Gregory, Isabella Augusta, Lady 73, 74, 85 66 Glaisher, James 53 Gregory, W. H., MP 77 reputation as meteorologist 54 appointed governor of Ceylon, Glazebrook, R. T. 99 1981 72 Glen-Bott, Carl L. 96, 97 loathing for 'Kensington Goebbels, Joseph 134 clique' 73-4 Goldschmidt, Richard 134 Parliamentary opposition to plan Gossling, B. S. 97, 103 for Natural History Gowing, Prof. Margaret Mary Musuem 66-71 passim 252 Index

support switches to NHM plan Commission on stone for 72 rebuilding 17 Grey-Egerton, Philip de Malpas fire of 1834 42, 43; standards 76 of Weights and Measures Griffith, Richard 7 destroyed 42 Grossman, Vassily: Life and Fate rebuilding 43 152 Howard, Sir Michael 239 Grotjahn, Alfred 125 Huxley, T. H. 76, 85 Gunther, A. C. L. 84 opposition to Natural History Gunther, A.E. 65 Museum plan 79, 81-6 Gunther, Hans F. K. 132 passim

Habakkuk, H. J. 3 Imperial College 100 Haber, Fritz 125 International Commission on Hackmann, Willem 90 Radiological Protection Hahn and Strassman: discovery of (ICRP) 171, 173, 179, 180 nuclear fission, 1938 149 adopts new radiation units 175 Halley, Edmond 37, 44 concept of linear dose-reponse Hancock, Sir Keith 1, 3 relationship 178 The British War Economy (with concept of MPD (maximum Margaret Gowing) 1 permissible dose) 175-6 Harcourt, William Vernon 27 concept of 'permissible dose' Harding, William 15 175, 176 Harris, William Snow: develops recommendations, 1950 173-4 lightning conductors for RN re-defines permissible dose 176 92 risk coefficient 181 Hart, Albert Bushnell 217 International Commission on Hastings, Somerville 187, 190, Radiological Units and 191 Measurements (ICRU) 171 Hawkcraig Admiralty Experimental International X-Ray and Radium Station 101, 102, 103 Protection Commission 171, Heller, Walter 213 173 Henley, Joseph Warner 69 Ioffe, Abram 146-7, 148 Herschel, John 38, 52 Irish Ordnance Survey 7 Hertwig, Oscar 125 Hinton, Lord 214 History in US see Academic Jackson, Capt. H. B. (later Adm. history in US and Public Sir Henry) 94, 96 history in US work on W rr 94 Hitler, Adolf 134 Jaensch, Walter 133 Hogue, HMS 97 Jameson, J. Franklin 217 Holl, Harvey 8 Japan: atomic bombing of 1945 Holland, Sothern 102 152, 160, 164-5 Holloway, David 141 Jellicoe, Lord 102 Hooker, J. D. and W. J. 76, 79, Johns Hopkins University, US 80, 82 121 Joseph Dalton Hooker's Life Johnston, Thomas 193 and Letters 85 Jones, John W. 81 Houses of Parliament Joravsky, David 144 'Big Ben' 43, 45 Joules, Horace 197 Index 253

