Insect Enemies of Birch

y y

e e

of of

or or

to to

of of

in in

to to

of of

Al the the

two two the the

lace lace

151 151

fed fed

fre

and and

sizes, sizes,

plant plant

litt

have have

array array

older older

some

parts, parts,

com

forest forest

e e

leaves. leaves.

of of

under

under under

yellow yellow

to to

insects. insects.

able able control control

because because

beak beak

Homop

(1960) (1960)

am am

all all

observed. observed.

especially especially

in in

the the

pests pests

pole-sized pole-sized

their their

too too

birches

the the

because because or or

on on

of of

is is

of of

or or

feeding feeding

devour devour

particu

large large

cause cause

the the They They

outside outside

workers workers

surface. surface.

damage damage

the the

of of

underside underside

habits, habits,

of of

Gra

to to

a a

mouth mouth

species species

and and

the the

or or

and and

the the

of of

belong belong

improvement. improvement.

and and

open open the the

insect insect

form form

except except

applied applied

piercing piercing

readily readily

of of

or or

against against

trees trees

Krefting Krefting

birch. birch.

little little

for for from from

variety variety

system system

either either

known known

a a

on on

occurring occurring

because because

the the

feeding feeding

represented represented

on on

hardwoods-a

effect effect stage, stage,

on on

are are

that that

ordinarily ordinarily

and and

on on

population population

tissues, tissues,

sap sap

timber timber

provides provides

saplings saplings

root root

Entomology, Entomology,

Michigan. Michigan.

in in

insects insects

numbers, numbers,

are are

toward toward

feed feed

number number

caution caution

attention attention

outbreak outbreak

caused caused

feed feed

endless endless

necessary necessary

(Tingidae) (Tingidae)

ground ground

saplings saplings

feed feed

Some, Some,

scarcely scarcely

having having

Hemiptera Hemiptera

leaf leaf

other other

and and

mandibulate mandibulate

of of

A A

the the

. .

in in

habits habits

to to

serious serious

adults adults

majority majority

insects insects

. .

the the

plots plots

great great

upper upper

seedling seedling

prefer prefer

limited limited

are are

indicate indicate

the the

Godman Godman

canopy canopy

the the

will will

destructive destructive

1965) 1965)

bugs bugs

rarely rarely

in in

with with

birch birch

the the

almost almost

in in

insects insects nymphs nymphs

( (

attitude attitude

structure. structure. to to

extensive extensive

BIRCH BIRCH

Some, Some,

suck suck

great great

the the

feeding feeding

Hemiptera Hemiptera

. .

but but

. .

known known

having having

are are

birch birch

to to

an an

they they

sap-sucking sap-sucking

without without lace lace

insects. insects.

an an

taxonomy

birch birch

leaf leaf

the the

that that

birch birch

groups, groups,

sedentary sedentary

The The occur occur

canopy. canopy.

within within

occurrence occurrence

entomology entomology

(Miridae)

seem seem

are are

occupied occupied

by by

young young

N.H

The The

killed killed

of of

leaves, leaves,

OF OF

relatively relatively

Department Department

Knight Knight

the the

insects

far far

obviously obviously

common common

paper paper

The The

Root-feeding Root-feeding

Beyond Beyond

they they

though though

the the

times times

bugs bugs

their their

The The

bugs bugs tera. tera.

by by

major major

entire entire mine mine

Others, Others, proboscis, proboscis,

of of

attractive attractive

the the

ground ground trees. trees.

tolerate tolerate

damage damage

forest forest

long long

field field

of of

quent quent

or or

By By

upon upon

in in

nurseries. nurseries.

seedlings seedlings measures measures

placent placent

and and yellow yellow

partial partial found found

were were

a a

Durham, Durham,

in in

it it

in in

to to

the the

by by

are are

the the

may may

their their

were were

Chairman, Chairman,

more more

rarely rarely

birch birch

from from

insect insect

stem, stem,

condi

insect, insect,

of of

insects insects

attack attack

by by

would would

canker

percent percent

is is

feeders. feeders.

