He Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East Edited by Martha Mundy and Basim Musallam Index More Information

Home , Bani Yas, Duru (tribe)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77057-6 - The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East Edited by Martha Mundy and Basim Musallam Index More information

MAIN INDEX

Äbd al-Äziz b. Saüd (Ibn Saüd) 3, 44–6, Bahhady, F. 188 48–50, 52–61, 82–4, 91, 93, 150, 206, Bailey, E. 179 208 Balush (tribe/clan) 61 Äbd al-Wahhab 59 Bani Ätiya (tribe/clan) 93 Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan 37–9 Bani Hajir (tribe/clan) 49 Äbdullah, Sharif 49, 53, 91, 92, 206 Bani Hasan (tribe/clan) 98, 208 Äbida (tribe/clan) 56 Bani Khalid (tribe/clan) 206 Ädwan (tribe/clan) 91 Bani Sakhr (tribe/clan) 37, 53, 91, 94, Äfadla (tribe/clan) 112–16 206–8 agriculture Bani Yas (tribe/clan) 54, 60, 61 of barley 13, 14, 19, 100–4, 123–4, 129, Bates, D. 22 133–5, 139–43, 176–80, 189–91 Ba¨th party 105, 108, 111–12, 115–19, 121, beginnings of 19–20, 29 131, 199 n. 4, 216, 221 of cotton 112–13, 180 Bayt Kathir (tribe/clan) 61 extension of 39–43, 70, 85, 93, 99–108, 129, Berque, J. 201 190, 207, 208 Boltanski, L. 118 and fallowing 100, 102, 109, 177, 179, 192 Bourdieu, P. 118 horticulture 145, 152 Boutonnet, J.-P. 195 irrigated 21, 70, 78, 79, 86, 92, 96–7, 104–6, Britain, government policy 44, 46–7, 130, 149, 153, 180, 208, 210 49–50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, of legume fodder crops 100, 156, 170, 65, 85, 91–2, 94, 206, 207, 210 179–80, 192–4 n. 46 of wheat 19, 96–8, 100–1, 112, 129, 133, Bujra, A. 110 153–4 Butler, H. 38 Ahaywat (group/tribe) 210 n. 48 Ahmad, Shaykh of Kuwait 53 capitalism 111, 114 Älawi (state) 68 Charles, H. 31 Äjman (tribe/clan) 49, 52 Chatelus, M. 96 Al Bu Hbal (tribe/clan) 54, 116 Christians 70, 71, 72, 73 Al Bu Shamis (tribe/clan) 61 Circassians 64, 91 Al Khalifa (tribe/clan) 59 Clayton, Sir Gilbert 53 Al Sabah (clan, ruling family) 52 climatic conditions Al Saüd (clan, dynasty) 52, 59, 83, 84 in Arabian Peninsula 6 Amarat (tribe/clan) 52 change in 7–8, 17–18 Ameri, M. 200, 202, 204 in Fertile Crescent 6–13, 17, 18 Änayza (tribe/clan) 34, 38, 41, 49, 40, 52, 67, in Oman 6, 160 126 variability of 9–13, 30, 38, 142 Äqaydat (tribe/clan) 31, 65 Cocks, P. S. 192 äshira (tribe/clan) 112, 117, 120 Cole, D. 85 Awad, M. 200, 202, 204 colonialism 57, 63, 92, 96 Äwazim (tribe/clan) 52 Coon, C. 213 Cooper, P. 179 badiya (open country) 1, 2, 31, 124, 126, 127, Cox, Sir P. 52, 54 159, 162 crafts 146, 150