Kaftanov, S. V. 151 Lenin 142 Kapitsa, Peter 147, 149, 152 Leverrier, Urbain 41, 53 Kappers, Cornelius 131 discovers planet Neptune 45 Kelly, Robert 220, 223, 230 Lewis, George Cornewall 67 Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord Linnaean Society 80 53, 55, 91 Lockyer, Joseph Norman 55 Kew Gardens 76, 77, 80, 82 Lodge, Oliver 91, 98 Khariton, Yu. B. 149, 150 Loeb, James 131 Khrushchev, Nikita 155 Logan, William 8, 16 Kittredge, T. B. 132 Lomosonov, Mikhail 149 Kohler, R. E. 130 London County Council (LCC) Kraepelin, Emil 131 197, 194 Krupp von Bohlen und Holbach, hospital services 191 Gustav 131 London University 43, 82 Kurchatov, Igor 147, 153, 154 LSE 1 Lucknow Observatory 47, 48 Labour Party and NHS 185, Lyell, Charles 8, 9, 76, 79, 80, 81 198-9 differences with De La Beebe Conferences' views on health and Phillips 12-14 188, 190, 196 Elements of Geology 12 early concern with public Lynn, J. T. 51 health 183-{) Lysenko, Trofim 155 influence of Labour-controlled attacks rivals 144, 145 LCC 187, 191 damage caused to Soviet influence of Socialist Medical biology 145 Association see Socialist successful advancement of Medical Association agrobiology theories 144, internal disagrements, 1945-6 146, 148, 154 198 National Service for Health, Macaulay, Lord 73 1943 190 MacCulloch, John 7 opposition to government's 1944 McLauchlan, Henry 8 White Paper 195-6 Madge, H. A. 95, 96, 97 plans, pre-1945 election 196-7 Madras Observatory 48 Public Health Advisory Code of Instructions 48 Committe 190 Main, Rev'd Robert 50, 51, 53 Public Health Committee 186, Malta Experimental Station 101 187 Manchester, Duke of 54 wartime debate on health, Manchester University 100 1940s 192, 193-4, 195 Manhatten Project 151, 152, 172 Lambert, R. A. 136 Marconi Company 94-5, 102, 103 Lancashire Anti-Submarine Marconi, Guglielmo 94 Committee 101, 106, 107 Mass Observation 188 Lancet 83 Mathias, Peter 3 Langevin, Paul 105, 106 Matthes, Max 125 Latham, Charles 191 Maunder, E. W. 52, 55 Laura Spelman Rockefeller Medawar, Peter 3 Memorial Fund 119, 130 Medical Planning Research 192 Layard, Austin Henry 68 Medical Practitioners Union 192 Left Book Club 188 Melbourne, Lord 27, 74 254 Index

Merz, C. H. 99, 104 Natural History Museum, S. Metropolitan Sewers Commission, Kensington 85-6 1848 43 arguments re accessibility 67, Meyerhof, Emil 123, 126 70 Milnes, Richard Monckton 68, idea of whale gallery 64, 68 77, 84 land available for 69-70, 72-3 Minerva 160n opening, 1881 63 Mining Record Office 7-8 opposition from scientists 79, Mining School, Portsmouth 101 85 Ministry of Health 191 Parliamentary debates on 65-74 post-Second World War health National Physical Laboratory 91, plans 193-6 103, 106, 107, 109, 112 steps towards public health National Portrait Gallery, planning, 1930s 190-1 London 5 White Paper, 1944 195, 196, Neptune, the planet: search for 197 and discovery, 1845-6 41, Ministry of Information 188 45-6 Montagu House, London 63 Nicholson, Rear-Adm. Sir Morrell, Jack 7 William 107 Morrison, Herbert 191, 194, 195 North, F. J. 8 Motley, John L. 216 Northampton, Marquis of 76 Mullion Airship Station 100 Northcote, Stafford Henry 71, 78 Mundy, A. J. 93 Northcote Trevelyan Commission Munitions Inventions into Civil Service, 1854 51 Department 102 Nuffield College Social Murchison, Roderick 8-11 Reconstruction Survey 188 passim, 19, 27, 28, 75, 76, 79 attacks De La Beche and O'Brian, Daniel 133 Phillips, 1839 20 Oppenheimer, Robert 165 fossil-labelling geological Ordnance Geological Survey 27, method 24, 25 28, 37 geological systems 26 established, 1835 7 Silurian System 15, 18 geologists working for, 1830s 8 Murray, Stark 197 precarious early life 9 Museum of Economic Geology 7, Ordnance Survey 7, 36, 37 17, 21, 28, 76, 82 Ordzhonikidze, Serge 148 Osborne, Ralph Bernal 69 Nash, G. H. 105 Oxford National Gallery, London 66 Sherrington's Laboratory 131 National Health Service (NHS) University: Chichele Chair of 184, 199 economic history 3; Dawson Report, 1920, 184, Contemporary Scientific 198 Archives Centre xi, 5; Labour Party's role see Labour History School 240; Party and NHS Museum of the History of Ministry of Health's role see Science 240; sets up chair Ministry of Health in history of science 2; studies of 185, 186 Wellcome Unit for the White Paper of 1944 on 195, History of Medicine 2, 240 196, 197 Owen, Richard 72, 76, 80, 85, 86 Index 255

