WINTER MANUAL OF PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. WHAT TO DO IN WINTER AGAINST THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF THE FARM, ORCHARD AND GARDEN.
OHIO Agricultural Experiment. Station.
WOOSTER, OH IO, U~ S. A., J ULY, 1905.
BULLETIN 164
THE BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE, Parus atrzcapillus. (After Washburn.)
The Bulletins o_f this Station are sent_free to all residents o_f the State who request them. Persons who desire thez'r addresses changed should give both old and new address. All corres Pondence should be addressed to EXPERIMENT STATION, Wooster, Ohio. OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF COli~B.OL CHARLES F. E:ETTERING Presid.mt ••..•.• • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••• Daytou LAWRENCE E. LAYBOURNE, Vice President •.•. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••• Springfield 0. E. BRADFUTE •••••••••.•••••• • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• Xenia JOHN KAISER ..... , •. , , .•••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.,, ••• :Marietta BENJ. F. :McCANN •••••.•••••• •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• Dayton EGBERT H. :MACK ...... • .. • • • • · • • • ...... • • • • .. • ...... Sandusky :MRs. ROBERT G. PATERSON ••.•••••••. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ...... Columbus CHARLES V. TRUAX, Director of Agriculture • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• , ..Columbus CARL E. STEEB, Secreta111 •••..••. • • • · • • • • · • • • · · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• , ..Columbut
STATION STAFF C. G. WILI.LUI:S, Director
ADMDliS~RATION '8:0B.~IC1J'L~'O'B.B Tin: DIRECTOR, Chief J. H. GOURLEY, :M. S., Chief WILLIAM H. KRAJII!ER, Bur8Gr W. J. GREEN, Co71.8'UJ.ting Horticulturist W. K. GREENBANK, Editor F. H. BALLOU, Associate, {Newark) MARGARET WILI.LUI:S, A. B., JOH})! BUSHNELL, M. S., ABBistant AGRONOMY C. W. ELLENWOOD, Assistant F. S. HOWLETT, B. 8., Assistant THE DIRECTOR Chief I. P. LEWIS, B. S., ASBistant (:Marietta) J. B. PARK, Ph. D., AssociGtel ROY MAGRUDER, B. S., Assistant L. E. THATCHER, Ph. G., AssociGte W. F. ROFXA!I, B. S., Assistant F. A. WELTON, :M. S., A88ociGte C. E. DIKE, B. S., Assistant SOILS V. H. MORRIS, :M. A., Assistant OK.U. E. THORNII!, M. S. A., Chief 0 . .A, PATTON, Assistant J. W. AMEs, :M. S., Asso. in soil chemistf11 G. H. STRINGFIELD, B. S. A., Assistant F. E. BEAR, Ph. D., Assoc£Gtel .Alllll[AL INDUSTRY L. D. BAVER.._B. S., Assistant G. BOHSTEDT, M. S., Chief A.. BONAZZI, ~. Agr., Assistant B. H. EDGINGTON.._ D. V. M., A8Bociate G. W. CoNREY, Ph. D., Assistantl D. 0. KENNARD, ~. S., AssociGte I. H. CURIE, B. S., AMistant D. S. BELL, B. S., Assistant T. C. GREEN, Assistant R. :M. BETHKE, Plt.. D., Assistant !'ARM KANAGBMBNT C. H. HUNT, A. :M., ABBistant W. L. ROBISON, :M. 8, Assistant 0. W, MONTGOMERY, Chief P. S. WHITE, B, S., ABBistant L. B. NETTLETON, Assistant A. B.. WINTER, M. S., ABBistant DISTRICT EXPERIMENT FARMS BO~AliY H. 0. YOUNG, Ph. D., Chief liortheastem Test·!'arm, StroJlgllvWe Roy 0. THOMAS, M. .A., Assomte J. '!'. WILSON, Forema.n R. B. WILCOX, M. S., ABBociGtel Southwestern Test-Farm, GermantoWII FBEDA DETMEBS, Pia. D., ABBista.t HENBY M. WACHTEB, Manager PAUL E. TILFORD, B. S., Assistant W. J. YOUNG. M. S., Assistant Southeastern Test·!'arm, Carpenter CHB:MISTBY S. C. HARTMAN, :M. S., Supt. Mariette J. W. AMES, :M. S., Chief MABEL CORBOULD, B. S., ASBistant COUNTY EXPERIMENT FARMS c. J. ScHoLLENBEKGER, Assistant SMiami Co. Experiment !'arm ~ro:v WM. A. SIMKINS, B. S., AMistanC l Madison Co. Experiment Farm, London RAUB H. SmoN, A, M., AB8istant H. W. RoGERII, Supt., London CLIMATOLOGY Pauldinl Co. B:r;:periment Farm, Paulding W. H. ALEXANDER, Cllfef (Columbu)l 0. A. PATTON, Obser11er H. R. HoYT, Supt., Wooster DAIRYING Clermont Co. Experiment !'arm, Owensvi!lt C. C. HAYDEN, M. S. Chiff ~ &milton Co. Experiment !'arm, 0. F. MONBOE, :M. S., Assistant W. E. WEAVED, Supt., :Mt. Healthy A. E. PERKINS, M. S., Assistant BN~OMOLOGY washington Co. Experiment !'arm, !'leming { Washin&ton Co. Truck: Experiment !'arm, .!!_ .A.. GOSSARD, M. S., Chief Marietta ;J, s. ~OUSER, :M. s . .A.., ABBociGte S. C. HA!ITKAN, :M. S., Supt., :Marietta HmlmBRT 0SBO!Il! p. SC., ABBOciGtel lThe College of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Columbus, cooperating. 'The U. S. Department of Apiculture, cooperating. BULLETIN OF THE Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station NUMBER 164. JULY, 1905. WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. BY H. A. GOSSARD. For the purpose of enabling the farmer and fruitgrower to follow correct practice in combatting his insect enemies, I have thought best to compile a set of four manuals which will briefly indicate the whereabouts and stages of development of our more important farm, orchard and garden pests during each of the four seasons of the year and suggest methods for destroying or control ling them. This is the first of these manuals, embodying the rules for winter practice. So far as possible, I have discussed only those species that are susceptible to winter treatment, but in some instances it may seem that I have included matter that should appear only in the fall and spring treatises, a confusion that arises from the difficulty of sharply separating late fall from early winter and late winter from early spring. Some of the insects herein mentioned are fought more effec tively during other seasons than winter; but many agriculturists have more spare time then than at other periods. and while willing to do anything possible during their leisure winter days, will do nothing at the critical moment when measures would be most effective. For the help of these men, I here indicate what meas ures are possible during the quieter months. It is, of course, assumed that the grower possesses a fair degree of common sense and will not adopt treatment when the insects are found in such sparse numbers that the cost of treatment must far exceed any possible good that can accrue from it; but, to pass to the (1) OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164 other extreme, there is, perhaps, more reason for saying that the foregoing remark should not be quoted as a warrant and defense for lazy, shiftless inaction by those who have little disposition to learn and :yet less inclination to turn whatever knowledge is forced upon them to practical account. What measures to take and when to take them, must finally rest on the judgment of the grower, his ability to decide becoming perfected by experience as an observer and practitioner. To help him observe and acquire experience in the art of practice is the purpose of this manual. FARM PRACTICE. \'rhile not much can be done during the winter to destroy those insects which are recognized as special pests of the field, the rela tion between FALL PRACTICE and WINTER EFFECTS is SUCh as to merit a brief discussion. CLEAN FARMING is often the secret of a good crop and the neglect of it is, perhaps, as frequently the explanation of a crop failure. In many instances where failure can be directly traced to insect injUJ·y, CLEAN PRACTICE everywhere about the farm would have obvi~ a ted the disaster. For instance, the CHINCH BUG hibernates in grass and trash around the borders of wheat-fields and would become a much more rare insect if entire neighborhoods would cooperate in in cleaning up, in the fall, the borders of all their fields, their fence corners and roadsides, 'l'he JOINT-WORJ.Vr of wheat, Isosoma trztia~ lies as a larva in the stubble over winter, and would be destroyed by burning or deep fall plowing; likewise, the BARLEY JOINTWORM, Iso· soma hordei, the WHEAT STRAW-WORM, Isosoma grande, and the WHEAT SAWFLY BORER, Cephus occidenta!is, yield to the same treatment. A winter or fall TRAP-HEAP of trash often does good service to a well cleaned field. If the field is thoroughly cleaned up, leaving a few heaps or patches of trash, straw, or similar materials, here and there, into which the insects can retreat, large numbers of them will be killed by burning- the piles early the following- spring. WINTER WEATHERING undoubtedly has an important effect on some insects. Where land has been plowed late in fall, many species of cutworms, wireworms, etc., that have prepared for their winter rest, are exposed, not only to their enemies while they are most helpless, but to the freezing- effects of winter, their final destruction being inevitable. Such of these as are in the pupal stage, for example, the CORN-EAR WORM, HeHothis obso!eta, are thus put wholly at the mercy of their enemies and the elements. The grubs of the MAY BEETLES, Lachnosterna spp., and their pupae are WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 3 amenable to the White arsenic, llb.9 or Paris green, llb.; syrup, 2 qts.; brant 50 to 75lbs. Thin the syrup with water, then mix well with the other materials, and add enough more water to make a wet but not sloppy mash; 2 to 4 lbs. of dissolved sugar may be used instead of the syrup. GRASSHOPPEx EGGS are deposited about one inch beneath the sur face of the ground in