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244 Main index

dar/dira (tribal territory, home) 3, 45, 56, 61, fallah (cultivator) 31, 39, 93, 112, 113,115, 84, 126, 131 146, 208 Dahir (tribe/clan) 117, 120 family & kinship Dahm (tribe/clan) 56 economy of 86–7, 89, 101, 114–15, 134, Day, A. 96 137, 144 Debieuvre, Colonel 65 structures 86–7, 89, 97, 112, 127, 142, 144, Destrée, A. 203 153 development policy 73–4, 76, 78–9, 82, 85, 90, and women (see women) 92, 96–7, 105, 108–9, 129, 138, 151–2, famine 80, 92–3 154, 155, 165, 168–9, 171–4, 184–5, Faysal b. Sharif Husayn 52, 91 194–5, 198–201, 204, 207, 212–17 Faysal b. Turki 46, 47, 49 Dhafir (tribe/clan) 48, 52 Fidän (tribe/clan) 116, 126 Dickson, H. 52 Filali, M. 205, 213 domestication of livestock 21, 27, 28, 32 France, government policy 50, 63–70, 75–9 Doughty, C. M. 147 Draz, O. 106, 215 Glubb, J. B. 93, 94, 208, 209 n. 44, 210 n. 46 drought 10–11, 15, 38, 53, 80, 92–3, 95, 103, government 105, 129, 132, 133, 136, 138, 143, 150, structure of 67–9, 91, 115 196, 207, 209 role of 32, 35, 36, 40–2, 45, 47–8, 61, 67–8, Druze 35, 38, 40, 64, 66 90, 136, 141, 142, 147, 148–9, 151, 152, Duru¨ (tribe/clan) 54, 61 154, 165–6, 171–2, 186, 196, 197–8, 200, 204, 205, 207, 211, 212, 214 economic conditions in agriculture (see agriculture) Haas, M. 90 consumption 85, 112, 115, 139, 140, 148, Habib, St J. 83 150, 157, 168 hadar (sedentary folk) 147, 156, 159, 162 co-operatives 106–8, 118, 137–8, 172, 183, Hadidiyin (tribe/clan) 126–8, 135–7 188, 215 n. 69 Ha©il 48 employment 95, 98, 159 Hajj pilgrimage 35, 42, 60 army 32, 60, 95–6, 168, 209, 211 Hamarneh, M. 210 n. 4 professional 118–19, 149 Harb (tribe/clan) 155 public employment 96, 128 Hashemite dynasty 48, 49, 52, 53, 84, 91–2, in families or households (see family and 95, 207 kinship) Hawamil (tribe/clan) 61 finance 95, 113, 134, 136, 139, 148, 151, Helaissi, A. 205 154, 156, 157 hijra (migration; village; South Arabia: sacred herding 106–7, 108, 129, 135, 136–8, 150, precinct) 83, 84, 85, 88 155, 163, 188–90 hima (protected pasture; South Arabia: sacred contracts in 136–7, 156, 168 area) 5, 215 migrant labour in 168 Huneidi, M. 211 market and trade 89, 92–3, 97–8, 105, 108, hunter-gatherers 17–18, 25, 29, 30, 31 113, 127–8, 135, 140, 141, 145, 147, Husayn b. Äli 49, 52, 53 148, 150, 156–8, 159, 169, 191, 202 Huwaydi (tribe/clan) 116 of livestock 13, 92, 99, 108, 191, 202, 208 Huwaytat (tribe/clan) 53, 93, 206–8 risk 10, 141–3 transport 88, 92–3, 95, 101, 126–7, 134–5, Ibn Jiluwi 54 137, 140–1, 142, 143, 149, 170, 203 Ibn Rashid 48–50 education 118–19, 133, 151, 207 Ionides, G. 208 environment 6–13 Iraq 52, 53, 54, 55, 66, 70, 73, 94 adaptation to 22–3, 87, 165, 202 Ïsa (tribe/clan) 206 conservation programmes 16, 106–7, 123, Islam 131, 172–5, 181–3, 199, 215, 216 and legitimacy of rule 46, 57, 58, 60, 82, degradation of 13, 18, 30, 88, 99, 103–6, 215 109, 160–1, 171, 186, 191, 194–5, 202, Wahhabism 46, 48, 83, 206 214 Israel 14 soil and soil erosion 13, 15–16, 135–6, 143, 171, 177, 181–2, 214, 215 Jabali (group name) 160, 162, 163, 165, 168, vegetative cover 7, 15, 18, 30, 99 170, 171