mature mature

damage damage

that that

workers workers

occurred occurred

is is

occur occur

seedling seedling

sites sites

seedlings seedlings

that that

and and

9 9

seedlings seedlings

relatively relatively

to to

on on

cutworms cutworms

all all

ENEMIES ENEMIES

injury, injury,

Rather, Rather,

for for

consider consider

insects insects

the the

but but

wireworms, wireworms,

with with

be be

developing developing

. .

to to

during during

insects insects

and and

as as

leaf leaf

No No

forest forest

roots, roots,

seedlings seedlings

seedling seedling

single single

of of

growth growth

to to

spring spring

Hampshire, Hampshire,

a a

about about

a a

birch birch

and and

or or

the the

insects insects

of of

research research

to to

may may seedlings seedlings

subject subject

feeding feeding

normally normally

such such

that that

feeders feeders

Nearly Nearly

seedlings seedlings many many

of of

attracted attracted

CONKLIN, CONKLIN,

the the

of of

it it

root-feeding root-feeding

of of

types types

of of

under under

dealing dealing

emphasizes emphasizes

of of

as as

(Peck), (Peck),

are are

canopy. canopy.

numbers numbers

as as

damage damage

New New

mobility mobility

accounted accounted

importance importance

stem stem

tree tree

even even

to to

the the

seedling seedling

symposium

or or

stages stages

G. G. larvae, larvae,

another. another.

growth growth

have have

birch birch

in in

part part

such such

insects insects

of of

INSECT INSECT

be be

full full

found found

feeders feeders

of of

all all

or or

of of

the the

to to

kinds kinds

appropriate appropriate to to

this this

and and conditions conditions

activity activity

granted. granted.

especially especially

by by

the the

mortality mortality

other other

Insect Insect

of of

seedlings. seedlings.

vernata vernata

at at

utilized utilized

numbers numbers

limited limited

literature literature

seedlings seedlings

a a

of of

to to

particular particular

weevil weevil

may may

stages, stages,

. .

relative relative

percentage percentage

literature literature

on on

for for

BIRCHES BIRCHES

kind kind

the the

stage stage

be be

JAMES JAMES

suspect suspect

and and

more more

attributed attributed

for for

the the

(1948) (1948)

for for

tree tree

birch birch

appears appears

have have germinating germinating

damage damage

the the

by by

small small

little little

natural natural

insects insects

present. present.

impressive impressive

This This

foliage, foliage,

one one

parts parts

by by

University University

the the

small small

control. control.

their their grubs, grubs,

of of

may may

to to

early early

taken taken

destroyed destroyed

was was

a a

Paleacrita Paleacrita

in in

the the

by by

feeding feeding

conditions conditions

nurseries

seem seem

of of

be be

enumeration enumeration

the the

above-ground above-ground

and and

ATIVE ATIVE

for for

attention attention

All All

be be

that that

of of

representative representative

insect insect

yellow yellow

killed killed

this this

Jess Jess

to to

miscellaneous miscellaneous

conifers, conifers,

by by

Linteau Linteau

white white

Under Under

Much Much

An An

injury injury

responsible responsible

under under

worm, worm,

of of

larval larval

loss loss

or or

tions tions

fact fact

reported. reported. relatively relatively

be be

but but At At

or or

up up may may

little little

as as hardwoods hardwoods

forest forest

to to

damage damage

responsible responsible

need need

indicate indicate

few few would would

contribute contribute

insects insects

might might

corded corded

seed seed

tree. tree. branches, branches, N

as as

their their

tissues. tissues.

late late young young

leaf. leaf.

complete complete

3 3

tiny tiny

152 152

sella sella

tensive tensive nau nau

Varty Varty

Maritime Maritime the the

survey survey

of of

thus thus

with with

ate ate

sap-sucking sap-sucking

their their

trees trees

abundance. abundance.