autumn and if plowed under to a depth of eight or nine inches will be unable to reach the surface when they hatch in spring. WHITE GRUJ3S or the larvae of MAY BEETLES will also be destroyed in numbers by late fall or early winter plowing. If, just before freezing weather begins, the trash on the garden patch is cleaned up and burned, the hogs may be turned in, preparatory to plowing, and they will effectually destroy the white grubs as well as other similar pests. Tbe TARNISHED PLANT-BUG, Lygus pratensz's, and a few closely related forms of hemiptera are often quite serious pests in the garden; they hibernate as adults under trash, hence, the garden lot and adjacent land should be cleaned in early winter and the waste burned. If, for any reason, this work was neglected in the fall, it should be done in spring before the insects become active. Various species of LEAF-HOPPERS or JASSIDS hibernate as adults, while other species lay their eggs in the tissues of vegetation that remain on the ground over winter; others pass the winter both in the egg stage, also as adults. With whatever species. gatheringto gether and burning the trash in fall, winter, or spring, will destroy tpany, and plowing in late fall adds to the efficacy of the treatment. Loose bark on trees, scaly fence posts, dead or fai:en branches and twigs, everything in the neighborhood of the garden that might shelter an insect needs attention and removal. Since the ASPARAGUS BEETLE, Cnocerzs asparagt, hibernates in the stems of asparagus, under loose bark, and in similar sheltered situations, the collection and destruction of all debris, inornearthe asparagus bed, is indicated as a wise measure. The SQUASH BUG, Anasa tristis, hibernates as an adult. Clean up the squash patch and vicinity in the fall. Compel the bugs to travel so far to find winter quarters that they will not readily find the garden the following spring. The trap-heap of rubbish will work well with this insect. The SQUASH BORER, JV!elittia satyrz'niforrms, injurious to squashes, pumpkins and occasionally to other cucurbits, passes the winter one or two inches beneath the soil in the pupa stage.. enclo::oed in a WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. tough, silken cocoon, bits of trash and soil particles being inter \YOYen with the silk. Late fall harrowing will rake up many of the pupae and expose them to the rigors of winter. The STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE Diabrotica vittata, hibernates as an adult in sheltered places. Clean culture in winter and trapping are important. The TWELVE-SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE, Diabrotica I2-ptuzcfafa, is also a hibernating insect and can be treated like the preceding species. The POTATO STALK-BORER, Trichoban's, 3-notata, winters as an adult beetle in the stalks of old potato vines; hence, cleaning up and burning the old vines soon after potato harvest is the most effective remedy. The COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE, Leptinotarsa Io-lineala, hiber· nates beneath the ground or under rubbish about the patch. Clean ing up the rubbish and burning it in early winter, or very early spring, will destroy part of them as '\Yell as numbers of the tar nished plant-bug, before mentioned, which is particularly fond of potatoes. The HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG, JV.furgantia hzstrionica, distributed through some districts in southern Ohio, hibernates as an adult under boards, logs, stcnes, vines, and such rubbish, near cabbage, collard or turnip patches. Again, clean culture is recommended. The PEA WEEVIL, Bruc!zus pisorum, hibernates as an adult, usually inside the seed-pea in which it developed. Allow no un gathered peas to remain in the field over winter. Sometime before planting time, fumigate the seed in an air-tight receptacle with bisulphide of carbon, using a tablespoonful of liquid for each cubic foot of space. For small quantities of seed, a half-gallon Mason fruit-jar may be used, a scant half-teaspoonful of carbon-bisulphide being used. The fumigating chamber should be kept closed for 48 hours. Seed so treated will germinate and carry no living beetles to the garden. The BEAN WEEVIL, Bruchus obtectus, has hibernating habits quite similiar to the pea \veevil and may be treated as given above. Before planting, t.hrow seed into water and burn all floating beans as they are unfit for seed. The BEAN LEAF-BEETLE, Cerotoma trifzwcata, and some species of FLEA-BEETLES, injulious to beans and other garden plants, hiDer· nate as adults and can be partially controlled by clean cuHure. OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164. ORCHARD PRACTICE. RELATION OF BIRDS TO THE PROBLEM. While the most important operations against insects in the field and garden must be undertaken during other seasons of the year, the winter months give opportunity for doing some very effec tive work against orchard pests. By summoning our natural friends to our help at this time and by the performance of a few simple operations, a good d~al of the work ordinarily accruing during the warmer months of the year may be obviated. Some of our winter birds are exceedingly valuable hunters of insects and their presence in the orchard should be encouraged in every possible way. While it may be true that the bird-student is prone to over estimate the benefits conferred by birds, and it may not always be possible to gain such results as are recorded in the following pages, it is certain that the bird-class is an important factor in agricultural economy and everybody will agree that whatever benefit can be secured from these creatures is almost wholly clear gain. Some birds, not insectivorous, are desirable visitors in the orchard because of their catching noxious rodents, such as mice and rabbits; the cffices of some of these are mentioned and also brief state ments are made regarding birds that would best not be in an orchard. Among insectivorous winter birds, none are more valuable than the CHICKADEE or BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE, Parus atricapi//us. It is busy all winter long, gleaning the bark in the woods, in the orchards and in the evergreen hedge,-wherever there are trees. The larvae of the codling-moth or apple-worm, the little grubs of the fruit-bark beetles or shot-hole borer, and more notably the eggs of plant-lice, tent-caterpillars, fall canker-worms. and like insects, remaining on the bark over winter, are found and devoured by H. More than 450 of the black eggs laid by plant lice are known to have been eaten by a single bird in one day. Assuming that one chica dee eats on an average 25 eggs per day, an estimate far below the actual number, over 3000 eggs will have been consumed during the months of December, January, February and March. Each one of these eggs represents the future form of plant louse known as the ''stem mother", which, no mishaps occurring to cut short the na+.urallife of any of her descendants, would, according to Huxley, produce in ten generations a mass of organic matter equivalent to the bulk of 500,000,000 human beings or the whole population of the Chinese Empire. The apple plant louse, Aph/s pomi Linn., bas WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 7 normally about eight generations in one season, the greater pro~ portion of the individuals failing for various reasons to reproduce; but enough bas been said to prove that the Chickadee is the bird that eats the egg, that hatches the louse, that breeds the plague, tl:at knocks the orchardist out. It has been further said by a reliable investigator that "no bird compares with it in destroying the female canker-worm moths and their eggs." He estimates that one bird destroys 5500 canker~worm eggs in one day, and will, therefore, consum~ 138,750 eggs during the 25 days it takes the canker-worm moths to crawl up the trees. The TUFTED TITMOUSE or CRESTED TOMTIT, Parus bicolor, belong ing to the same family of birds as the preceding species, is likewise a \Vinter resident and while more partial to berries, nuts and seeds than the Chickadee, is also a valuable forager in the orchard. The WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Sitta carolinensis, and the little BRO\VN CREEPER, Certhia familiari's americana, have similar habits, though not so much is known regarding their exact value. The Creeper is noted as one of the most conscientious, thorough going, systematic insect hunters that lives. It usually. begins at the bottom of a rough-barked tree and rapidly ascends by a spiral, creeping movement, picking up in its course the tiniest of morsels eggs and insects so minute that they would escape the notice of almost any creature except a Creeper, Chickadee or Nuthatch. The GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, Regu!us satrapa, otherwise known as the Fiery-crowned Wren, comes down from its Labrador nesting• grounds about the time the leaves begin to color and joins the Chick adees, Nuthatches and Creepers on their bug-hunts, sometimes being mixed in with their flocks as they go from one clump of trees to another. It prefers the evergreen hedges before