becomes superintendent of conflict with Murchison, 1839 natural history at BM, 20 1856 64 differences with Lyell 12-14 friendship with Royal Family expertise 9-10 73 Guide to Geology 12 On the Extent and Aims of a opposed to naive Smithian National Museum of Natural palaeontology 10-11, 12 History 64 Palaeozoic Fossils 16, 23, 25 'On the scope and appliances of Palaeozoic nomenclature 26 a national museum of recruited into Ordnance natural history' lecture 64, Geological Survey, 1836 8, 68 9-10, 15 opposition to Darwin's reduces heavy working theories 85 commitments, 1839-40 19, political affiliations 73, 82 22-3 puts forward idea for a separate salaried palaeontologist with natural history museum OGS, 1841-2 21-2 64-5, 67-8, 69, 71, 76, 81, secures permanence at OGS 27 83 statistical palaeontology of 23-4 retires from Directorship of voluntary work for OGS, Natural History Museum 1836-8 15-16 84, 85 work as paid employee of OGS, support for new museum plan 1838-9 17-18 from Gladstone 66 Philosophical Magazine 20 view of purpose of a museum Physical Review 149 83-4 Picture Post 188 Plaut, Felix 133, 134 Paget, Richard 99 Playfair, Lyon 4, 28, 38, 53, 55 Palmerston, Lord 66, 69, 70, 71, Pogson, Norman 48 73,74 Poll, Heinrich 125, 126, 127, 134 Panizzi, Antonio 77, 79, 81 Pollard, P. E. 111 Paris: Jardin des Plantes 76, 83, Pond, Revd John 38, 39 84 Pope, W. J. 98 Parkman, Francis 216 Portlock, Joseph 7 Pattison, Samuel 15 Public history in US Peach, Charles 15 concept of 222 Peake, Wilfred, S. 96 contract history 228 Pearce, Richard 121, 122, 124, curriculum for 230-2 125, 130 defined 216, 220 Pearl, Raymond 130 Federalist, The 221 Peel, Robert 8, 27 ,28, 36, 73 government service 220-1, Peierls, Sir Rudolf 160 225-7 Penguin Books 188, 189 historical research corporations Peter the Great, Tsar 141 229-30 Petrzhak, K. A. 149 legal research work 225, 235 Phillips, A. W. 213-14 National Coordinating Phillips, John 28, 76 Committee for the assistant secretary to BAAS 14, Promotion of History 221 23 National Council on Public busy working life 14, 18, 21 History 221-2, 231 256 Index

number of colleges offering Rainbow, early iron vessel 43 courses 231 Ramsay, Andrew 27 problem of clients' needs Ranke, Leopold von 217 232-3, 234, 235 Rayleigh (R. J. Strutt), Lord 91, professional standing 223 98 Public Historian, The 222 Read, Holliday Co., Huddersfield: skills of public historian 223--5 industrial research laboratory, Society for History in the 1890 91 Federal Government 221, Reagan, Pres. Ronald 168 227,234 Reche, Otto 132 standards and ethics,233--6 Reconstruction (Priorities) see also Academic history in US Committee, Second World War 194, 195,196 Quarterly Review 76, 80, 81 Roberthall, Lord 213 'The British Museum' 75 Rockefeller Bureau of Social Hygiene 119, 130 Radiation Rockefeller Foundation 119, 120 ALARA (as low as reasonably biochemistry and psychobiology achievable) 170, 174, 179 targetted, inter-war 130-1, ALARP (as low as reasonably 132, 137 practicable) 170, 174, 179 comes to support German ALATA (as low as technically eugenics 130-1 achievable) 179 development from welfare to ALI (annual limits on intakes) grant administration 122 180 Division of Medical Education components of 169 121 dangers 169, 171, 172 embarrassed by Rockefeller discovery of X-rays and business methods 121 radioactivity 171 established, 1913 119 increased exposure following evolution of German development of atomic programme, after First bomb 172-3 World War 122-8 linear dose-response German Fellowships, 1922-39 relationship 178, 181 129 measurement 169-70, 175, 182n help for persecuted German 'permissible dose' concept 175, scientists 134, 137 176 ideal of internationalism in problem of neutral scientific science 135 terms 181 impressed by German higher reconstitution of international education 120-1, 122, 136 protection agency, 1950 see New York Office 133 International Commission on Paris Office 122, 126, 127, 133 Radiological Protection persuaded to support German (ICRP) psychiatry 131-2, 133 scientific questions raised, problem of German nationalism 1950s 174-5 for 136 'threshold' concept 172, 177-8 problem of Nazi takeover in 'tolerance dose' concept 171, Germany, 1933 128, 132, 172 133--4 Railway Gauge Commission, progress of 'scientisation' 122 1845--6 44, 45 research orientation established, Index 257