birches birches

individuals individuals

trees trees species species vectors vectors

host-relationships host-relationships

ing ing

Oncopsis Oncopsis attention attention

sometimes sometimes

conditions conditions attracted attracted

(1963, (1963, small small

important important

eggs eggs

known known

plant plant

most most

that that

trees trees

in in

( (

or or

1922) 1922)

Among Among

Investigations Investigations

Foliage-infesting Foliage-infesting

The The

skeletonizers, skeletonizers,

llipes llipes

Little Little

greatly greatly

New New

heavy heavy

birch birch

moths moths

(1966). (1966).

in in mines mines

4 4

weaken weaken

the the

After After

vicinity. vicinity. Chambers, Chambers,

on on

abundance abundance

directly directly

warrant warrant

in in

(1 (1

injurious injurious

numbers numbers

larvae larvae

(Graham (Graham

Since Since

bugs bugs

weeks weeks

nature, nature,

leafhoppers leafhoppers

of of

areas areas

they they

belonging belonging

1964) 1964)

the the

963, 963,

normal normal

over over

the the

information information Parshley Parshley

York, York,

birch birch

studied studied

defoliation defoliation

and and

only only skeletonizer, skeletonizer,

the the

provinces provinces

are are

from from

even even

aphid aphid

important important

pests pests

and and

the the

numerous numerous

3 3

they they

In In

insects. insects.

leaf leaf

overwinter overwinter

defoliation defoliation

the the

growing growing

(Graham (Graham

that that

1964) 1964)

start start

on on

chewing chewing

careful careful

or or

in in

most most

Eryth1

extensive extensive

indicated indicated

have have

after after

a a

variety variety

plant plant

leaf leaf

and and

occur occur

year year in in

functioning functioning

periodically appears appears periodically

of of

eating eating

trees. trees.

though though

4 4

veins veins

are are

the the

and and

outbreak outbreak

limited limited

of of

the the

populations populations

in in

feed feed

a a

to to

off off

numerous numerous

trees. trees.

weeks weeks

birch birch

that that

·oneura. ·oneura.

Birch Birch

feeder feeder

aphids aphids concluded concluded

given given

molting molting

and and

to to

are are

been been of of

the the

plant plant

underside underside

study study

is is

the the

bugs bugs

(Simpson (Simpson

over over

that that

birch birch

insects insects

and and

chiefly chiefly

season, season,

Bttcmlatrix Bttcmlatrix

Kni

or or

as as

year. year.

of of

as as

available available

by by only only

on on occur occur

that that

New New

not not

leafhoppers leafhoppers

in in

areas areas

Cranberry Cranberry

aphids, aphids,

dominant dominant

certain certain

amount amount

stems. stems.

miners miners

locality locality

they they

adults adults

aphids aphids

species species

carried carried

diseases. diseases. this this

family family

Knight Knight

on on

numbers, numbers,

since since

occur occur

wide wide

Quebec Quebec ht ht

of of

The The

often often

birch. birch.

Under Under

feed feed

considered considered

tingid tingid

the the

in in

of of

the the

on on

the the

yellow yellow in in

Brunswick Brunswick

they they

that that

its its

species species

and and

1965). 1965).

of of

emerge emerge

July, July,

birch birch

biologies biologies

1932). 1932).

Under Under

a a

on on

species species

and and

areas. areas. largely largely

birches birches

in in for for

softer softer

do do

may may

within within species species

foliage foliage

of of

the the

are are

as as

on on

appear appear

1965) 1965)

number number

the the

canadensi

conditions conditions

effect effect

So So

by by

it it

group group

Lake Lake

Corythuca Corythuca

the the

over over

interfere interfere

in in

relatively relatively

of of

another another

and and

lay lay

not not

causing causing

research research

birch birch

well well

foliage foliage was was

occurs occurs in in

known known

fluctu

Qued

leaves leaves

genera genera

far far

Drake Drake

from from

forest forest

Varty Varty

forest forest

to to

mirid mirid

great great

feed

The The

of of

leaf leaf

have have

their their

and and

the the

ex area area and and

kill kill

the the

on on

are are

by by

on on

the the

of of

be be

as as

in in

a a

head head

mond mond spectacular spectacular with with

ous ous

{1962) {1962) best best

tors tors

beetles beetles certain certain

saddled saddled

(1941) (1941)

more more

of of

pillar, pillar,

devour devour

ness ness

(Walk.). (Walk.). sidered sidered

the the

appear appear noticeable noticeable

tember. tember.