other shelters but is often hunting, in more open places. The C.1ROLINA WREN, ThJyotlzorus ludovicianus, is likewise a winter resident and in com mon \Yith its family dol1btless has valuable insectivorous habits, but its v;ork probably benefits the forests more than orchards. The BLUEBIRD, Sialia sialzs, sometimes remains over winter, and those individuals that go south usually return in February. While the Bluebird undoubtedly eats many insects that are classed as beneficial, yet as early as February, 24 per cent of the food consists of cut-worms, and by the end of March, 38 per cent is cut-worms, army-worms and similar caterpillars, while ·1 per cent is grass hoppers and crickets. As summer advances,· the percentage of noxious insects eaten constantly rises, so we can well forgive our ~eautifullittle friend for consuming a good many parasitic insects as a winter relish. The WOODPECKERS are more busy in winter than in summer, bunting for wood-boring larvae and wood-burrowing ants. Insects' eggs and bark-lice or scale insects are likewise eaten by them. Thir teen per cent of the food ot the DOWNY WOODPECK ER, Dryobates pubescens, con sists of wood-bor ing coleopterous larvae or "saw yers", and during caterpillar season of 16 per cent of caterpillars, both of those that bore in wood, such as the larvae of the Leopard moth, and those that feed upon the leaves. Nearly DOWNY WOODPECKER, Dryooatrs puoescms. (After Washburn) One-fOUrth Of the yearly food of this species consists of ants, most of which are wood burrowers following damage started by wood-boring grubs or "sawyers." The HAIRY wooDPECKER, Dryobates villqsus, eats fewer ants than the Downy species, but more beetle larvae and caterpillars. The FLICKER, Colaj>les auratus, eats more ants and fewer borers and caterpillars than the two species preceding, many of the ants being picked from the ground. Its habit of spending most of its time in winter in the woods and swamps, along the streams, renders it a better conservator of the forest and grove than of the orchard; but, in lesser degree, the same may be said of the Hairy and Downy species. The Hawks and Owls are an important group and their presence in an orchard generally indicates a beneficent mission, though their special office is to destroy rodents and similar ver min, rather than insects. It is true that three species, the SHARP• WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 9 SIDNNED HAWK, Accipiter velox, COOPER'S HAWK, Accijnter cooperi and the AMERICAN GOSHAWK, Accipiter atricapillus, are unquestion ably nuisances on gen eral principles and, even in the orchards, they probably destroy enough beneficial small birds to more than counterbalance the few mice and rabbits they kill; but several spec ies are very valuable. The RED-TAILED HAWK Buteo lorealis, is an excellent friend to the farmer, 85 per cent of its food consisting of rodents and injurious insects. The RED SHOULDERED HAWK, Buteo lineatus, has a similar record, at least 65 per cent of its food consisting of rodents. The AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK, Falco spcwve rius, eats meadow-mice COCOON OP Samz"a cecropla, PUNCTURED AND DESTROYED and like rodents, also BY A WOODPECKER. large numbers of dor- mant grasshoppers when the ground is not covered with snow. The American LONG-EARED OWL, Aszo wzlsonianus, the SHORT EARED OWL or MEADOW OWL, Asiq accipitrinus, the BARRED OWL Or HOOT OWL, Syrnium nebulosum, and the SMALL SCREECH OWL, Megas cops asio, are all good hunters of mice and rabbits. On the other hand, the GREAT HORNED owL, Bubo virginianus, is detrimental to poultry, game, and insectivorous birds, while it destroys compara tively few rodents and injurious creatures. The GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE Or BUTCHER BIRD, Lanius borealzs, when present in the orchard, is usually on the hunt for mice which form a considerable fraction of its fvod. However, it is a menace to smaller beneficial birds in its neighborhood and, while it prob- 10 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164 ably does more good than harm, its appearance in the orchard can• not be regarded with unmixed satisfaction. It is fond of English sparrows and, where these are abundant, it is, perhaps, useful. A few birds are never in the orchard in winter for any good purpose. Among these are the PHEASANT or RUFFED GROUSE, Eo nasa umbellus, which lives almost wholly on buds when the ground ·is covered with snow. Orchards adjoining woodland are apt to suffer most. The ENGLISH SPARROW, Passerdomesticus, and the PURPLE FINCH, Carpodaceus p;rt>ureus, each tears off and devours many swelling buds in early spring, but almost too late to receive mention in a discussion of winter economics. For winter entomological work, I recommend first of all tlzat an effort be made to entzce the bzrds to the orchard. Orchards having near them thick clumps of evergreens or other similar shelter, into which the birds can retreat when not hunting for food, are most favorably located, but birds will go a good distance to an open orchard if the journey is made worth their while. The Chickadees, Nuthatches and Woodpeckers will unfailingly come if refuse meat or suet is tied in the tree-tops. The following account of results in a Massachusetts orchard, given by Mr. E. H. Forbush, is worthy of thoughtful attention. An old neglected orchard, over-run with insects and made profitless benuse of their depredations, was chosen for the experiment. It was near a small piece of woodland, consisting of pines with a few wild fruit-bearing trees and shrubs intermixed. During the three years preceding the one in which the experi ment was made, the orchard had been pruned and war had been waged against the canker-worms and tent-caterpillars, but no other attention was given it. As a result of this treatment, the orchard had again commenced to bear grudgingly.. No measures of any sort were taken the fourth year, and in the fall myriads of canker worm moths were seen ascending the trees and depositing their eggs; also the eggs of the tent-caterpillar moth were observed to have been laid in abundance. However, during the winter, baits of bone, meat, and suet were tied among the branches, and soon the Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown-creepers and Woodpeckers made this orchard their headquarters. The Chickadees became so tame they would alight upon the person who conducted the experiment and take food from his hand. An examination, made of the stomachs of some of these birds, proved that, besides the food supplied them, they consumed all forms of insect life to be found in the orchard and neigh boring woods. The following summer, Chickad"R.'> and WINTER PRACT.;:CE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 11 Woodpeckers nested in the vicinity of this orchard, while it and one other were the only orchards in the locality to harvest a crop of fruit that season, all others being too badly over-run with canker worms and tent-caterpillars. If feedzng of winter bt?'ds were more ge1zeral{y practiced, they mzght soon become stt.fliciently abundant to supply all the orclwrds iu the state.. CLEAN CULTURE VERSUS SOD IN THE ORCHARD. In this orchard section, frequent mention will be made of the benefits derived from CLEAN CULTURE. I do not wish to be under stood, from the use of this term, to believe that an orchard should never be allowed to sod. As a general rule, I regard horticultural considerations paramount to entomological ones, and merely indi cate in this discussion wha.t is the effect of clean culture on the spe cies I happen to be considering, without necessarily recomending the practice as generally interpreted and understood; perhaps my meaning will be best conveyed by saying that the best horticultural practice is the best entomological pt-actice and vice versa. Humus must be furnished the orchard from some source, else eventually there will be no trees on which insects can feed or from which men can profit. With no sod and with the removal of the leaves from the ground every fall, it could only be a quesHon of time until the soil re fused to do its best, even if commercial fertilizers were quite freely used. Under such a system it is necessary to us~ large quantities of barnyard manure or forest leaf-mould to prevent deterioration of soil. Also, the effect of cold is to be taken into account. Trees in a bare orchard are more readily weakened by cold than if they are surrounded by sod. Trees, partially winter-killed, are very apt to be attacked by bark-beetles, quite as dangerous to the trees on which they once commence as San Jose scale, and no amount of im munity from the attacks of the more common orchard pests can compensate for the folly of having invited their presence in num bers. Clean culture, as I use the term in this section, should be interpreted to mean the destruction of all unnecessary trash that bas lain on the ground during the summer and fall, together with the leaves of such trees as are known from circumstances or past his tory to shelter numbers of pestiferous insects. The cover-crop method is not necessarily undesirable from the