Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77057-6 - The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East Edited by Martha Mundy and Basim Musallam Index More information MAIN INDEX ¨Abd al-¨Aziz b. Sa¨ud (Ibn Sa¨ud) 3, 44–6, Bahhady, F. 188 48–50, 52–61, 82–4, 91, 93, 150, 206, Bailey, E. 179 208 Balush (tribe/clan) 61 ¨Abd al-Wahhab 59 Bani ¨Atiya (tribe/clan) 93 Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan 37–9 Bani Hajir (tribe/clan) 49 ¨Abdullah, Sharif 49, 53, 91, 92, 206 Bani Hasan (tribe/clan) 98, 208 ¨Abida (tribe/clan) 56 Bani Khalid (tribe/clan) 206 ¨Adwan (tribe/clan) 91 Bani Sakhr (tribe/clan) 37, 53, 91, 94, ¨Afadla (tribe/clan) 112–16 206–8 agriculture Bani Yas (tribe/clan) 54, 60, 61 of barley 13, 14, 19, 100–4, 123–4, 129, Bates, D. 22 133–5, 139–43, 176–80, 189–91 Ba¨th party 105, 108, 111–12, 115–19, 121, beginnings of 19–20, 29 131, 199 n. 4, 216, 221 of cotton 112–13, 180 Bayt Kathir (tribe/clan) 61 extension of 39–43, 70, 85, 93, 99–108, 129, Berque, J. 201 190, 207, 208 Boltanski, L. 118 and fallowing 100, 102, 109, 177, 179, 192 Bourdieu, P. 118 horticulture 145, 152 Boutonnet, J.-P. 195 irrigated 21, 70, 78, 79, 86, 92, 96–7, 104–6, Britain, government policy 44, 46–7, 130, 149, 153, 180, 208, 210 49–50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, of legume fodder crops 100, 156, 170, 65, 85, 91–2, 94, 206, 207, 210 179–80, 192–4 n. 46 of wheat 19, 96–8, 100–1, 112, 129, 133, Bujra, A. 110 153–4 Butler, H. 38 Ahaywat (group/tribe) 210 n. 48 Ahmad, Shaykh of Kuwait 53 capitalism 111, 114 ¨Alawi (state) 68 Charles, H. 31 ¨Ajman (tribe/clan) 49, 52 Chatelus, M. 96 Al Bu Hbal (tribe/clan) 54, 116 Christians 70, 71, 72, 73 Al Bu Shamis (tribe/clan) 61 Circassians 64, 91 Al Khalifa (tribe/clan) 59 Clayton, Sir Gilbert 53 Al Sabah (clan, ruling family) 52 climatic conditions Al Sa¨ud (clan, dynasty) 52, 59, 83, 84 in Arabian Peninsula 6 Amarat (tribe/clan) 52 change in 7–8, 17–18 Ameri, M. 200, 202, 204 in Fertile Crescent 6–13, 17, 18 ¨Anayza (tribe/clan) 34, 38, 41, 49, 40, 52, 67, in Oman 6, 160 126 variability of 9–13, 30, 38, 142 ¨Aqaydat (tribe/clan) 31, 65 Cocks, P. S. 192 ¨ashira (tribe/clan) 112, 117, 120 Cole, D. 85 Awad, M. 200, 202, 204 colonialism 57, 63, 92, 96 ¨Awazim (tribe/clan) 52 Coon, C. 213 Cooper, P. 179 badiya (open country) 1, 2, 31, 124, 126, 127, Cox, Sir P. 52, 54 159, 162 crafts 146, 150 243 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77057-6 - The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East Edited by Martha Mundy and Basim Musallam Index More information 244 Main index dar/dira (tribal territory, home) 3, 45, 56, 61, fallah (cultivator) 31, 39, 93, 112, 113,115, 84, 126, 131 146, 208 Dahir (tribe/clan) 117, 120 family & kinship