feeding feeding

Martin Martin

species species

of of

In In

The The

but but

may may the the

annual annual

paper paper

memoratus memoratus

of of

(Konow), (Konow),

three three

( (

have have first first

birch, birch, abundant abundant

also. also. most most

Year Year

growth growth

flies flies

the the

1927, 1927,

The The

The The A A

At At

Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera,

this this

rapidly rapidly

the the

enough enough

known known

wood wood

because because

other other species species

following following

attacking attacking

of of

species species

expanding expanding

1950

occur occur

The The

widely widely

important important

be be

1957 1957

complete complete

two two

after after

least least

and and

birch. birch.

third third

typical typical forest forest

Malacosoma Malacosoma

species species

about about

although although past past

Coleoptera, Coleoptera, growth growth

the the

birch birch

(1960) (1960)

the the

found found

that that indicate indicate

1933)

Males Males

is is

prominent, prominent,

noticeable noticeable

The The

, ,

and and

hardwoods hardwoods

may may

birch birch

injury injury

). ).

outbreaks outbreaks

developing developing

over over

most most

and and

their their

not not grenerations grenerations

to to

larval larval

commonly commonly

Graham Graham

prefers prefers

three three

(Fallen) (Fallen)

entire entire it it

year year

is is

has has observed observed

it it

Studies Studies

this this

In In

leaf-mining leaf-mining

the the

tent tent

cause cause

. .

species, species,

was was

defoliators defoliators

is is

larvae larvae

birch, birch,

year. year.

has has

generations generations

be be

most most are are

likely likely parthenogenetic. parthenogenetic.

is is

on on

show show

kinds kinds

such such

leaf leaf

leaves leaves

larvae, larvae,

a a

in in

wide wide

evident evident

that that

severely severely

parthenogenetic parthenogenetic

to to

it it this this

feeding feeding

species species

reduced, reduced,

middle middle

sawfly sawfly

inferior inferior

single single

reported reported

caterpillar caterpillar

leaf, leaf,

been been

unknown, unknown,

birch. birch.

noticeable noticeable

birch birch

paper paper

mostly mostly

killing killing

and and

in in miner miner

disstria disstria

does does important important

are are

(Anderson (Anderson

of of

Heterocampa Heterocampa

as as

is is

Ontario Ontario

that that

shows shows

even even

to to

on on

major major

species species

very very

on on

in in

areas. areas.

Minnesota Minnesota

are are

Fenusa Fenusa

Profenusa Profenusa

the the

certain certain

and, and,

or or

ordinarily ordinarily

become become

in in

confused confused

Knight Knight

generation generation

birch birch

of of

causes causes because because

are are

the the

infested infested period. period.

of of

sawfly sawfly

birch. birch.

the the

attack attack

Recent Recent

and and (Craighead (Craighead

a a

and and

appears appears

sometimes sometimes

in in

large large

though though

chrysomelid chrysomelid

most most

August August

of of

forest forest

year. year.

a a

leaf-mining leaf-mining

July, July,

Hbn

outbreaks outbreaks

the the

It It

spring spring

is is

detail detail

in in adults adults

defoliation. defoliation.

is is

indicating indicating

of of

pusilla pusilla

preference preference

are are

the the

top top

yellow yellow

sawflies, sawflies,

by by

1944, 1944,

Martin Martin

perhaps perhaps

Probably Probably

prefers prefers

evident evident

little little

Heterarthrus Heterarthrus

it it

likely likely

1965, 1965,

populations

the the white white

., .,

The The

some some

insects insects of of by by

of of

with with

studies studies

trees trees

tent tent

and and

associated associated

the the

within within

quality quality

is is

guttivitta guttivitta

by by

and and

its its

thomsoni thomsoni

branches, branches,

annually, annually,

and and

the the

Hodson Hodson

and and

begin begin

defolia

it. it.