entomological stand point. If the cover is plowed under deeply in early spring, most of the insects hibernating above ground will be hopelessly buried and must perish. ·Where tillage is followed throughout the entire sea- l:l OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164. son, no obiection can be offered to putting a straw mulch around the trees after the msects are safely hidden for the winter. Ruthless clean culture, such as I recommend for the vegetable garden, may be useful as an emerge~cy practice in an orchard that is threatened with extraordinary damage by an insect known to shelter under cover, but many of our best orchardists, with good reason, believe the recommendation should not go further than this. Whenever necessity demands the adoption of the practice, provision should be made at once to add humus as well as commercial fertilizers to the soil, and late mulching should be made to protect from cold. WINTER STATES OF ORCHARD INSECTS. APPLE PESTS. OYSTER SHELL SCALE. LLpidosapkes uimt. SCURFY SCALE, Ckionaspis jitrfu.rus The OYSTER SHELL BARK-LOUSE, LepidosaPltes ulmt', is in the egg stage in winter, the whitish eggs being protected beneath the old scale on the bade The eggs do not hatch until late May or early June. L1me-salt-sulphur, applied after the trees are thorough ly dormant in winter or when the buds are swelling in spring, is the best winter treatment. WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 13 The SCURFY BARK-LOUSE, Chionaspis [ttrfurtts, is also m the egg-stage, the purplish-red eggs being beneath the scales on the bark. These also hatch in May or early June, and winter treat ment for them is exactly as for the preceding species. The SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotu!> jerniciosus, winters in the half-grown or larval condition, the young scales usually having passed their second moult. Eggs are never laid by this species and matured scales do not survive the winter. Lime-salt-sul phur wash, applied as a spray after the trees become dormant or when the buds are swelling in spring, is the most satisfactory treatment known. The minute, shining, black, elon gated, oval eggs of three or four spe cies of PLANT LICE or APHIDS are found on the shoots of apple, especially in the depressions in the bark and around the buds. If they are very abundant and the birds have not destroyed most of them before spring, a severe prun ing prior to the opening of the leaves is sometimes useful. The A;.'1'LE-ROOT LOUSE, Sclziioneura lanigera, otherwise known as the WOOLY PLANT LOUSE, hibernates as a living insect on the roots and also to a considerable extent on the trunk and branches where wounds, scars and loosened bark afford suitable sheJter. The matured female also lays a single egg in some bark-crevice or sheltered niche, the remains of her body often enclosing the egg for months after her death. All nursery stock, no matter at what season received, should have its roots closely inspected for this louse and, if it is found present, the trees should be rejected or at least the affected parts should be immersed in tobacco decoc tion, and an :tbundance of tobacco dust should be mixed with the soil that is packed about the roots when the trees are planted. Tobacco decoction is made by boiling one pound of tobacco dust or tobacco stems in one or two gallons of water for one-half hour or an hour. When boiling is completed, add enough water to make about two gallons of liquid for every pound of tobacco used. The roots may be immersed in this liquid for 15 minutes or a half hour without injury, and the lice will, inall probability, be exterminated. 14 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164. The ring-like egg-:rnasses of the APPLE-TREE ... .2NT..CATERPILLAR, }vfalacosoma america11a, encircling thE' smaller limbs, are familiar to most apple growers. Over the ringed cluster, thickest in the mid~ dle and rounded at the ends, is a coat of wax or varnish which remains intact until the young caterpillars come forth in spring. These clusters, from one-half to three-fourths of an inch long and containing from 200 to 300 conical eggs, are conspicuous when th~ leaves are off the trees and may be cut out and burned. The egg-mass of the FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR, .fofalawsoma disstria, containinP" .f,.,...~ 100 to 400 whitish eggs with square-cut ends, are deposh.~o:a m ring-like masses around the twigs as is the case with the preceding species, but the ends of this mass, like the separate eggs, are more squarely cut off than those of the species americana. Cut out and burn. The eggs of the FALL CANKER-WORM MOTH, Alsophzla f;ome• tm·ia, are laid in regular, flattened, grayish masses, as many as 50 to 100 together, usually in the forks of the smaller branches or close to the twigs and buds of the apple, sometimes of the elm and other trees. These are deposited between the last of October and hard freezing weather. Some of the females remain from two to six inches under ground during the winter, not coming up to de posit their eggs until spring, usually in March, but if the winter is mild they may appear on any date in Decembe1·, January or February. At present, this is a rare insect in Ohio. Treatment discussed in next paragraph. The SPRING CANKER-WORM, Paleacrz"ta vernata, passes the winter in the ground, generally appearing in March, but a few specimens sometimes issue in the fall. For canker-worms, many growers will prefer to encourage the birds in winter and then, if necessary, spray with an arsenite shortly before blossoming time, repeating the spraying at the time most favorable for the Codling-worm, just after the petals fall; others will do both of these things and in addi tion will practice banding their trees. One form of band is a strip of cotton batting about four inches wide and long enough to go around the tree. When placed in position, it is tightly tied with a piece of strong cord around its lower border, after which the top is turned down over the cord, making an open-mouthed pocket between the bark and the cotton, the mouth directed downward. This band is effective so long as the cotton remains fluffy. Another form of collar is made by tying a piece of rope about the trunk and inserting between the rope and the bark strips of tin which are bent downwardly and outwardlv. thus making a collar with a down- WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 15 ward flare. Any open spaces between the collar and bark must be closed by crowding bits of cotton into them, otherwise the females will find their way through the gap and up the trees without diffi culty. The most satisfactory bands tried by the Ohio Experiment Station are the sticky bands of tree tanglefoot, made by the 0. & W. Thurn Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan. Another sticky material, al most equally good, is Bodlime, prepared by the Bowker Insecticide Co., Boston, Mass. These bands or collars must be on the trees from the last of October until well into real winter for the fali canker-worm, and from the last of February until the foliage is well out for the spring canker-worm. The tin collars may be left in place during the winter, being inspected for open gaps about the last of February. The FALL WEB-WORM, Hyphantria rtmea, spends the winter as a pupa. The cocoons, which are rather flimsy coverings of silk inter mixed with the hairs of the caterpillars, are spun in all kinds of sheltered situations. The hollow of an old rotting apple-tree trunk often contains several dozen of the cocoons mixed in with the rot ting wood, and the galleries and cavities made by borers in decay ing wood are favorite hiding places. Any piece of loose, heavy bark on any tree that has been infested with the worms is apt to coyer many. The caterpillars are able to live on almost any kind of tree or shrub except it be a conifer. The corners of fences, rail heaps, loose boards on the ground. and a11 kinds of rubbish are apt to furnish harbor for them. If sought for in such places, not only these but many other noxious species may be found and destroyed. The hollows in decaying trees may be cleaned out and filled with clay to prevent ingress of hibernating insects. 