140 BAB V Kesimpulan Kemunculan Twitter Sebagai Platform Kebebasan Berpendapat Menjadi Wadah Bagi Masyarakat Untuk Mengutarakan

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BAB V

Kesimpulan

Kemunculan Twitter sebagai platform kebebasan berpendapat menjadi wadah bagi masyarakat untuk mengutarakan pemikiran atau perasaan. Twitter muncul mendobrak batasan-batasan yang ada di dunia nyata dimana seseorang dapat berinteraksi dengan siapapun dan kapanpun tanpa adanya batasan yang menghalangi, termasuk berbicara langsung dengan seorang high level profiled.

Dengan interaksi yang dilahirkan lewat media baru memunculkan partisipasi pihak lain dalam pelaksanaan agenda setting. Lewat perkembangan politik internasional memaksa media konvensional dan tokoh-tokoh elit politik untuk

“berinteraksi” langsung dengan masyarakat, salah satunya lewat media Twitter.

Hal ini menjadikan Twitter platform yang menghadirkan banyak elemen masyarakat yang saling berinteraksi.

Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti mencoba menjawab pertanyaan “Apakah cyber-Islamophobia merupakan agenda setting negara?” maka peneliti telah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa kondisi komunikasi era digital, pengaruhnya terhadap kultur partisipan, dan hubungannya dengan Islamophobia di saat Donald

Trump berkampanye sampai menjabat sebagai presiden. Pra dan masa pemerintahan Trump dipilih menjadi momentum utama dalam penyebaran cyber-

Islamophobia di Twitter dikarenakan dirinya merupakan seorang pebisnis yang

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aktif mengkritik pemerintahan terdahulu di Twitter namun kemudian terpilih menjadi presiden AS. Selain itu, Trump juga merupakan salah satu pemimpin dunia yang aktif menggunakan sosial media untuk berinteraksi dengan pengikutnya. Karena posisinya yang sangat tinggi (high level profiled), Trump dianggap mampu menjadi seorang key opinion leader yang berpengaruh terhadap topik dan wacana dari pengikutnya. Dengan kata lain, Trump mampu mentransformasi agenda setting yang semula digunakan oleh kelompok terbatas; pemerintah, namun dengan latar belakangnya yang datang dari dunia bisnis, membuat agenda setting di era Trump ditentukan juga oleh pasar dan pihak ketiga- baik rekan bisnisnya maupun pendonor bagi kampanyenya. Aksi Trump sebagai kepala negara dapat dianggap sebagai tindakan yang “disponsori” oleh negara, sehingga mengesankan bahwa agenda setting yang dilakukan merupakan cetusan dari negara meskipun dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa cyber-

Islamophobia merupakan agenda dari jejaring Islamophobia yang berafiliasi dengan Donald Trump dan orang-orang terdekatnya.

Penelitian ini juga melihat tweets yang dianalisis melalui machine learning, sentiment wacana yang dikeluarkan oleh Trump yang mendorong pengikutnya melakukan aksi cyber-Islamophobia lewat hate speech di Twitter. Dengan karakter unik dan posisi strategis di pemerintahan, Trump menjadi target yang mudah dijadikan key opinion leader dan sekaligus menyisipkan agenda-agenda dari kelompok donor, media konservatif, dan kelompok-kelompok lainnya yang ikut mensukseskan terpilihnya Trump sebagai presiden, salah satunya adalah

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jaringan Islamophobia di AS. Lewat penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa

Donald Trump bukanlah merupakan seorang Islamophobic, dirinya hanya orang yang sangat menjunjung tinggi American Exceptionalism yang termasuk didalamnya untuk melindungi negara dan juga masyarakat AS dari serangan luar - salah satunya adalah imigran dan nilai-nilai asing seperti Islam. Dengan pandangan umum tersebut, Trump dijadikan “kendaraan” bagi kelompok yang memiliki fokus lebih tajam dan agenda lebih sempit - penyebaran Islamophobia, untuk menyampaikan pesannya kepada masyarakat AS. Hal ini ternyata terbukti berpengaruh, terlebih lewat Twitter dimana peneliti dapat melihat jawaban, balasan, dan tagar pembicaraan. Sentimen anti-Muslim sangat kental dengan hadirnya tagar seperti #bansharia dan #banislam atau dalam bentuk balasan dan dukungan daripada tweet Trump yang berbau anti-Muslim. Tweet tersebut biasanya mengandung hujatan, umpatan, dan justifikasi akan nilai AS baik dalam bentuk teks maupun gambar.

Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi program studi Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional sebagai perspektif baru dalam memahami politik dan komunikasi internasional di era digital. Penelitian ini menunjukan pentingnya memiliki analisa dan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai fenomena hate speech di internet sebagai bentuk komunikasi baru dan alat politisasi. Selain itu pemahaman mengenai analisa sentimen diperlukan dalam memahami pembahasaan politik di era digital baru karena memiliki beberapa pembeda seperti diperantarai oleh komputer dan tidak memiliki batas wilayah dan ruang seperti pada di dunia nyata.

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Maka dari itu, penelitian ini dianggap penting dan dapat dipertimbangkan untuk menjadi referensi bahan penulisan akademik kedepannya.

Penelitian yang telah dilakukan ini memiliki sejumlah kekurangan karena keterbatasan lingkup penelitian. Penelitian ini hanya memfokuskan pada analisis wacana dengan teknik netnografi yang dikeluarkan oleh Trump, jaringan

Islamophobia, masyarakat umum, dan juga media hanya di platform Twitter tanpa mempertimbangkan sosial media lainnya, tidak juga tidak membahas penyebab dan pengaruh kognitif seseorang sebelum mengirimkan sebuah opini sedangkan hal tersebut dapat menjadi suatu pengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan - salah satunya keputusan untuk mengirimkan hate speech. Selain itu, peneliti juga tidak memfokuskan pada respon anti-Islamophobia yang ada di Twitter sebagai bentuk perlawanan masyarakat Muslim AS terhadap cyber-Islamophobia.

Meskipun demikian, penelitian ini mencakup kajian baru yang memiliki urgensi tentang agenda setting dan komunikasi internasional lewat media baru.

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