Sippel! Sippel!

numer

capable capable

(Lep.). (Lep.).

biology biology

Craig

1950)

or or

Friend Friend

larvae larvae

cater

birch. birch.

larval larval

to to

Red most most

have have

other other areas, areas,

there there

birch birch

late

Sep

con

The The

leaf leaf

until until

that that and and

saw

gray gray

that that

may may

the the

for for

the the

no no

the the

by by

of of

be be

to to

. . . .

. .

a a

. .

of of

to to

in in

by by

the the

in in

by by

has has

the the

153 153

pre

that that

led led

been been

pre

need need

more more

was was

birch birch

have have

forest forest

other other

stands stands

trees, trees,

trees

many many

or or

today. today.

stages stages

insect insect

during during

Barter Barter

growth growth

stands stands

mature mature

young young

to to

so so

on on

present, present,

are are

that that

of of

from from

activity

contrary, contrary,

the the

has has

Redmond Redmond

secondary secondary

the the

may may

borer borer

as as

agreement agreement

that that

the the

stands stands

and and

insecticides insecticides

recommen

which which

and and

a a

subjected subjected

older older

the the

attacked attacked

to to

determining determining

reviewed reviewed

birch birch the the

numbers numbers

problem problem

require require

many many

of of

as as

except except

stands stands

the the

nd nd

which which

the the

than than

borer borer

or or

management management

of of

placed placed

to to

advanced advanced

that that

in in

, ,

planned planned

vigorous vigorous

the the

applicable applicable

noted noted

On On

these these

birch birch

prominent, prominent,

that that

by by

treatment treatment

borer, borer,

indicated indicated

were were

been been

well well

in in

activity activity

ary ary

general general

in in

recovered recovered

played played

the the

such such

be be

up up

death death

whether whether

of of

be be

wind. wind.

birch birch

) )

of of

although although

is is

tor tor

on on

weakened weakened

44) 44)

dieback dieback

the the

attack, attack,

its its

fact fact

in in

weakened weakened

to to

or or

injured injured

incidental incidental

may may

of of

birch birch

for for

1948) 1948)

insects. insects.

necess

equally equally

and and

future. future.

borer borer

( (

that, that,

suggest suggest

of of

as as

saddled saddled the the

had had

having having

nt nt

(19

already already

maintain maintain

problem problem

defoliation defoliation

attacked attacked

hardwoods

The The

insecticides insecticides

then, then,

not not increase increase

There There

be be

should should

unprecedented unprecedented

with with

should should

borer borer

died died

to to

the the

trees trees

sun sun

been been

of of

findings findings

the the

to to

these these

dieback, dieback,

depletion depletion

to to

the the

birch birch

bronze bronze

in in

of of

7). 7).

an an

are are

defoliators defoliators

found found

were were

to to

1928 1928

in in

ageme

indicated, indicated,

Skolko Skolko

Balch Balch

of of

appear appear

Even Even

other other

being being

insecticides insecticides

of of

not not

birch birch

tree tree

past. past.

the the

stands. stands.

without without

195 195

of of

The The

Prebble Prebble

important important

responsible responsible

previous previous

use use

hes hes

f f

need need

rs rs

( (

man

a a trees trees

is is

of of

birch birch

and and

been been

had had

on on speculation speculation

studies studies

elimination elimination

appear appear

bronze bronze

the the

younger younger

dispensed dispensed

emphasis emphasis

decline. decline.

hosts hosts

were were

bir

stands stands

moth. moth.

an an

Operations Operations

and and

would would

the the

in in

favoring favoring

apparently apparently

areas areas bronze bronze caterpillar, caterpillar,

continued continued

be be

use use

appearing appearing

. .