'I'he WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH, Hem erocarnj>a leucostigma, passes the winter in the egg-stage. The frothy masses of white eggs are laid on the sides of the large, gray ish cocoons from which the females have is sued. These cocoons may be found on the bark of the various fruit and shade trees upon which the caterpillars feed, as well as upon fences, in tht- 16 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 16+. chinks and depressions of stone walls, on telephone poles, on the leaves which remain clinging to the trees, etc. They may general ly be found in abundance on the bark of the maple tree, which i'> a favorite food plant. Only the cocoons haYing egg-mas.;;es on the out'>ide should be collected for destruction, since bare cocoons are more apt than not to contain parasites which will issue and help in the warfare against the caterpillars \vith the coming of "\tunmer. A small, sharp hoe, with a long handle, is a conyenient tool '' ith which to scrape off the eggs, or a sponge or bru-,h may be attached to a long, light pole, bamboo preferred, and by means ot thi-, the eggs can be painted O\'er \dth creosote. The creosote j.., dlluted 1vith enough turpentine to keep it liquid in cold weather, and some tar is added to color the liquid for the purpose of enabling the workmen to recognize at a glance what egg-masses haye already been treated. The caterpillars of the APPLE-WORM or coDLING l\IOTH, CarjJocaj;sa jJomo11ella, hibernate in thick, whitish or grayi:;,h cocoon» under scaly bark, in cavities formed by the rotting of the >Yood and in trash about the orchard. The worms, carried in with the fruit, spin cocoons in the fruit-house or cellar, and the moth-, produced from them will find their way to the orchard in spring if permitted to escape. Most of the worms above the snow-line are certain to be found by the birds. Therefore, go over the orchard each >Yinter with a sharp hoe or similar tool, and scrape off all scaly bark, espec ially that close to the ground; also cut out all dead and cracked limbs, and fill any remaining cavities or cracks with clay. 'iNhere clean cultivation is practiced, hiding places on the ground are re moved unless the larvae follow the example of the California and Oregon Codling-worms, which are said, with a clean environment, to hibernate under clods or even several inches beneath the ground. In case of under-ground hibernation, frequent and late stirring would probably be of value. Sometime in late April, burn all old apple packages and fumigate cellars and fruit-houses in which apples have been stored. Burn three or four pounds of brimstone to every 1000 cubic feet of air-space in the cellar or fruit-house. The BUD-MOTH, Tmetocera ocellana, spends the winter in the caterpillar stage, enclosed in very small. oval cocoons fastened ta the twigs of various fruit-trees such as apple, pear, peach and plum. The cocoons are usually in proximity to the buds, which are attacked and entered by the caterpillars as soon as they open in ~i>pring. Where the lime-salt-sulphur wash has been used in WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 17 winter for other insects, it has been observed that the incidental effect on the bud-worm and some of the case-bearers has been excellent. If Paris green or arsenate of lead were added to the wash at the rate of one pound to 100 gallons of spray, the applica tion being made in the spring at the time when the buds are swell ing, the result would doubtless be better yet. The most approved remedy is to apply an arsenical spray as soon as the buds open and repeat the treatment about a week later. The larva of the LEAP-CRUMPLER, ./v!"ineola iudigenella, is in a small, brownish, silk-lined case, shaped like an irregular horn. Attached to the case is usually a number of dead leaves, making a rather consp': 1ous nest and the whole is att ned to a twig. Handpicking i::o ~· easible, or an arsenical spray when the leaves are unfolding is beneficial. The sprays customarily given for Codling moth generally control this insect perfectly as an inci dental effect. The PISTOL-CASE-BEARER, ColcojJ!toJ a ma!ivorella, and the CIGAR-CASE-BEARER, Coleophora .fletclterella, winter in minute silken cases about one-eighth of an inch in length, colored like the bark. They are attached to the twigs, usually near and some • times on the buds. The general shape of these cases is indicated by the common names applied to the respective species. These larvae become active a short time \VlNTER NEST OF LEAF-CRUMPLER. before the buds burst in early ;;pring, eat through the outer covering of the buds, and attack the developing leaves ·within. ·winter applications of lime-salt-sulphur wash have an excellent effect on these, and if applied in early spring, just as the buds begin to swell, Paris green may be added to it, <>ne pound to 100 gallons of the spray. 18 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164. The APPLE BUCCULATRIX or RIBBED COCOON-MAKER, Buccufatrz''x pomi.foliella, is hidden away as a pupa in its white-ribbed cocoon on apple branches. According to Slin gerland a winter application of lime salt-sulphur spray is a very satisfac tory remedy. The one-year old larva or grub of the ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER, Saperda ca11dida, passes the winter in the bottom-most part of its burrow, between the bark and sap wood, usually some-place about the crown. The second winter is passed in a similar situation. The third win ter is passed in a tunnel in the hard wood. In the fall of its first year's existence, the presence of the larva is apt to be made known by the dis- colored bark near the ground in which small slits may appear, small quantities of frass and castings sifting through the slits and forming little heaps upon the ground. Trial of the discolored bark with a stiff pin or knife-point will prove if the burrows are beneath. If present, the larva may be cut out and destroyed before the sno,v level rises above the winter chamber, or it may be removed just after the melting of the snow in spring. Encourage the wood peckers to spend all the time possible in the orchard. The FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER, Chrysobothris .femorata, the commonest borer of apple, winters as a larva in the hard-wood of the trunk, usually higher up than the rounded species, some times as high as the larger branches. Look for the same indica tions of injury as with the preceding sped11es, but higher up and chiefly on the southwest side of the tree. If the knife does not reach the borers readily, a flexible wire may be inserted into the burrows, or wads of cotton may be saturated with chloroform or carbon-disulphide, thrust into the burrows, and the openings closed with a plaster of clay or wax. Branches of apple that fall in autumn are often occupied by the larvae or chrysalids of the APPLE PRUNER, Elaphidion villosum. Birds hunt them industriously. If very numerous, the fallen twigs may be collected and burned, since the insects remain in them )lntil the following summer. WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 19 'l'he FRUIT-TREE BARK-BORER or SHOT-HOLE BORER, Scolytzes rugu1osus, damaging many varieties of fruit trees, passes the winter in several stages, per haps all of them, un less it be the egg, being represented in galler ies beneath the bark. Birds are the most valuable agents to ef fect their destruction in winter. Badly in fested trees should le cut and burned before the opening of spring, and all trees liable to attack, because of the known presence of the borers in their ·dcin ity, should be liberally fertilized and, about the time the buds be gin to swell, they should be either thor- WORK OF SHOT·HOLEBORER, GUM NODULES O:< PEACH SHOWN. OUghly white-WaShed, or they may be well painted with the following wash by means of a brush: One pint of crude carbolic acid and one gallon of soft or potash whale-oil soap, dissolved in eight gallons of rainwater. Cover all parts of the trunk and as many of the branches as possi- ble. Such trees as the peach ooze sap and gum in abundance, when attacked, and so long as the oozing continues, the trees have a good chance to recover from the attack; but badly infested trees that have ceased to bleed are usually hopeless and should be de stroyed with fire before spring returns. In the case of trees like apple and pear which bleed bnt little, the orchardist must rely on his judgment as to when infestation has become sufficient to neces sitate their destruction. 'l'he 'UFFALO TREE-HOPPER, Ceresa bubalis, lays its eggs in punctures made in the ends of twigs of apple and various other plants, causing them to weaken and fall. Young apples are special ly injured. Prune out twigs containing eggs and burn in fall and winter. :18 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 16-J.. Tn addition to the foregoing, apples are attacked by the PLU!';t CURCULIO, Conotrachelus nenuphm· (See Plum Insects, p. 20); SNOWY TREE CRICKETS, Oecanthus spp. (See Raspberry and Blackberry Sec tion, p. 24.) PFAR INSECTS. The PEAR PSYLLA, Psyl!a pyricola, somewhat resembling a miniature cicada, hibernates as an adult in crevices in the bark. It can be destroyed by a thorough spraying with lime-salt-sulphur wash, or kerosene emulsion, diluted with eight parts of water, or whale oil soap, one pound in two gallons of water. The PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE, .f!.riophyes pyri, also hibernates as an adult under the bud-scales or on the twigs. The remedies above given for Pear Psylla are effective against this species, and for the best good of the trees should be applied only after they ha,·e become thoroughly dormant, else when the buds are swelling in Rpring. The following list of insects, attacking apple, also attack the pear. The treatment given for same ins.ects on apple should bt followed: OYSTER-SHELL SCALE, Lepidosaphes tthm. SCURFY SCALE, Chz'ottaspis jitrfurus. SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotus pertticiosus. EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH, Tmetocera ocellatta. PISToL-CASE-BEARER, Coleophora ma!z'vorella. CIGAR-cASE-BEARER, Coleophora .fletcherella. FALL CANKER-WORM, Alsoplzila pometaria. SPRING CANKER-WORM, Paleacrita vernata. FALL WEB-WORM, }[yphatttria czmea. TENT CATERPILLAR, Mafacosoma americaJZa. 