Dahm (tribe/clan) 56 economy of 86–7, 89, 101, 114–15, 134, Day, A. 96 137, 144 Debieuvre, Colonel 65 structures 86–7, 89, 97, 112, 127, 142, 144, Destrée, A. 203 153 development policy 73–4, 76, 78–9, 82, 85, 90, and women (see women) 92, 96–7, 105, 108–9, 129, 138, 151–2, famine 80, 92–3 154, 155, 165, 168–9, 171–4, 184–5, Faysal b. Sharif Husayn 52, 91 194–5, 198–201, 204, 207, 212–17 Faysal b. Turki 46, 47, 49 Dhafir (tribe/clan) 48, 52 Fid¨an (tribe/clan) 116, 126 Dickson, H. 52 Filali, M. 205, 213 domestication of livestock 21, 27, 28, 32 France, government policy 50, 63–70, 75–9 Doughty, C. M. 147 Draz, O. 106, 215 Glubb, J. B. 93, 94, 208, 209 n. 44, 210 n. 46 drought 10–11, 15, 38, 53, 80, 92–3, 95, 103, government 105, 129, 132, 133, 136, 138, 143, 150, structure of 67–9, 91, 115 196, 207, 209 role of 32, 35, 36, 40–2, 45, 47–8, 61, 67–8, Druze 35, 38, 40, 64, 66 90, 136, 141, 142, 147, 148–9, 151, 152, Duru¨ (tribe/clan) 54, 61 154, 165–6, 171–2, 186, 196, 197–8, 200, 204, 205, 207, 211, 212, 214 economic conditions in agriculture (see agriculture) Haas, M. 90 consumption 85, 112, 115, 139, 140, 148, Habib, St J. 83 150, 157, 168 hadar (sedentary folk) 147, 156, 159, 162 co-operatives 106–8, 118, 137–8, 172, 183, Hadidiyin (tribe/clan) 126–8, 135–7 188, 215 n. 69 Ha©il 48 employment 95, 98, 159 Hajj pilgrimage 35, 42, 60 army 32, 60, 95–6, 168, 209, 211 Hamarneh, M. 210 n. 4 professional 118–19, 149 Harb (tribe/clan) 155 public employment 96, 128 Hashemite dynasty 48, 49, 52, 53, 84, 91–2, in families or households (see family and 95, 207 kinship) Hawamil (tribe/clan) 61 finance 95, 113, 134, 136, 139, 148, 151, Helaissi, A. 205 154, 156, 157 hijra (migration; village; South Arabia: sacred herding 106–7, 108, 129, 135, 136–8, 150, precinct) 83, 84, 85, 88 155, 163, 188–90 hima (protected pasture; South Arabia: sacred contracts in 136–7, 156, 168 area) 5, 215 migrant labour in 168 Huneidi, M. 211 market and trade 89, 92–3, 97–8, 105, 108, hunter-gatherers 17–18, 25, 29, 30, 31 113, 127–8, 135, 140, 141, 145, 147, Husayn b. ¨Ali 49, 52, 53 148, 150, 156–8, 159, 169, 191, 202 Huwaydi (tribe/clan) 116 of livestock 13, 92, 99, 108, 191, 202, 208 Huwaytat (tribe/clan) 53, 93, 206–8 risk 10, 141–3 transport 88, 92–3, 95, 101, 126–7, 134–5, Ibn Jiluwi 54 137, 140–1, 142, 143, 149, 170, 203 Ibn Rashid 48–50 education 118–19, 133, 151, 207 Ionides, G. 208 environment 6–13 Iraq 52, 53, 54, 55, 66, 70, 73, 94 adaptation to 22–3, 87, 165, 202 ¨Isa (tribe/clan) 206 conservation programmes 16, 106–7, 123, Islam 131, 172–5, 181–3, 199, 215, 216 and legitimacy of rule 46, 57, 58, 60, 82, degradation of 13, 18, 30, 88, 99, 103–6, 215 109, 160–1, 171, 186, 191, 194–5, 202, Wahhabism 46, 48, 83, 206 214 Israel 14 soil and soil erosion 13, 