1920s 128, 129-30 reorganised during First World support for German brain War 103 research 132 work on hydrophones 93 support for German science, work on mines, torpedoes and 1922-39 127 depth charges, inter-war support of medical and scientific 107 research 120--1 Royal Navy unaware of extermination of Admiralty conservatism 91-2 German mentally Admiralty Research Laboratory handicapped 133 (ARL) 107, 109, 111 weakness in judging social adoption of telegraph system, by context of German science 1870s 92 137 Anti-Submarine Division withdraws further help to (ASD) 102-5 passim German science, 1939 135 anti-submarine research 98-101 Rockefeller General Education passim Board 119, 121, 128 Anti-Submarine School 107, Rockefeller Institute for Medical 109, 110, 111 Research 119, 121 asdics development 105-6 Rockefeller International attachment of BIR to see Education Board 120, 121 Board of Invention and Rockefeller, John D. 121 Research (BIR) Rockefeller, John D. Jnr. 120, Department of Experiment and 121' 124, 130 Research (DER) 103, 104, Rockefeller Sanitary Commission 107 for the Eradication of Department of Scientific Hookworm 119 Research and Experiment Roentgen, Wilhelm 147, 171 (SRE) 107 Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D. 152 Department of Torpedoes and Rosenwald, Julius 123 Mines 104, 108 Rosse, Lord 53 development of R&D 90, 97-106 Rowe, A. P. 113 development of searchlights 92 Royal Astronomical Society 52 development of scientific service, Royal College of Surgeons 76 inter-war 106-9 Hunterian Museum 76, 83 development of Whitehead Royal Commission on Historical torpedo 93 Manuscripts 4 First World War scientific Royal Commission on the Poor research 97-106 Laws, 1909 185 Paravane Department 101 Royal Engineers: survey Canada- radar development 112 Maine boundary, 1843-4 49 Signal Division 104, 108 Royal Gun Factory 93 Signal School(s) 101, 103-8 Royal Institution 64, 65 passim, 111, 112 Royal Laboratories, Woolwich 93 sonar development, inter-war Royal Naval Torpedo School, 109-11' 112-13 Portsmouth and Devonport system of lightning conductors 101 developed, 1840s 92 design of searchlights 93 Torpedo School see Royal early R&D 93, 112 Naval Torpedo School early scientific staff 95, 96-7 Wireless School 101 pre-1914 work on wrr 94-7 wrr development, 1930s 111 258 Index

Royal Observatory, Greenwich 77 Sarepta, HMS, Portland 101 arbiter of International Date Schilling, Claus 136 Line, 1844 40 Schmidt-Ott, Friedrich 125, 128 Board of Visitors 37, 39, 46, 51 Sclater, P. L. 77 chronometer testing 41-2 Secord, James 23 founded, 1675 36, 91, 92 Sedgwick, Adam 8, 9, 15, 18, 19, Herstmonceux location 38 76 Magnetic and Meteorological Sellafield nuclear power station Department 43, 54 160 nineteenth c. increase in staff Skinner, Ross 102 50--1 Sloane, Hans 63 non-astronomical departments Smith, William 7, 10, 11, 17, 21, 39-40 24, 25 Observations 41, 45 Socialist Medical Association 192, Royal Warrant functions 39, 194, 198 40, 45-6 domination of Labour health scientific weaknesses, 1870s 55 planning, 1930s 190 shoestring finance to 1835 37-8 founded, 1930 187 staff remuneration 51, 52 Hospitals and Medical Services Standards in Observatory wall Committee 187 42 Public Health Reconstruction Royal School of Mines 8, 80 Committee 190 Royal Society 1, 4-5, 52, 53. 65, Socialised Medical Service, A, 78, 82 1933 188 Rozhdestvenskii, D. S. 146, 153 work for public health service Rudin, Ernst 132, 133, 134 187-8, 189, 193, 197 Rudwick, Martin 23 Socialist Medical League 185 Rugby Committee 101 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Rupke, Nicolaas A. xii, 63 Knowledge 20 Ruskin, John 71 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander: 'Letter to Russell, Lord John 71, 73, 74, 75 the Soviet Leaders' 156 Russia Somerville, J. F. (later Adm. Sir relation between science and James) 97 politics,141-2 South Kensington Solar St Petersburg Academy of Observatory 55 Sciences 141 South, James 46, 53 see also Soviet Union Soviet science Rutherford, Ernest 98, 99 Academy of Agricultural Ryan, Commander (later Captain) Science 154 C. P. 103 Academy of Sciences 143, 146 work on hydrophones 99, 102 atomic project 150--4 passim Ryle, John 192 157 first atomic power station 154-5 first tests of atomic and Sabine, Col. Henry 36, 43-4, 53 thermonuclear bombs 154 Sakharov, Andrei: 'Reflections on ideological controls 144-5, 153 progress, peaceful coexistence Leningrad Physiotechnical and intellectual freedom' Institute 146 155-6 liberal attitude to, 1917-30 Saller, Franz 132 142-3 Sanders, William 8, 21 Lysenkoism 144, 145, 148, 154 Index 259