treating treating

the the

bolt bolt

solely solely

borer. borer.

the the

affected affected

decline decline

1927 1927

That That

It It

r r

some some

In In

Early Early

frequent frequent

true true

in in

and and

the the

birch birch

can can

ferred ferred

has has

tent tent

the the

seldom seldom gypsy gypsy

outbreaks outbreaks

overexposure overexposure

(1957) (1957)

vigorous vigorous

trees

prompt prompt

Major Major

dations dations

vent vent

whether whether

(1957) (1957) serious serious

role role

that that

been been

Redmond Redmond

the the investigat

yellow yellow of of

Haw Haw

thus thus

in in

Balch Balch

some some

to to

the the

was was

birches birches

then then

attention attention

, ,

of of

the the

life life

52 52

on on

that that

tree tree

and and

the the

may may

68, 68,

the the

also also

they they

but but

sea

com

over over

three three

birch. birch.

terms terms

much much

effect effect

years years

birch birch

hard

anxtus anxtus

attaak attaak

insects insects

radial radial

insects insects

of of

major major

it it

focused focused

of of

indirect indirect

and and

defolia

because because

the the

but but

22, 22,

the the

in in

numbers

Through

trees trees

but but

outbreak, outbreak,

. .

on on

killing killing

influenced influenced following following

2-year 2-year

. .

years, years,

The The

that that

of of

last last

beetles beetles

in in

87, 87,

borer borer

the the

studied studied

outbreak outbreak

is is

otherwise otherwise

a a

refoliate refoliate

survive survive

the the

year

10 10

yellow yellow

1930's 1930's

defoliation defoliation

trees

occurred occurred

defoliation defoliation

Agrilm Agrilm

vigorous vigorous

largely largely

23, 23,

extent extent

percent percent

1 1

practically practically

The The

to to

or or

of of

trees. trees.

secondary secondary

later later

direct direct

happens happens

reduced reduced

tree tree

important important

has has

consecutive consecutive

found found

situations situations

55) 55)

modest modest

effects effects

birch birch

may may

occurs. occurs.

in in Defoliating Defoliating

late late

defoliation defoliation

of of

and and

3 3

21 21

every every

19 19

important important

true true

that that

by by

it it

of of

ambrosia ambrosia

with with

dieback dieback

the the

( (

start start

retardation retardation

in in

some some

was was

that that

of of

is is

pronounced pronounced

borer, borer,

the the

They They

though though

most most

the the

decadent decadent

of of

increment, increment,

some some

. .

weakening weakening

to to

that that

and and

years years

bronze bronze

the the

caterpillar caterpillar

more more

about about

occurred occurred

in in

birch birch

in in

attack attack

or or

paper paper range range

consistent. consistent.

Hampshire Hampshire

conifers, conifers,

express. express.

hardwoods hardwoods

the the

known known

by by in in

of of

That That

birch birch

immediate immediate

more more

birch birch

even even

When When

birch

occurs occurs

defoliation defoliation

Growth Growth

tent tent

vigor vigor amount amount

its its

past past

compared compared

incapable incapable

since since

and and

to to

even even

of of

not not

the the

Cameron Cameron

far far

but but

development development

storm-damaged storm-damaged

beetles beetles

growth growth

the the

it it

heavy heavy

New New

the the

is is

be be

of of

result result

was was

reported reported

be be

the the

and and

doomed. doomed.

paper paper

develop develop

less less

after after

its its in in

paper paper

by by

died died

a a

aspen aspen

and and

forest forest

in in

measurable measurable

by by

consecutive consecutive

occurs. occurs.

affecting affecting

borers. borers.

bronze bronze

ago. ago.

in in

bark bark

to to

generally generally

devastating devastating

in in

defoliation defoliation

although although

to to

defoliation-weakened defoliation-weakened

unlike unlike

ability ability

percent percent

is is

as as

may may

overmature, overmature,

difficult difficult

it it

of of

outbreak. outbreak.