Main index 245

Jbur (tribe/clan) 298 Muhammad Äli (of Egypt) 49 Jews 73, 92 Muhammad b. al-Äwn 49 Jhamat (tribe/clan) 112 Muhayd (tribe/clan) 116 jihad (holy war) 46, 58, 82, 83 Mujhim b. Muhid, Amir 67 Jouvenel, H. de 68 Muntafiq (tribe/clan) 52 Murra (tribe/clan) 55, 56, 61, 85 Ka¨b (tribe/clan) 61 Musa al-Dahir (tribe/clan) 112 Kathir (al-Jabal) (tribe/clan) 56, 162 Mutayr (tribe/clan) 48, 49, 52, 155 Khazanov, A. 87 Khuntush, Shaykh 40, 41 Naïm (tribe/clan) 61 khuwwa (booty, levy) 33, 35, 36, 127, 130 nationalism 66–8, 221 Kurds 64, 65, 72, 73 Niblock, T. 83–4 Kuwait 53, 54 nomadism, pastoral beginnings of 21–2, 29, 30 Labrue, Commandant 68 nature of 22–3, 24–5, 26, 30–6, 93, 101, Lamothe, Général de 68 202–5, 213 land and sedentarisation 88, 99, 197–210, property in (see law, property) 213 reform 39, 94, 105, 131, 199 n. 4, 204, Nordblom, T. 194 207 registration 130–1, 136, 154, 207, 209 oil/petrol 54, 56, 60, 62, 85, 96, 126, 145, 152, n. 44 160, 196 use of (see law, governing land-use) orientalism 212 law Osman, A. 194 customary 84, 105, 131, 162–3, 199 n. 4, Ottoman Empire 33, 35–42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 204, 207 50, 52, 56–7, 58, 64, 74, 149 and bedouin 58, 84–5, 88, 105, 166, 207 international 44, 46, 55, 56, 57, 58 Palestine 93, 94, 95, 96 Islamic 44, 45, 106–7 Philby, H. St John 150 governing land use 132, 166, 172–4, 177, Poidebard, Father A. 76 207, 216 population property growth 15, 22, 33, 97, 138, 162, 176, 196 in cultivable land 39, 45, 74–6, 84–6, migration 39–40, 102, 127, 153, 156, 168 88–9, 92, 98, 101, 106–7, 114, 116–17, refugee 70–3, 77–8 130–1, 173–4, 198 statistics 67, 72, 102, 126, 128, 151, 155, in pasture lands 45, 58, 74, 55, 166, 205, 210 173–4, 194, 195, 214, 216 in water 45, 52, 55, 56, 126 Qabus, Sultan 165 and sovereignty 44, 45–6, 47, 55, 56–8, Qalyoubi, T. 211 75–8, 85, 90, 107 Qara (tribe/clan) 162 and tribes (see tribe, legal rights of) Lee,S.22 Rashid (tribe/clan) 61, 82, 83 Lerner, D. 212 research agronomic 16, 104, 177–8, 180–5, 192–5 Mahra 55, 56, 161 archaeological 14–15, 17, 22, 28, 31, 32 Manahil (tribe/clan) 56 geographical 14, 16 Manasir (tribe/clan) 54, 60, 61 socio-economic 16, 32, 184–5, 188, 197, Maraÿah (tribe/clan) 208 210–11, 212–14, 217, 220–4 Mashayikh (tribe/clan) 163 Rwala (tribe/clan) 34–9, 48–50, 52, 53, 67, 83, Matalqa (tribe/clan) 208 126, 133, 137, 208 Mawali (tribe/clan) 126 medical conditions 70, 165, 166–7, 208 n. 43 Saïd, Shaykh 72 Meshlab (clan/family) 115 Saïdiyin (group/tribe) 210 n. 48 al-Meshrif (clan/family) 110, 112, 113, 114, Salim b. Mubarak 52 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121 al-Salman, M. 156 Milli (Kurdish tribe/clan) 67 Sami Pasha 38, 39 modernisation theory 212 Samuel, H. 91 Monteil, V. 197 n. 1, 201 n. 10 Sankary, M. 195