'l'USSOCK MOTH, Hemerocampa leucostigma. CODLING MOTH, CarjJocapsa pomonefla. APHIDS OR PLANT-LICE. PLUM INSECTS. The PLUM CURt'ULIO, Co11otrachelus 1te1zuphar, the insect that causes wormy fruit, hibernates as an adult under the loose bark of trees, among leaves on the ground and in other protected places. Clean culture is of value in controlling the pest. Plum aphids may be treated like apple aphids. The following apple insects, susceptible to winter treatment, also attack plum. For remedies, reference should be made to the apple section: 'WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. FLAT-HEADED BORER, Chysobothris femorata. FRtTT .L BARK BEETLE, Scolytus rugulosus. SAN JOSE SCALE, As-pidiotus peruiciosus. OYST:CI< SHELL SCALE, Lej>idosap/zes rtfmi. SCURFY SCALE, Chionaspis .Jiu:fitrus. BUFFALO TREE-HOPPER, Cercsa bubalis. TENT CATERPILLAR, Jllalacosoma amcncana. FORF.$1' TENT CATERPILLAR, .~.lfa/acOSOIJlll disstria. FALL WEB-WORM, Hyphantria cunca. PALL CANKER-WORM, Afsophifa pometaria. SPRING CANKER-WORM, Paleacnta 1JCYJ/a/a. TUSSOCK MOTH, Hcmcrocampa lcucostigma. LEAF ClWliiPL:CR, .~.1/incola indigcnella. EYE-SPOTTED BUD-MOTH, Tmetocera ocellana. Refer to peach :;;ection, p. 21: PEACH BOREH, ,'){mninoidea e:dtiosa. pgaCH INSECTS. The PEACH-TREr<: BORER, Sanninoidea exitiosa, passes the wmter as a lana in a burrow beneath the bark a few inches beneath the surface of the soil. Perhaps treatment should be given in the fall or sprmg manuals rather than in the winter treatise, but the work can so nearly trench upon the two ends of winter that I include it here, especially as the winter season is usually less busy than the others. Sometimes, when the ground is not frozen in eariy or late winter, it i<> possible to go over the orchard, removing the earth from about the bases of the trees and, if worms are found, they may be destroyed with a pocket-knife or by the insertion of a probe into their burrows. Scalding water, poured into thei.r burrows, is u.;;ed by some with ~ood success. The PIMCH-TREE BARK-LOUSE, Eulecallittm nigro/asdatum, is controlled by the winter washes used for San Jose and other bcales; kerosene emulsion and whale oil soap are especially recommended. PEACH APHIDS may be treated like apple aphids. The followed inc;;ects, to which reference is made in the apple section, also attack peach: FLAT-HEADED BORER, Chrysobothris fenzorata. FRUIT BARK-BEI<;TLE. Scolytus rugulostts. SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotus perniriosus. :SUFPALO TREE-HOPPER, Ccresa bztbalis. TENT CATERPILLER, Malacosoma americana. FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, Mafacosoma disstria. 22 OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164 FALL WEB-WORM, Hyphantrza cunea. 'l'USSOCK MOTH, Hemerocampa leucosti'gma. FALL CANKER-WORM, Alsophiltz pometaria. SPRING CANKER-WORM, Pa/eacrita vernata. Plum insects attacking peach: PLUM CURCuuo, Conot1 achelus nenuphar. Cherry insects attacking peach: DIVARICATE BUPRESTID, Dicerca divaricata. Raspberry and Blackberr.f insects that attack peach: SNOWY TREE-CRICKETS, Ecc.;zthus spp. CHERRY INSECTS. The DIVARICAT.<~.D BUPRESTIS, Dzcerca divaricata, is a flat-headed borer found ben~ath the bark. It resembles the flat-headed borer of the apple and may be treated the same way. The cherry scale, Eulecanlt..m cerasz"fex, and other scales may be treated with whale oil soap. The PROMETHJ::A EMPORER-MOTH, Callosamza promethea, is a pupa encased in a tough cocoon, wrapped in a twisted leaf, which is secured by the stem-end to the twig by means of silken threads wrapped around the twig. Collect the cocoons and des troy. The ro EMPEROR-MOTH, Azetomerzs io, spends the winter as a pupa in a cocoon made of tough, gummy brown silk, binding to gether bits of dead leaves and rubbish on the ground. Clean culture will destroy it. CHERRY PLANT LICE eggs may be treated like those of apple. Refer to apple section for mention of following insects which also affect cherry: FRUIT BARK BEETLE, Scolytzes 1 ugulosus. SAN JOSE SCALE, AspzatOtres perniciosus. APPLE TENT-CATERPILLAR, Malacosoma americana. FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR, Malacosoma disstria. TUSSOCK MOTH, Hemerocampa leucosti'gma. FALL CANKER-WORM, Alsophila pometa?za, SPRING CANKER-WORM, Paleacrz'ta vernata. FALL WEB-WORM, Hyphantrz'a cunea. LEAF CRUMPLER, Mz'neola indzgenella. BUD MOTH, Tmetocera ocellana. WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 23 THE VINEYARD AND FRUIT-GARDEN. When emphasizing clean culture in the following pages, it should be remembered that the great point is to remove and burn the trash and debris that has gathered into itself the insects of the season. If a cover or mulch like hay or straw is desired to lessen root injury and prevent winter killing-, it can be applied after the cleaning has been done. THE GRAPE, In no place about the fruit plantation will clean culture pay better than in and around the vineyard. Attention should be given to removing splinters from posts, to rotten spots on posts and trellis, also to cleaning up all fallen leaves and debris, both in and around the borders of the vineyard, for a considerable distance. Very late fall or very early spring stirring of the soil is also useful to expose to the weather such forms as she-lter themselves just below the surface soil or underneath clods. Among the insects that hibernate in the situations described are the BEAUTIFUL wooD NYMPH, Etttkisanotza grata, as a pupa in rotten wood, corn-cobs and like places; the EIGHT-5PO'J.'TED FORESTER, Alypia octomacu/ata, as a chrysalis in an earthen cell, at or just below the surface of the ground; the AMERICAN HARRISINA, Harrisina americana, as a chrysalis in some sheltered crevice or similar retreat; the GRAPE-VINE LE.AF ROLLER, .Desnzia funeralis, as a chrysalis in a folil.ed leaf; the GRAPE· VINE EUSTROMA, Eust1oma diversilineata, as a caterpillar under any convenient shelter; the YELLOW WOOLY-BEAR, .Dzacrzsia vzrginica, as a chrysalis in a fragile hairy cocoon, spun in any kind of trash; the PYRAMIDAL GRAPE-VINE CATERPILLAR, Pyrophz'/a pvramz'doz'des, as a chrysalis slightly below the surface of the ground; the near relative of the last, the SILKY PYROPHILA, .Pyrophz.la trogopt•gin \ as a ch rys alis in the same situation; the GR.APEBERRY MOTH, .Polychrosi's z itea1za, as a chrysalis, folded in a fallen leaf on the ground; the GRAPE· VINE FLEA-BEETLE, Haltica chalybea, as an adult under any sort of trash or just beneath the ground, near the roots of the vine. The GRAPE-cANE GALLMAKER, Ampeloglypter seostrz's, a small curculionid beetle, passes the winter ~ -ong the fallen leaves, in grassy patches, etc.; the GRAPEVINE LEAF-HOPPER, Typhlocyba comes, as an adult in grassy borders, among fallen leaves, under l<'':>Se bark and splinters, beneath clods on the ground and in similar situations. If no other insects except the Grapeberry Moth, the Grapevine Flea-beetle, and the Grapevine Leaf-hopper were present in the vineyard, the practice of clean culture and stirring the surface soil in late fall or OHIO EXPERIMENT STATION: BULLETIN 164. ;early winter would pay and pay well. Each of these three is an important species, economically, and each can be greatly reduced in numbers by this method. Professor Comstock instances a Georgia vineyardist, who, by going over his vineyard twice in winter, reduced his annual crop of Flea-beetles from several bushels to something like one hundred s-traggling individuals. Wonders with the Leaf-hopper may be wrought in the same way. RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES. The GOUTY GALLMAKER, Agrilus rujicollis, spends the winter as a larva in the gouty galls on the canes. Cut o·1t and burn all galled canes in winter or spring. Any galls on wild. vines in the neighbor. hood should be looked after in like manner to prevent subsequent infestation. The eg-gs of the TREE CRICKETS, Oecanthus sjJjJ., may be found insertc:d in the pith by splitting open the punctured canes. These punctur~s resem ble, from the outside, a closely dotted line of pin holes, two or three inches long. Cut out and burn the punctured canes be fore spring. Several species of moths hiber nate as pupae among the fallen leaves; also some small beetles, some in jurious plant bugs and some leaf-gall flies. Many of these will be destroyed if the leaves are collected and burned TH:EE CRICKETS, Oecantkus spp. in early winter. THE CURR.-l.NT, The IMPORTED CURRANT BORER, Aegeria fzjuliformis, is a clear winged moth, closely related to the Peach Borer. It passes the win ter as a caterpillar in the tunneled stem. The stalk is so weakened by the insect's work that it often breaks off quite readily in fall, winter and spring. Tunneled canes may be pruned out and burned any time between October and May when they are not covered with snow. A little trial of shriveled stalks will usually discover if they are infested, because they break so readily when tunneled. WINTER PRACTICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. 