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ال سنة الثانية • العدد الثالث • يونيو 2010 Journal of the National Center ال�سنة الثانية • العدد الثالث • يونيو 2010 LiwaJournal of the National Center for Documentation & Research جملة علمية ّحمكمة ي�صدرها املركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث Volume 2 • Number 3 • June 2010 3 • June 2 • Number Volume Volume 2 • Number 3 • June 2010 ال�سنة الثانية • العدد الثالث • يونيو 2010 ISSN 1729-9039 ISSN 1729-9039 Liwa Liwa Journal of the National Center for Documentation & Research (NCDR) جملة علمية ّحمكمة ي�صدرها املركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث Editor-In-Chief رئي�س التحرير Dr. Abdulla El Reyes Director General of the National Center for Documentation and Research د. عبد اهلل الري�س املدير العام للمركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث Managing Editor Advisory Board Dr. L. Usra Soffan H.E. Zaki Anwar Nusseibeh مديرة التحرير الهيئة اﻻ�ست�سارية Adviser in the Ministry of Presidential Affairs, Deputy Chairman د. ي�رسى �سوفان Editorial Board of Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADACH) and �سعادة زكي اأنور ن�سيبة Board Member of National Center for Documentation & Research م�ست�سار وزارة �سوؤون الرئا�سة، ونائب رئي�س هيئة اأبوظبي للثقافة والرتاث، وع�سو جمل�س Dr. Jayanti Maitra اإدارة املركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث Dr. Abdalla Mansy Omari Prof. Mustafa Aqil al- Khatib هيئة التحرير Dr. Aisha Bilkhair Professor of Modern History-Qatar University د. جوينتي مايرتا اأ. د. م�سطفى عقيل اخلطيب Mr. Ali Darwish Imran Dr. John E. Peterson د. عبد اهلل من�سي العمري اأ�ستاذ التاريخ احلديث - جامعة قطر Historian and Political Analyst د. عائ�سة باخلري د. جون بيرت�سون Editorial Secretary Dr. Muhammad Sa’ad al- Muqaddam موؤرخ وحملل �سيا�سي Sharifa Al Faheem Assistant Professor of Modern History علي دروي�س عمران Sultan Qaboos University د. حممد �سعد املقدم Design & Layout �سكرترية التحرير اأ�ستاذ التاريخ احلديث امل�ساعد - جامعة ال�سلطان قابو�س Dr. Sa’ad Abdulla al- Kobaisi Mohamed Adel Assistant Professor of Anthropology �رسيفة الفهيم د. �سعد عبداهلل الكبي�سي UAE University اأ�ستاذ الأنرثوبولوجيا امل�ساعد - جامعة الإمارات العربية املتحدة الت�سميم واﻻإخراج حممد عادل © National Center for Documentation and Research, 2010 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates © املركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث، 2010 اأبوظبي، الإمارات العربية املتحدة The Editor of theLiwa Journal (ISSN 1729-9039) invites the submission of original and unpublished scholarly articles in English and Arabic related to archaeology, history and ترحب هيئة حترير جملة ليوا )ISSN1729-9039( بالبحوث العلمية الأ�سيلة غري املن�سورة، باللغتني العربية .heritage of the UAE and the Arabian Gulf region والإجنليزية، يف مو�سوعات تخت�س بالتاريخ والرتاث والآثار للإمارات العربية املتحدة ومنطقة اخلليج العربي. Manuscripts and all other correspondences concerning ‘Liwa’ should be addressed to: تر�سل البحوث وجميع املرا�سلت املتعلقة مبجلة ليوا اإىل العنوان الإلكرتوين [email protected] [email protected] الكتب التي ت�سل اإىل املجلة ملراجعتها ل ُت ّرد اإىل اأ�سحابها. .Books sent for review in the Journal cannot be returned ملزيد من املعلومات ولل�سرتاك يف املجلة يرجى دخول موقع For more details about ‘Liwa’ and subscriptions, access www.ncdr.ae www.ncdr.ae The views expressed in this issue are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily ما ورد يف هذا العدد يعرب عن اآراء ُالك ّتاب ول يعك�س بال�رسورة اآراء هيئة التحرير أوا املركز الوطني للوثائق reflect the views of the Editorial Board or the National Center for Documentation & والبحوث. Research. طبعت يف مطابع املركز الوطني للوثائق والبحوث Printed in the National Center for Documentation & Research Printing Press LiwaJournal of the National Center for Documentation & Research Volume 2 • Number 3 • June 2010 Contents Mermaids of The Arabian Gulf: Archaeological Evidence for the 3 Exploitation of Dugongs from Prehistory to the Present Dr. Mark J. Beech Cultural Landscapes Manager Historic Environment Department Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADACH) The Making of Gulf Ports Before Oil 19 Dr. Nelida Fuccaro Reader in the Modern History of the Arab Middle East, History Department, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Social and Economic Developments in Trucial Oman in the first half of 33 the Twentieth Century Julian Walker Ex Political Agent and Counselor in the British Embassy, Dubai In Memoriam _ Dr. Ezzeddin Ibrahim 48 Zaki Anwar Nusseibeh Adviser in the Ministry of Presidential Affairs, Deputy Chairman of Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADACH) and Board Member of National Center for Documentation & Research 2 Mermaids of The Arabian Gulf: Archaeological Evidence for the Exploitation of Dugongs from Prehistory to the Present Mark J. Beech Abstract After Northern Australia the Arabian Gulf contains the second largest population in the world of sea cows or dugongs (Dugong dugon). These shy large marine mammals have been exploited