246 Main index

al-Saüd dynasty 48, 49, 52, 54, 59 structure of 61, 67, 70, 74–5, 80, 83–5, 88, Sayär (tribe/clan) 57 111, 147, 162, 203, 214 Sba©a (tribe/clan) 126–8, 131, 133, 137, 143 Turkey 66, 73, 134 Schumacher, G. 37, 39, 40 government policy 71, 72 Selim, S. M. 203 Tuwayah (tribe/clan) 208 Shahra (tribe/clan) 162 Shakespear, Captain 49 Ümur (tribe/clan) 126–8, 131, 136, 137 Sha¨lan (tribe/clan) 49, 83 United States 96 al-Sha¨lan, Amir/Shaykh Nuri 38, 39, 52, 67 urban development 76, 80, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, al-Sha¨lan, Shaykh Sattam 37 122, 124, 127, 150, 155–6, 168, 170 Shammar (tribe/clan) 48, 49, 52, 67, 83, 126 Ütayba (tribe/clan) 49 Shararat (tribe/clan) 208 Sharif, M. 156 Wahhabi movement (see also Islam) 56, 57, Sirhan (tribe/clan) 93, 206, 208 58, 59, 82–3 slavery 147 Ikhwan 49, 53, 82, 83, 88, 89, 91, 93 sovereignty (see also law and bedouin) 44, Wasfi, Mirza 37, 38 45–6, 50, 55, 57, 58 al-Wasil, A. R. 156 Subay¨ (tribe/clan) 155 water supply (see also law, property in water) Sweet, L. 147 151–2, 210 and pumping technology 149, 150, 153, taxation 35, 46, 49, 55, 56, 58–9, 61, 91, 93–5, 166, 170 133 wells 88, 101, 166, 170, 187 Thomson, E. 189, 192, 194 Wetzstein, J. 39 tribe women 86, 135, 149, 150, 153, 156, 157, 221 definition of 44, 55, 88–9, 126–7, 203–4, Wuld Äli (tribe/clan) 34, 35 208, 214, 217 leadership of 37, 38, 67, 70, 75, 80, 84, 86, Yafa©i (tribe/clan) 57 93, 94, 111–12, 114–15, 203, 204 Yahya, Imam 56 legal rights of 14, 44–6, 53, 55–6, 57–8, 61, Yam (tribe/clan) 56 74, 88, 106–7, 162–3, 166, 173, 207, 216 Zakat (annual Islamic tax on wealth) 3, 46, and state 35–46, 61, 66–7, 70, 75, 82–5, 54, 56, 58–60, 93 88–9, 98 Zayid, Shaykh 62

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

al-Äbr 55, 58 Damir Qabu 65, 72 Abu Dhabi 44, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62 Dammam 61, 150 Abu Hurayra 20, 29 Darä 35, 39, 40 Abu Kamal (Mari) 2, 31, 32 Dayrik 72, 78 Abu Saraya 113 Deir ez-Zor 42, 65, 70, 77, 128, 140 Aden 46, 54, 56–8, 60, 61 the Dhahira 44, 54, 60, 61 Äjlun 39, 91, 94 Dhofar 5, 55, 56, 62, 161–3, 165, 166, 168, Aleppo 33, 52, 63, 66–8, 70–2, 77, 100–2, 107, 169, 171, 172, 174 113, 120, 124, 127, 128, 136, 137, 146 Dhuwayla 21 Amman 29, 91, 97, 98, 208 Dirbasiyya 72 Ämrawa 39 Disi 97 Ämuda 72 Dmayr 65 Äqaba 53, 93, 94 Doha 57, 55 Äqayrbat 42 Duara 17 Arak 42 Äsir 6, 8, 56 El Kowm 17, 21, 22, 42, 126, 131 Äyn Diwar 72 Euphrates valley 12, 17, 21, 29, 31, 33, 52, Äyn Ghazal 29 53, 63, 64, 70, 101, 106, 110, 111, 124, Azraq 21 126

Bab al-Manbij 139 the Ghab 126, 134, 137, 140 Badiyat al-Sham 64 Gharifa 183 Baghdad 124, 128, 198, 199 Bahrain 8, 45, 48, 54, 59, 61 Hadda 206 Balikh (river) 72, 112 the Hadramawt 6 Balqa© 91 Ha©il 48, 49, 53, 82, 83, 86 Batinah 170 Hama 12, 33, 124, 127, 137 Bayandur 65 Harad 85 Beihan (Bayhan) 57 Hasa (province) 45, 47–50, 54, 58, 60, Beirut 77, 198, 209 82 Bilad al-Sham 17, 18, 23 Hasaka 72, 73, 75–7 Bir Amala 189, 190 Hawi al-Hawa 110–20 Brayda 182, 183 Hawran 3, 33, 34, 35, 38–40, 100, 137 Buqras 21 the Hijaz 5, 49, 53, 54, 93, 18, 148, 206 Buraymi 44, 55, 57, 60, 61 Homs 33, 124, 126 Busra 35, 38–40 al-Husn 40