25 The NATIVE CURRANT BORER, Psenocertts sttPernotat?ts, is a long horned beetle with habits very like those of the imported species, only several larvae usually work in the same cane instead of one. Treatment should be the same as for the preceding species. The FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG, Paeczlocapsus lineattts, lays its eggs in or near the ends of branches in much the same manner as the Tree-cricket; hence burn all winter prunings. The SCURFY BARK-LOUSE, Clzzonaspis furfu?us, is common on currant and may be treated in late winter with lime-salt-sulphur wash or kerosene emulsion, diluted one to eight. A number of pupae of currant feeding caterpillars, as well as of some sawflies, hibernate among the leaves and trash on the ground; hence, clean culture is advisable as in case of e\'ery other depart ment of the garden. THE GOOSEBERRY. The GOOSEBERRY FRUITWORM, Zophodz'a grossulariae, spends the winter as a pupa among tbe leaves and rubbish on the ground. All leaves and trash should be gathered up and burned in early wintet· if the work was neglected in the fall. The Imported Currant Worm, previously mentioned, attacks gooseberry canes as well as currants. Treatment already given. THE STRAWBERRY, The most serious strawberry insects are out of reach during the winter. However, plant-bugs and other pests will hibernate in the trash on the beds if it is not removed, so it is good practice to clean oft and burn all debris from the beds in the fall; also, if it 1s left, pests from other parts of the garden will collect under it for shelter. After the clean-up, no objection can be made to the appli cation of a hay or straw mulch, as soon as insect activity for the year is over-that is, as soon as real winter has commenced. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. My thanks are due to my assistant, Mr. J. S. Houser for the illus trations given herewith, except the frontispiece, the cut of Downy Woodpecker, and representation of San Jose scale. The two bit·d cuts were furnished through the courtesy of Prof. F. L. Washburn of t.he Minnesota Experiment Station, while the illustration of San Jose scale is from a negative belonging to my department, made by Prof. P. J. Parrott. ~ FARM INSECTS. 0 Crop Name of ~, Stage in :~ich I Recognition marks. Treatment. When to treat, affected. Insect. winter is passed. ~ 0 Wheat Chinch Bug, Adults. Blackish-brown bugs, Bum over stubble, grassy Late fall, win- l?;l Corn Bliss11s /€It· less than one-fifth inch roadsides, field-borders, ter, very early 1:<: copterus. long, with soft white wing. etc. ; remove all possi- spring. tt) covers; hibernating in ble hiding places. grass, under shocks of l?;l corn-fodder, beneath ~ boards, etc...... Larvae. "" Wheat Jointworm, Rmall, yellowish-white Burn over infested stub. Fall and ""l?:l Barley Isosoma tritJl.t: worms in enlarged ble land . All badly in- winter.. Bum ~ Rye joints or galls in fe.qted straw, not worked before March 1 stubble and straw. up into manure, should 8 be burned. rJl Wheat Straw-worm, Small, yellowish-white .. Isosoma gra1zde. Pupa. pupa inside straw and stubble. " .....~ 0 2: Wheat Sawfiy Borer, Larva. Small, whitish worms .. .. Cl'pln•r occide?Ztali's in silk-lined cavity, inside stubble, near the ground. ~ J&arley Jointworm. Larvae. Small, yellowish-white .. .. t'i lsosoma h.r;rdei. worms in enlarged t'i joints of stubble and straw. t: ------ t.> " ~ INSECTS OF THE VEGETABLE GARDEN.-CoNTINUED. c Crop Name of Stage in which I Recognition marks. Treatment. \Vhen to lil affected. Insect. winter is passed tre.J.t. H I 0 l?=l Cu.:umber Striped Cucumber Adult~. Small. greenish-yellow beetles, with Clean culture; especially destroy remnants Fall or winter. Curcurbits Beetle, Diabrutica black stripes on wing-covers. of cucurbit vines. ~ vitatta. 'tl l?=l " Tl\elve-spotted " Small. J.,rreenish-yellow beetles, with .. ~ Cucumber BeetlP, 12 black spots on wing--covers. " .Diabrotica I2-jttnc... ~ tala. l?=l Potato Potato :::~alk .. Small, gray snout-beetle, 1/6 inch Clean up all old vines and burn...... ,z Borer Tricho· long, inside old pota to stalks. buris r.niwtata. ...,r.JJ Potato Colorado Potato .. Brownish-yellow beetles, l>ith 5 Clean culture; burn rubbish and trash Early winter Beetle, LejtJuotarsa black stripes on each wing-cover, from potato field and adjacent territory. or early spring. ?> ~ zo-ltiteala. and usually 18 black S{lOts on H prothorax. 0 Cabbage Harlequin Ca bbag • .. One of the "stink" bugs, black in .. .. z Collards Bug, JJfurj{alltia color, with red, orange, or yellow Turnips ltistr o11ica. markings. toc:: Pea Pea Weevil, Bnu:ltu ..· .. Small, gray snout-beetleg, found in Fumigation {S<.--e text p. 5,. Clean culture. Any time in fall c:: pir;orum. drie Apple Oyster-shell Bark- I Egg. On bark, brownish &eales, ~haJH'tl f:.pray with limt>·sulphur '\Vash. AftPr trpe..; an~ thor Jmt.Sf", Lt•pidmwpluw liln.~ oy-ster shell. beneath which oughly dorn1ant and fllllli. · an• whitf• et.rf.! .... a second time ;:;J before opening of butts in spring. z>-3 Rcurfv Bark-louR~. On bark, whitish, elongated scales, l':l Chio11aspt:•• {ttJfunts. beneath wbich are purplish eggs. :<) San Jo~t~ &alt~. I r an·al Rtage, Rmall, circular. t,rra.yish or black f-0 Aspidiotus .ftrutl.:iosu.,,! usu~Uy seconct or scall~s with yellow larva brneath. third nwu1t. :<) ~ Wonlv Plant-lott!-'t> or Egg-. Small, shining, black Rpccks on Tobacco decnctiuu for root'> of nursPrv An.Y time in 1ate faU, () Api>le Root-lmtbe. Adult. bark, often in crevices around trt>e<; to be planted. K(•fof'ene enntlsiori or winter or early >-3 IScltbo11eura lanign a. buds. Living lice on roots and in lime-sulphur for licP, Birds for eggs. spring. H creviceR of bark, with more or less () whitish o.r greenish wool over them. l':l ..... Apple Aphids,Apkis Egg. Small, shining, black specks in cre Uirds. Pruning. Prune before lea--res pomi,jitcltii and vices of bark and about the buds. open in spring. z sorbi. l':l , () . Apple-tree Tent " V arnishec1, ring-like egg-mass, Birds. Prune out and burn . Any time in winter 0 cate,·pillar, J)fala encircling the smaller limbs. z cosoma america11a. 0 Fnrest Te...,t-cater Like the above. but ends of ef!g ~ pillar, Afalaco, Fruit Name of Recognition Marks. Treatment. affected. Insect. ~~~~~~~il When to treat. Apple Apple-worm or Cod· Larva or Whitish worms, from less than one- Birds very useful. &rape scaly bark Work in orcbard any 0 ling-worm, Ca7ao- caterpillar. half inch to three fourths of an from trees. Cut out dead and cracked time in winter. ::q capsa j>otnonel a. Inch long, in thick, whitish or gray- limbs. Fill cavities in tree» with cla v. Fumigate in late H ish cocoons, under scaly bark, in Fumigate cellars ar storage houses in April. cavities, in trash, in cracks and ere- which apples are kept. 0 vices, in apple barrels, in the t>1 storage house, etc. H .. Bud-moth, Tmetocet'a •• Very small caterpillars in little Lime-salt-sulphur wash. Arsenical Lime-salt-sulphur >tl ocellana. oval coccx:ms, fastened to twigs in spray. spray during late r:J close proximity to buds. winter. Arsenical ~ spray when buds are H opening; repeat one ~ week later. .. Leaf-crumpler, lllln- .. Small caterpillar, in brownish silk- Hand-picking. Lime-salt-sulphur spray. Pick in winter when ~ eola zitdt!Jellella. lined case. more or less irregular Arsenical spray. nests are easily seen. 1-3 horn-shaped. Attached to case is Lime-salt- sulphur In [/) usually a cluster of dead leaves, late winter. A rseni- 1-3 making conspicuous nest. cal spray at same time > as for canker-worm 1-3 and codling-moth. H Pistol- Case-Bearer, .. Small' caterpillars in silken cases Lime.salt-sulphur spray• In late winter. 0 " Coleophora mallvo- about one-eighth inch long, colored ~ n/la attd Cij!'ar-Case- like bark. Shapes indicated by Bearer, Coleopitora names. b;j jfctcherella. C/ t:'i " Apple Bucculatrix Pupa. White, ribbed cocoons, about one- LimL~salt-sulphur spray. Paint cocoons Any time in late t:'i or Ribbed Cocoon- half to three-fourths inch long, on with creosote or kerosene emulsion by '"inter. means of a brush. t>1 maker,BucculatJ_rs branches. 1-3 pomifoliella. H Round-headed Larva. Bark discolored near the ground, Woodpeckers. Cutoutlarva and Before snow line rises z " Apple-tree Borer, throngh slits in which saw-dust destroy. above the burrow, or ,_. Saperda cmtdida, .sifts to the ground. White saw... in early spnng. yer-worm in burrow. ~ Flat-headed ApplP- " Same as preceding, but higher up As with t>reeeding. Run flexible wire int" " trr..e Borer, CJ,n•so- on trunk, chiefly on southwest side burrow. Put cotton wad, soaked in chloro .. " . bothrt:<;' femora/a. of tree. fonn or carhon-disulphide, in burrow, closing opening WJtb clay Jnud. ------~------ORCHARD INSECTS.