15–16, 135–6, 143, 171, 177, 181–2, 214, 215 Jabali (group name) 160, 162, 163, 165, 168, vegetative cover 7, 15, 18, 30, 99 170, 171 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77057-6 - The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East Edited by Martha Mundy and Basim Musallam Index More information Main index 245 Jbur (tribe/clan) 298 Muhammad ¨Ali (of Egypt) 49 Jews 73, 92 Muhammad b. al-¨Awn 49 Jhamat (tribe/clan) 112 Muhayd (tribe/clan) 116 jihad (holy war) 46, 58, 82, 83 Mujhim b. Muhid, Amir 67 Jouvenel, H. de 68 Muntafiq (tribe/clan) 52 Murra (tribe/clan) 55, 56, 61, 85 Ka¨b (tribe/clan) 61 Musa al-Dahir (tribe/clan) 112 Kathir (al-Jabal) (tribe/clan) 56, 162 Mutayr (tribe/clan) 48, 49, 52, 155 Khazanov, A. 87 Khuntush, Shaykh 40, 41 Na¨im (tribe/clan) 61 khuwwa (booty, levy) 33, 35, 36, 127, 130 nationalism 66–8, 221 Kurds 64, 65, 72, 73 Niblock, T. 83–4 Kuwait 53, 54 nomadism, pastoral beginnings of 21–2, 29, 30 Labrue, Commandant 68 nature of 22–3, 24–5, 26, 30–6, 93, 101, Lamothe, Général de 68 202–5, 213 land and sedentarisation 88, 99, 197–210, property in (see law, property) 213 reform 39, 94, 105, 131, 199 n. 4, 204, Nordblom, T. 194 207 registration 130–1, 136, 154, 207, 209 oil/petrol 54, 56, 60, 62, 85, 96, 126, 145, 152, n. 44 160, 196 use of (see law, governing land-use) orientalism 212 law Osman, A. 194 customary 84, 105, 131, 162–3, 199 n. 4, Ottoman Empire 33, 35–42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 204, 207 50, 52, 56–7, 58, 64, 74, 149 and bedouin 58, 84–5, 88, 105, 166, 207 international 44, 46, 55, 56, 57, 58 Palestine 93, 94, 95, 96 Islamic 44, 45, 106–7 Philby, H. St John 150 governing land use 132, 166, 172–4, 177, Poidebard, Father A. 76 207, 216 population property growth 15, 22, 33, 97, 138, 162, 176, 196 in cultivable land 39, 45, 74–6, 84–6, migration 39–40, 102, 127, 153, 156, 168 88–9, 92, 98, 101, 106–7, 114, 116–17, refugee 70–3, 77–8 130–1, 173–4, 198 statistics 67, 72, 102, 126, 128, 151, 155, in pasture lands 45, 58, 74, 55, 166, 205, 210 173–4, 194, 195, 214, 216 in water 45, 52, 55, 56, 126 Qabus, Sultan 165 and sovereignty 44, 45–6, 47, 55, 56–8, Qalyoubi, T. 211 75–8, 85, 90, 107 Qara (tribe/clan) 162 and tribes (see tribe, legal rights of) Lee,S.22 Rashid (tribe/clan) 61, 82, 83 Lerner, D. 212 research agronomic 16, 104, 177–8, 180–5, 192–5 Mahra 55, 56, 161 archaeological 14–15, 17, 22, 28, 31, 32 Manahil (tribe/clan) 56 geographical 14, 16 Manasir (tribe/clan) 54, 60, 61 socio-economic 16, 32, 184–5, 188, 197, Mara¨yah (tribe/clan) 208 210–11, 212–14, 217, 220–4 Mashayikh (tribe/clan) 163 Rwala (tribe/clan) 34–9, 48–50, 52, 53, 67, 83, Matalqa (tribe/clan) 208 126, 133, 137, 208 Mawali (tribe/clan) 126 medical conditions 70, 165, 166–7, 208 n.