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La Conexión Rumana: Alberti, Neruda, Lara

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La Conexión Rumana: Alberti, Neruda, Lara UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles La conexión rumana: Alberti, Neruda, Lara A dissertation submitted in pardal satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures by Elena Gabriela Capraroiu 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright by Elena Gabriela Capraroiu 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Elena Gabriela Capraroiu is approved. Michael Heim Claudia Parodi-Lewin C. Brian Morris Verónica Cortínez, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2007 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A mi madre iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. índice Agradecimientos vi Vita vii Abstract ix Prólogo 1 Introducción 1. El ámbito literario de las traducciones 12 2. Estudios sobre la poesía rumana en español 35 I. Rafael Alberti 1. Los traductores: Rafael Alberti y María Teresa León 46 2. Del lenguaje a la política 48 3. Arghezi y las versiones francesas 54 4. Arghezi: polémicas 67 II. Pablo Neruda 1. Autoría 106 2. De la historia a la literatura 114 3. Fundoianu/Fondane: definiciones inciertas 118 4. Fondane: poemas XXIII y XX 139 III. Ornar Lara 1. Más allá del exilio 146 2. La traducción y los lugares habitables de la memoria 166 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3. Eminescu y su tiempo 183 4. Eminescu. Crónica de una traducción: "Mai am un singur dor" 192 5. Eminescu: "Scrisoarea III" 204 Apéndices I. Rafael Alberti/Rafael Alberti y María Teresa León 1. Traducciones de otras lenguas 213 2. Traducciones del rumano 214 II. Ornar Lara 1. Traducciones del rumano 216 2. Traducciones del español 217 3. Traducciones inéditas del rumano 217 Obras citadas 232 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Agradecimientos Agradezco a Aitana Alberti, a la Fundación Rafael Alberti, a la Fundación Pablo Neruda, a Ennio Moltedo y a Ornar Lara por la autorización para reproducir el material inédito que se incluye en este trabajo. Mi agradecimiento va también a la University of California, Los Angeles por las becas que han hecho posible mi investigación en bibliotecas y achivos de España, Chile y Rumania. Quiero expresar mi gratitud a las siguientes personas que en distintos momentos me han ofrecido su apoyo: Michelle Clayton, John Dagenais, Roberta Johnson, José Monleón, C. B. Morris, Claudia Parodi, Jesús Torrecilla y Maite Zubiaurre (University of California, Los Angeles), Roberto Díaz (University of Southern California), Anca y Traian Podgoreanu (Biblioteca Céntrala Universitará, Bucarest), Domnija Dumitrescu (California State University, Los Angeles), Sean Bemard, Ann Hills, Catherine Irwin, Andrea Labinger, Gerard Lavatori, and Kirsten Ogden (University of La Veme). A Andrés Soria Olmedo le agradezco su amistad y el haber sido el primero en acoger la idea de este proyecto. A Manfred Engelbert, sus comentarios imprescindibles. A Michael Heim, su pasión por la traducción literaria. A Claudia Mesa, su amistad inestimable y la lectura cuidadosa de cada palabra. A Ornar Lara, su poesía y el haberme ayudado a leer a los poetas rumanos a través de su propia voz. A Verónica Cortínez, su apoyo incondicional, el rigor académico y su amistad. A mi familia y amigos, mis agradecimientos, siempre. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VITA September 12, 1960 Bom, Bucharest, Romanía 1983 B.A. English and Spanish Philology University of Bucharest 1984-1991 English Teacher Colegio Americano de Quito 1995 M.A. Spanish San Francisco State University 1995-1999 Spanish Lecturer University of San Francisco San Francisco State University 1999-2004 Teaching Assistant Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of California, Los Angeles 2001-2003 Member of the Editorial Board of Mester Literary Journal Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of California, Los Angeles 2002 Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of California, Los Angeles 2003 Ben and Rué Pine Travel Award Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of California, Los Angeles Research at Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid 2004 Research Award Center for European and Eurasian Studies University of California, Los Angeles Research at Biblioteca Academiei, Bucharest 2004 The Harry and Yvonne Lenart Travel Fellowship Gradúate División University of California, Los Angeles Research at Fundación Pablo Neruda, Santiago vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2004-2005 Dissertation Year Fellowship Gradúate División University of California, Los Angeles 2005 Del Amo Travel Fellowship Department of Spanish and Portuguese University of California, Los Angeles Research at Fundación Rafael Alberti, Puerto de Santa María, Spain 2005- Member of the Editorial Board of Trilce Poetry Journal Concepción, Chile 2006- Assistant Professor of Spanish University of La Veme La Veme, California PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS Capraroiu, E. Gabriela. "Neruda traductor: el ejemplo rumano." Congrés International du Centenaire de la Naissance de Pablo Neruda. Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France. June 22-25, 2004. —. "One Hundred Years of Pablo Neruda." A Round Table Discussion. University of California, Los Angeles. Nov. 16, 2004. —. "Lorca y los 'parecidos que se desvanecen con la proximidad.'" Boletín de la Fundación Federico García Lorca 37-38 (2005): 223-39. —. "Sobre las traducciones rumanas de Ornar Lara." Trilce 17 (2007): 2-6. —. "Trilce y la poesía rumana." Fundación para las Letras Mexicanas. México City, México. Feb. 24-26, 2007. vm Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION La conexión rumana: Alberti, Neruda, Lara by Elena Gabriela Capraroiu Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures University of California, Los Angeles, 2007 Professor Verónica Cortínez, Chair This dissertation examines the Spanish translations of Romanian poetry written by Rafael Alberti and Pablo Neruda añer their travels to Romania (1958-1968), and by Ornar Lara during his exile in Bucharest after the military coup in Chile (1974-1981). These translations were commissioned by the Romanian authorities at a time when socialist Romania took up again its ties with the West. Nevertheless, these works compénsate for an identical problem of insularity that Mircea Eliade and Eugéne Ionesco, among other writers, had brought up from an opposite ideological position. For example, Tudor Arghezi, a foremost twentieth-century Romanian poet, is promoted through during the socialist regime and also through Eugéne Ionesco by the Romanian Embassy in París during the Vichy govemment. At the same time, prologues, memoirs, and unpublished correspondence offer evidence of personal affmities that go beyond the translators' ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. political engagement. In Marin Sorescu's poems, for instance, Lara finds the humorous tone and seemingly irreverent language of Nicanor Parra. Benjamín Fondane is closer to Jorge Teillier, poet of the hearth in the south of Chile, than to his own literary tradition, in his fragmented way of evoking small-town life in Romania. I argüe that Alberti, Neruda, and Lara's translations originated under aesthetic impulses that complement, rather than exelude the political drives of the translators. x Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Prólogo En las páginas finales del último tomo de la edición más reciente de las Obras completas de Pablo Neruda, oportunamente llamado Nerudiana dispersa (2002), Hernán Loyola ha reunido las traducciones de Neruda. Junto a obras de Whitman, Shakespeare o Baudelaire, es decir, obras escritas en idiomas que Neruda leía, se incluyen traducciones hechas con la ayuda de versiones literales o de traducciones previas al francés.1 Tal es el caso de los textos de Rilke, Hikmet, Kirsanov y Mickiewicz, entre otros. Faltan en esta sección los poemas rumanos y quizás otros textos de los cuales todavía no se tiene constancia o para los que la documentación sigue siendo incompleta. Acompaña las traducciones un aparato de notas que proporcionan datos acerca de los textos originales confirmados o supuestos, o acerca de las circunstancias que posiblemente motivaron una traducción en concreto. Los 136 poemas traducidos por Neruda que componen la antología 44 poetas rumanos presentan dos características que explican, por lo menos en parte, por qué ha sido difícil glosar e incorporarlos a las Obras completas.2 En primer lugar, como Rilke, Hikmet y Mickiewicz, los poetas rumanos constituyen un ejemplo de traducción indirecta, realizada desde el francés, puesto que Neruda no leía el rumano, así como tampoco leía el alemán, el turco o el polaco. A diferencia de Rilke, Hikmet y Mickiewicz cuyos textos no son muy largos, la antología rumana es un libro de 242 páginas. En 1 Pablo Neruda, Nerudiana dispersa II. ed. Hernán Loyola (Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2002). Desde ahora en adelante,
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