Cairo 198 Irbid 39, 40, 96, 97 Cilicia 63, 71 Jabal Äbd al-Äziz 7 Dali¨ 57 Jabal Älawi 63 Damascus 12, 18, 20–3, 33, 35, 37, 39, 63, 65, Jabal Änayza 53 66, 68, 70, 91, 100, 124, 128, 198 Jabal Bishri 7

247

248 Index of place names

Jabal Druze 7, 12, 35, 63, 68, 69 Oman 5, 6, 44, 45, 49, 54, 56, 58–62, 160, 168, Jabal Nakhsh 55 172 Jabal al-Satih 126 Orontes (river) 52, 64 Jabal Sinjar 7 Jabal Tubayq 93, 206 Palmyra 12, 17, 18, 21, 42, 65, 66, 80, 130, Jabal Tur 76 132, 133 Jafr basin 210, 211 the Palmyrena 3, 7, 33, 34, 41, 123, 124, 126, JaghJagh (river) 72, 77, 78 127, 130, 140 Jarash 37 al-Jarbayb 163, 165, 171 Qamishli 72, 73, 77, 78 the Jawf 8, 49, 53, 83 Qara (mountains) 56 the Jawlan 35, 39, 40 Qasim (region) 48, 49, 145 the Jazira 3, 20, 31, 64–8, 72, 73, 75, 77–80, Qasr al-Hallabat 38 101, 111, 113, 116, 117, 123, 126–8, 134, Qatar 46, 47, 54, 55, 58, 62, 140 135, 137, 140, 141 Al-Qatn (mountain range) 163, 165, 171 Jazirat b. Ümar 66, 72 Qdaym 131 Jedda 44, 54, 150, 156 Qdayr 21, 22 Jericho 20, 29 Qubur al-Bid 72 Jilat 21 Jordan Valley 18, 29, 96, 97, 207 Ramad 21, 22 al-Ramtha 35, 37 Karak 38 Raqqa 12, 107, 110, 114, 116, 119, 120, 127, Karu 72 126, 140 al-Kassrat 112 Ra©s al-Äyn 72, 73, 77, 78 Khabur (river) 31, 65, 72, 73, 77–9 Ras Shamra 21 Khan Maysalun 63 Riyadh 48, 55, 56, 82, 148, 150, 156 al-Khatim 163 the Rub¨ al-Khali 6, 8 al-Khatuniyya 120 Khawr al-Üdayd 55 Sahl al-Suwwan 97 the Kura 91, 96 Salala 163, 168, 169, 170, 171 Kuwait 46, 47, 49, 52–4, 128, 131, Salamiyya 126, 139 140 al-Salhabiyya 112 Sama 41 the Laja© 35 Sanaa 57 Lajun 182, 183 Sayär 56, 57 Latakia 69 Shabwa 58 Shamiyya 64, 67, 79 Maän 91, 206 Shara¨ (mountains) 207, 208 Mallaha 18 Sinai desert 17, 18, 21, 50 Manbij 126 Sukhna 4, 42, 123, 124, 126–8, 130–3, 135–7, Ma©rib 62 139–41, 144 Mecca 48, 124 Summaqiyat 38, 30 Mosul 63, 124, 128 Suwayda 12 Mragha 183 Muhammara 52 Tafas 39 Muhasina 189–90 Ta©if 53, 56 Muraybat 18 Taurus mountains 20, 29 Muscat 46, 54, 55 al-Tayba 42, 126, 131 al-Mutaïya 40, 41 Tell al-Samin 112 Tigre 73 Najd 4, 6, 48, 47, 53, 54, 59, 145, 147, 158, Trans-Jordan 33, 37, 38, 53, 55, 91–4, 205, 200, 206 206, 208–10 Negev desert 18 Tyas 133 Nuäyma 39, 40 the Nufud 6, 8, 87 Umm al-Surab 40 Nuqayra 208 Ünayzah 145, 147–59 Nusaybin 66, 73 Üqayr 47, 52, 54

Index of place names 249

Wadi ¨Araba 207 Yemen 45–7, 56, 57, 60, 63 Wadi Bana 57 Wadi al-Rimmah 153 Zakhnuniya 47 Wadi Sirhan 53, 85, 91, 93, 137, al-Zarqa© 37 206 Zarqa© (river) 29, 33 Wadi Tubayq 21 Zubayr 52