-CONTINUED. Fruit Name of Stage in which I Recognition Mark&. Trf""atment. \Vlwn to tn:•at. affected. Insect. Iwinter is passed. Apple Apple Pruner. Larva and 'Vhite l10rers in falle-n limbs. Birds. CoJlect and burn. Any time in winter~ :;! Elapkidiott vitlosum. chrysalids. zH " Fruit-tree Bark-borer Larvae, chry~ Make many small g-allerit•< l>e- ~ or Sbot-hnle- Bor~ r, alids, adults. neath bark. <.,a use gumtuing on BirdR. Cut and burn hadlv inff""..,tPCl tree~. tt.t Sco{yltts -rttJ!ttlosus. trees. \Vbite·wash or spray with bOai>-carbolic~acid " 1nixturc. :::0 " Buffalo Tree-hopper, Egg. Eggs laid in punctures tnade in '"d Ceresa bubalh;. ends of tWJgs. causifll:f them to Prune out and bum. .. ::11 weaken and fall. > Plmn Curcutio, See Plum () " Conotrackelus Inloeets, p. 20. ~ H ueuuphar. () .. Tree Criclrets, See Raspberry tt.t Oeca1lthus spp. and Blackterry ..... section, p. 24. z Pear Pear Psvlla, Psylla Adult. Resembles small cicada, or 17-year Spray with time~alt~o:;ulphur or kerosene Late winter. tt.t f_V1;rcola. locust, and hibernates in bark-crevices, emulbifn. () ,, 0 Pear leaf Blister- Adult. Very minute, spider-like creature .. Late winter or when z mite, Eriopll)'es py-n: under bud-scales or c.n tn igs. buds h<"b>in to swell 0 in spring. ~.... See p.20~or list of apple insects which at tack pear and refer to apple sections for treatment. () Plum Plum Curculio, Adult. Brown, chunky snout-beetle, less Clean Cnlture. Domestic !owls, Pire. Bun1 trash In winter ~ Conotraclzelus than one-lourth inch long, with or very early spring. 0 11enupkar. black and gray mottlings and four elevated warts on the wing 0 covers. Hibernates under loose t' bark, under trash, etc. 0 Q Seep.2l for list of apple insects attacking plum; refer to pp. 29-31 for treatment. C.'- H H C,tUU U "peach '~ '' Hp.20 H U, ~ Peach Peach-tree Borer, Larva. Whitish-yellow, grub-like cater- Hunt borers with pocket knife and kill. Early winter anti Sanulnoidea e~itin.r11. r,mar, about one-halfinch long, Scald1n&r water.. earl;r spring! onger when full grown, causing copious exudation of gum from point of attack, usually at base of tree. fti u. tv ----- ORCHARD INSECTS.-CON reWED. Fruit Xameof Stag-e in which Treattnent \Vhcn tn treat. c affL>Ctcd. ln'5eet. lwinter is passed Recognition 1\Iark•. ::r: I H 0 p, :ach Peach Scale or Advanced Hemispherical scale, about size Whale oil soap. Keru~ene emulo;;;jon. Late winter. Terrapin Scale.. Ettie- larvae or and shape of split pea, brm\n or Lime-salt-sulphur "ash. M canziOil ui'groJUs- adults. blackish, often with lil!ht stripe in t;.G ciatum. center, clustering on tv.igs. 'U [:rj .. Aphid~. Eggs. Shining. black <;pecks on twigs and Birds. Pruning. Witt ttr :.<1 in crevices of bark. >-< 2: For lbt of apple 1n fsecto;,, al~o attack ing peach, see p. 21; see also pp. 29-31. I.. • ~ l?'l kk plun1 "" •· 4. ,. " ,, H " 22 '' H P.· 31. Y. H U ""22" U '32, " q '' cherry "' . '' '• " .., .. \~ H ra~pb. '" I H H " h "' " " 22 ~~ u. n 31. [/j l,;ft,orry Cherry Borer or i Larva. Flattened borer, anterior seg. Dig out with knife. Run flexible wire into \VhPJICVer the,Y ._, Dh'aricatl'd Bupre,t:is.~ n1ent;:; n1uch enlarged, larger than burrows. Thrust wads of cotton. saturated can be found. Dicerca dizm11Cala. flat-headed apple-tree borer. with carbon-disulpbide, into burrows, > closing openings with clay-mud or ._, putty. Woodpecl Fruit Na1neof \YhPn to Stage in which I Recognition marks. Treatment. affected. Insect. I\\inter is pas&ed. treat. Fruit l'ameof Stage in whkh I Recognition marks. Treatment. When to treat. affected. Insect. Iwinter is passed ·j I 0 ::r: Grape I GrapHine Leaf- I Adult. Minute, bopping, yellowish-white Clean culture. An\"' time when snow .-< hopper, JYphloqba insects, marked with reddiFJh or d • • • • PAGE. Col PA.GB. :!I.CClfHtrmus, As10 ...... 9 C aptes auratus ...... 8 Accipiter atricapillus...... 9 oleophora fletcherella ...... 17, 2~ 30 malivorella ...... 1'1, SO c;;,~g;r_i:: :::: .. :::::::::::::::::::.::::: :~ comes, Typhlocyba ...... 23, 34 Aegeria tipuliformis ...... 24, 34 ~~n~:.:a'!'elps_ nenuphar ...... 20, 22.31 Agrilus ru!icollis ...... 24, 3! p n, CC>pzter ...... 9 Alsoph1la pometaria ...... 14, 20, 21, 22, 29 Corn Insects ...... • ...... , Alypia octomaculata ...... 23, 33 americana, Certhia familiaris ...... 1 g~~P~;,rB%~::::::::::::::::::·.:::::::::::::::7 americana, Harrisina ...... -...... 23, 33 C r!ckets, Snowy Tree ...... 20, 22, 24, 34 americana, Malacosoma ...... -14, 20, 21, 22. 29 C noceris asparagi...... 4, 'Z] Ampelo..-lypter seostns ...... 23, 33 rows...... 3 A nasa tristis ...... 4, 'Zl Crumpler, Apple Leaf...... 1'~, 21, 22, 30 Aphids, Apple ...... 13, 29 Cucumber Beetle, Striped...... 5, 28 Peach ...... 21. 32 C • 12-spotted ...... II, 28 Pear ...... 20 ucurb•t Insects ...... 'Zl,28 Plum ...... 20 cunea, .H~hantria ...... 15, 20, 21, 22,29 Curcuho, tum ...... 20, 22, 31 Currant Borer, Imported...... ?A, 31 Aphis ~~~;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 C Native...... 25, 34 Apple Insects...... 12, 20, 29, 31 urrant Insects...... 24, 25, 34 Apple Pruner...... 18, 31 Cutworms...... 3, 26, 'Zl Apple-tree Borer, Round-beaded ...... 18,29 Flat-headed...... •. 18, 21, SO decemlineata, Leptinotarsa...... 5, 28 Tent-caterpillar...... 14, 29 Desmia funeralis ...... 23, 33 Ap_ple-W?I:I' ·...... 16, so Diabrotica 12-punctata ...... 5, 28 Asm a~1p1t:mus ...... 9 D'a • . . vitt~ta ...... 5, 28 w•Jsomanus ...... 9 1 cnsta vrrgm1ca ...... 23, 33 a•io, Megascops ...... 9 Dicerca divaricata ...... 22, 32 asparagi, Crioceris ...... 4. 'Z] disstria, Malacosoma. ...•...•...... 14, 21, 22, 29 Aspidiotus pemiciosus ...... ll!, 20, 21, 22, 29 Divaricate Buprestid ...... 22, 32 atricapillus, Accipiter ...... 9 dhersilineata, Eustroma ...... 23, 21 atricap'llus, Parus ...... 6 domesticus, Passer ...... 10 Automeris io...... 22, 32 Dryobates pubescens...... 8 auratus, Colaptes ...... 8 Vlllosus ...... 8 Ecanthu,. spj? ...... 22,34 Barley Joint-worm ...... 2, 26 Elaphidion villosum ...... 18, 31 Bark Borer, Fruit-tree ...... 19, 21, 22,31 Emperor Moth, Promethea...... 22, 32 Barnyard !<'owls ...... · ...... 3, 'Zl Eriophyes pyri ...... 20,31 Bean Weevil ...... 5, 28 Eulecaninm cerasifex-...... 22. 32 bicolor, Parus ...... 7 Eulecanium nigrofasciatum ...... 21, 32 Birds, Relation to Orchard Practice ...... 6, 11 Eustroma divetsilineata ...... 23, 33 Blackberry Insects ...... 24, 34 Euthisanotia !l"ata ...... 23, 33 Blackbirds ...... 3 exitiosa, Sannmoidea ...... 21, 31 Blister Mite, Pear-leaf ...... 20. 31 Bluebirds...... • ...... 3, 7 Falco sparverius...... 9 Bonasa umbellus ...... 10 Farm Practice ...... 2-3, 26 borealis, Buteo., ...... 9 femorata, Chrysobothris ...... 18, 21, 30 borealis, Lanius ...... 9 Finch, Pn!'J?le ...... 10 Borer, Apple-tree, !<'!at-headed ...... 18, 21, 30 fitchii, Aph1s ...... 29 Round-headed ...... 18, 29 Flea-beet es ...... 5, 28 Bark, Fruit-tree ...... 19, 21, 22,31 Flea-beetle, Grapevine ...... 23, 33 Cherry ...... 2'2, 32 fle~herella, Coleophora ...... 17, 20, SO Peach ...... 21,31 Flicker...... 8 Potato Stalk...... 5, 28 Fores17r, eight-spotted ...... 23, 33 Shot-hole ...... 19, 21, 22, 31 Four-bned Leaf-bug...... 25, 34 Squash ...... 4, 'Zl Fowls, Barnyard ...... 3, 'Zl WbeatSawfly ...... 2, 26 Fruit Garden Insects ...... 23, 25, 33,34 Bran Mash, Poisoned ...... 3 Fruit-worm, Gooseberry...... 25, 8!1. Bruchus obtectus ...... 5, 28 funeralis, Desmia ...... 23,33 pisorum ...... 5, 28 furfurus, Cblonaspis ...... 12, 13, 20, 21, 25. 29, 34 bubaliSt Ceresa ...... 19, 21,31 Bubo VIrginianus ...... 9 Gall-maker, Gouty ...... 24, 34 Bucculatrix, Apple...... 18, 30 Gall-maker, 'Grape-cane...... 23, 33 Bucculatrix pomifo!ieJJa •...... 18, 30 Gooseberry fruit-worm...... 25, 34 Bud Moth, Eye-spotted ...... 16, 20, 21, 22, 30 Gooseberry Insects.. • ...... 25, 3!l Buprestid, Divaricate...... 22, 32 Goshawk, American ...... 9 Butcher Bird ...... 9 Gouty Gall-maker...... 24, M Buteo borealis ...... 9 grande,Isosoma...... 2, 26 lineatns...... 9 Grape Insects ...... 22-24, 33-34 Grape-berry Moth...... 23,33 Cabbage Bug, :Harlequin ...... 5, 28 Grape-cane Gall-maker...... 23, 33 candida, Saperda ...... 18, 30 Grapevine Caterpillar, Pyramidal...... 23, 33 Canker Worm, Fall ...... 14, 20, 21, 22,29 Grapevine Eustroma ...... 23,33 Spring•...•...... 14, 20, 21, 22, 29 Grapevine Flea-beetle ...... 23, 33 carolinensis, Sitta ...... 7 Grapevine Leaf·hopper...... 23, 34 Carpocapsa pomonella ...... )6, 20,30 Grapevine Leaf-roller...... 23, 33 Carpodaceus purpureus...... 10 grata, Euthisanotia...... 23, 33 Case Bearer, Cigar ...... 17, 20,30 Grasshopper El:rgs...... 4, 'Zl Cephusoccidentalis...... 2, 26 grossulanae, 210phodia ...... 25, 34 cerasifex, Eul=nium ...... 22, 32 Grouse, Ruffed ...... 10 Ceresa bubalis ...... 19, 21,31 Grubs, White ...... 4 Cerotoma trifurcata...... 5, 28 Haltica chalybea ...... 23,33 Certhiafamiliaris americana ...... 7 Harl<;<~.uin Cabbage Bug ...... 5, 28 chalybea, Haltica ...... 23, 33 Harrisma americana ...... 23,33 Cherry Borer...... 22, 32 Hawk, American Sparrow ...... 9 Chickadee ...... 6 Cooper's ...... 9 Chinch. Bug ...... 2, 26 Sharp-shinned ...... 9 Chionaspis furfurus ...... 12, 13, 20, 21, 25, 29, 34 Red-sbouldered ...... 9 Chrysobotbris femorata ...... 18, 21, 30 Red-tailed ...... 9 Clean culture ...... 2, 3,11 Heliothis obeoleta...... 2 Codling Moth ...... -16, 20, 30 Hemeroo::ampa ~ ...... lG, 20, 21, 22, 29 I:::-