for more than 7,000 years within this region. This paper highlights the economic and ritual use of dugongs by both prehistoric and historic coastal populations. Dugongs provided economically valuable products in terms of meat, oil, fat and hide, but the animals themselves were also venerated at a special monumental site constructed around 5,500 years ago on Akab Island in Umm Al-Qaiwain emirate. Their remains were also used in association with Islamic burial practice during the recent historical period on Marawah Island in Abu Dhabi emirate. Introduction The sea cow or dugong (Dugong dugon) is a large marine mammal which is one of the four living species of the order Sirenia. It is the only surviving representative of the once-diverse family Dugongidae. It is found in the waters of at least 37 countries throughout the Indo-Pacific, although the majority of dugongs live in the northern waters of Australia between Shark Bay and Moreton Bay1 (Figure 1). Dugongs have a long lifespan of 70 years or more, as well as a slow rate of reproduction, which makes them extremely vulnerable to exploitation. Dugongs can reach an average adult length of 2.7 metres and can weigh up to 300 kilograms. An adult’s length rarely exceeds 3 metres, and females tend to be larger than males. Dugongs eat seagrass and are thus dependent on extensive seagrass beds in order to feed themselves. Such habitats are however under severe threat in the Gulf due to coastal reclamation, the 3 Mark J. Beech FIGURE 1. Modern Distribution of Dugongs in the World (after Marsh et al. 2002, Fig.1). construction of artificial islands and the impact of construction along the shorelines of the region. The second largest population of dugongs outside of Australia are those inhabiting the Arabian Gulf. This shy animal is now a protected species in Gulf waters. The modern population is estimated to comprise about 5800 individuals, and the most important habitats for it occur around Marawah island in the UAE, between Qatar and the UAE, as well as between Qatar and Bahrain2. The IUCN Lists the dugong as a species vulnerable to extinction, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) limits or bans the trade of derived products from dugongs. Despite being legally protected in many countries throughout their range, the major causes of population decline are anthropogenic in origin, such as hunting, habitat degradation and fishing-related fatalities such as being accidentally caught in nets3. Earliest Evidence for the Exploitation of Dugongs in the Arabian Gulf The earliest evidence for the exploitation of dugong in the Arabian Gulf dates back to more then 7,500 years ago4. Dugong bones were found during archaeological excavations directed by the present author on the island of Marawah in the western region of Abu Dhabi emirate (Figures 2-3). This demonstrates the apparent longevity of the importance of dugong in this region of the Gulf. At the site of MR11, on Marawah Island, butchered segments of dugong were transported to the site to be consumed by the site’s inhabitants. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the site was occupied between about 5700-4400 cal BC (2 sigma 4 Mermaids of The Arabian Gulf FIGURE 2. Records of Dugongs on Archaeological Sites in the Arabian Gulf and its vicinity. Key: 1. Tell Akaz, Kuwait (n=68), Age: 50 BC - 700 AD, Period: Pre-Islamic. 2. F5 Failaka, Kuwait (n=142), Age: 300 BC - 100 AD, Period: Hellenistic. 3. Siraf, Iran (n=12), Age: 400 AD - 1600 AD, Period: Sasanian/Islamic. 4. Qalat al-Bahrain, Bahrain, Site 519 (n=104), Age: 1450 - 500 BC, Period: Dilmun. Qalat al-Bahrain, Bahrain, Site 520 (n=7), Age: 2150 BC - 1200 AD, Period: Dilmun. 5. Saar, Bahrain (n=12), Age: 2000 - 1800 BC, Period: Dilmun. 6. Al Markh, Bahrain (common in later phase), Age: ?5000 - 4000 BC, Period: Ubaid/Late Stone Age. 7. DA11, Dalma island, Abu Dhabi, UAE (present), Age: 5100 – 4500 BC, Period: Ubaid/Late Stone Age. 8. MR11, Marawah island, Abu Dhabi, UAE (present), Age: 5700 - 4400 BC, Period: Ubaid/Late Stone Age. MR4, Marawah island, Abu Dhabi, UAE (many), Age: 1400-1900 AD, Period: Later Islamic period 9. Umm an-Nar, Abu Dhabi, UAE (n=3000+), Age: 2600 - 2000 BC, Period: Umm an-Nar/Bronze age 10. 10. Akab, Umm al-Qaiwain, UAE (frequent), Age: 4769-3400 BC, Period: ?Ubaid/4th mill BC settlement, and later dugong mound c.3500 BC. 11. Tell Abraq, Sharjah/Umm al-Qaiwain, UAE (n=78), Age: 2300 – 1800 BC, Period: Umm an-Nar/Iron age. 12. Ed-Dur, Umm al-Qaiwain, UAE (present but rare), Age: 300BC - 200AD, Period: Ed-Dur. 13. JH57, Jazirat al-Hamra, Ras al-Khaimah,UAE (n=3), Age: ?5000 - 4000 BC, Period: ?Ubaid/Late Stone Age. 14. Shimal, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE (n=10), Age: 1200 – 800 BC, Period: Iron Age. 5 Mark J. Beech FIGURE 3. Dugong remains discovered during Archaeological Excavations of site MR11 on Marawah Island, Abu Dhabi emirate. Dugong rib (top) and scapula (bottom) found in Room 1.
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