nuclear physics, 1930s 147-8, Three Mile Island nuclear power 149, 150 station, US: near-accident ordered to serve 164, 169 industrialisation, 1930s Threlfall, R. 99 143-4 Tidal Harbours Commission, politicisation 145, 156 1845-6 45 physics 145-7, 148 Times, The 71, 85 scientists' foreign contacts Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Nicolai 132 curtailed 147 Todd, Charles 49 Soviet knowledge of Manhattan Trades Union Congress (TUC) Project 151, 152 188 Western scientists unaware of Soviet physicists' work United Alkali Company: research 149-50 and analytical laboratory, Soviet Union 1890 91 Chernobyl disaster, 1986 160, United Kingdom Atomic Energy 162, 163, 164, 169, 181 Authority x, 1 German invasion, 1941 150 United States of America Ministry of Internal Affairs Library of Congress,217, 221 (MVD) 153 Lighthouse Board 93 People's Commissariat of Heavy National Archives 217, 221 Industry 147, 148 University of California, Santa People's Commissariat of Barbara 222, 223 Internal Affairs (NKVD) 'Graduate Program in Public 153 Historical Studies', 1976 Ukraine famine, 1947 154 220 see also Russia Uranus, the planet 45 Spatz, Hugo 133 Spielmeyer, Walther 133, 134 Spring-Rice, Thomas 9 Vavilov, Nikolai 144 Stalin, Josef 143, 145, 147, 152, Verschuer, 0. von 132 154, 156 Versee, Max 125 death, 1953 155 Victoria and Albert Museum (S. sets up Soviet atomic project, Kensington Museum) 66, 76 1942 150 Vigors, N. A. 79 Star 191 Vincent, George 121 State Medical Service Vogt, Oscar 131, 132 Association 185, 187 Stearn, W. T. 65 Wagner, Werner 131, 135 Stephenson, George 44 Walpole, Spencer Horatio 69 Still, Henry 8 Warburg, Otto 123, 126, 130, Stone, Edmund 47, 53 134, 135 Submarine Signal Company 93, Warrior, HMS 95 96, 100, 102 Watson-Watt, Robert 112 Suez Canal opened, 1870 47 Watt, James 90 Sussex, Duke of 78 Weaver, Warren 131, 135 Szilard, Leo 165 Webb, Beatrice 185, 186 Webb, Sidney 185 Tay Bridge disaster, 1878 44 Webster, Charles 4, 184 Taylor, Stephen 194 Weights and Measures Thomson, J. J. 97, 98 Commission, 1835 42 260 Index

Weindling, Paul 119 Willstatter, Richard 125 Welch, William Henry 136 Windscale nuclear power station: Wellcome Foundation 2 accident, 1957 175 Wells, H. G. 97 Woolton, Lord 195, 196 Western Electric Co. 101, 105 Westinghouse Corporation 91 Zeldovich, Ya. B. 149, 150 Whiston, William 13--14 Zinoviev, Alexander: The Yawning Willink, Henry U. 193, 195, 196, Heights 156 197 Zoological Society 65, 80