stands, stands,

, ,

and and

was was

defoliation. defoliation.

had had

as as

on on

induce induce

is is

are are much much

They They

., .,

86 86

only only

reduced reduced

interval interval

the the

growth growth

the the

usually usually

The The

more more

The The

years years

Although Although

the the

It It

Barter Barter

began began

complete complete

jured, jured,

cycle, cycle,

out out

breeding breeding

borers borers

Ordinarily Ordinarily

Dru

is is

such such

various various

may may

birch birch

appear appear

effects effects

tion tion

more more

of of

not not

when when

on on

mediately mediately

plete plete

or or

of of

woods

largely largely

on on than than birch birch

birch birch

son. son.

defoliation defoliation

percent percent

of of

30 30

and and

aspen aspen

growth growth

effects effects

the the outbreak outbreak occurred occurred Graham,

Graham,

Crai Friend,

154

Friend,

Barter,

Anders

Balch,

awbo

odso

SKELETON

293-364.

pumila

pp. BERS.

1 19

18 196 A

1 C Entomol.

1 1 D ESTABLISHMENT

WI 1

TION

FOREST

A 19

1940.

116 1955

rter

wbol

dman,

948.

941.

965.

947. 933.

922.

927 ENT

erv

944.

ores

-28

rythuca

ri/us

head

NOVA

n, ,

Reinh

A .

417

C. .

try

ATTACKS

Conn

CATERPILLAR, A.

FORESTS

ASP

PRI

THE

. THE

Entom THE

. THE

K. . A

SO FA

NVEST

STUDIES

NSECT

ONCEPTS

TENT

anxius B.

pp.

. W

(Syr

CTO

. THE

SCOTIA.

I A

89:

SCOTIA a ,

ECTS

ZER

o. pallipes

S.,

ECOLOGICAL

Misc.

RELATION

BRONZE

IPL

LIFE

IGATIO

R ac

and

BIOLOGY

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ENEM

and

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York.

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H BY

Literature

01.

FOREST

CHAM·

TINGID

DITION

BORER

B.,

BIR

RELA

LEAF

Coil.

659-

Can.

111-

U.S.

THE

388

S 41:

48:

usa

•

Sippel!, V

Snyder,

WONG

Simpson,

Martin, Quedn

linteau

lindquist

edmond,

arty,

Cited

96:

Entomol.

ON HABIT

BIRCH

Entornol.

89-92.

TARIO DEFOLIATOR 44

DE 1

BIRCHES 19

B AND

196

PILLAR

AND Chron. SPP.

Tech 1

SURV THEIR

33:

POINT 19

SAWFLIES 1

1966

195 NEW

rty i

1959 NORTHERN

(KONO

966.

962

932.

960.

ep.

RCHES

57.

48.

nne,

FECTS

pp.

BIRC

25-30.

A .

THEIR

. .

Can

SAWFLY

SPECIES.

EFFECT

72-1

OUT

FOREST

THE

Bull.

THE l.

gr.

BIOLOGY

THE

FACTOR 24:

Can.

I H

LIST

NEW )

98:

95:

KEY

Ent

W. .

Bull.

N URVE

B 27

84.

PARAS

REAKS

SEASES

FUTURE

acosoma

MINNESOTA.

ENOPTERA.

Entomol.

927.

148

MORPHOLOGY

YELLOW

omo

BIONOMICS

-36

EW .

TIMBER

THE

BIRCH

852-854

LEAF Can.

ul 10

SAWFLIES

NEW

LEAF-MINI

SPEC

aphis

APHIDS

97- 1

Can.

AFFECTING

490.

BRUNSWICK

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BROAD-LEAVED

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376-384.

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pp.

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408-416.

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itube

SOUTHERN

THREDINIDAE)

98:

LIFE

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GERMINATION

HBN

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Forestry

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OF 91

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625-627.

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Pub

WITH

NOTES

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PERIODIC

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