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Etude Des Processus Électoraux En Afrique Occidentale

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Etude Des Processus Électoraux En Afrique Occidentale Délivré par UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN VIA DOMITIA Préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale 544 INTER-MED : Espaces, Temps, Cultures Spécialité : Droit Public Présentée par M. MOUSTAPHA KANE ETUDE DES PROCESSUS ELECTORAUX EN AFRIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU MODELE DEMOCRATIQUE DU SÉNÉGAL. Soutenance publique le 19/avril/2019 JURY : M Monsieur Bruno RAVAZ, Maître de Conférences, HDR à l’Université de Toulon Rapporteur M. Monsieur André CABANIS, Professeur à M. l’Université de Toulouse Capitole 1 Rapporteur Monsieur Didier BAISSET, Professeur à Président du Jury l’U l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Monsieur Christophe EUZET, Maître de Directeur de Thèse ’U Conférences, HDR à l’Université de Perpignan . Via Domitia Délivré par UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN VIA DOMITIA Préparée au sein de l’Ecole Doctorale 544 INTER-MED : Espaces, Temps, Cultures Spécialité : Droit Public Présentée par M. MOUSTAPHA KANE ETUDE DES PROCESSUS ELECTORAUX EN AFRIQUE : L’EXEMPLE DU MODELE DEMOCRATIQUE DU SÉNÉGAL. Soutenance publique le 19/avril/2019 JURY : M. Monsieur Bruno RAVAZ, Maître de Conférences, HDR à l’Université de Toulon Rapporteur M. Monsieur André CABANIS, Professeur à M. l’Université de Toulouse Capitole 1 Rapporteur M. Monsieur Didier BAISSET, Professeur à Président du Jury l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia M. Monsieur Christophe EUZET, Maître de Directeur de Thèse l Conférences, HDR à l’Université de Perpignan V Via Domitia. DEDICACES ***** Ce travail de recherche est dédié à mes parents pour leur amour et leurs prières intarissables. A toute ma famille, mon épouse Adama pour son amour, particulièrement mes amours Nogoye et Diale. Mention spéciale à mon homonyme Baye Tapha et ma grand-mère adoptive Mame Fama pour leur bonne éducation et les valeurs qu’ils m’ont inculquées depuis mon enfance. A tous mes amis promotionnaires de Toulal (Meknès) notamment Dr Mballo THIAM et Me Malick LO. Je le dédie aussi à tous ceux qui de près ou de loin m’ont soutenu et aidé durant toutes ces années de recherche. A toutes et à tous ceux qui s’y reconnaissent. Enfin, je dédie ce travail à mes anciens Maîtres d’Ecoles et Professeurs de l’Université qui n’ont ménagé aucun effort pour ma réussite. REMERCIEMENTS ***** Je remercie infiniment mon Directeur de Thèse Monsieur Christophe EUZET Maître de Conférences, H.D.R à l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia pour son encadrement, ses orientations et conseils qui m’ont été d’un concours inestimable pour la réussite de cette Thèse. Cher Professeur Monsieur EUZET, Je Vous témoigne ma plus profonde gratitude. En outre, je voudrais dire merci à Monsieur Seydou DIOUF, Maître de Conférences, Agrégé des Facultés de Droit à l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar pour ses conseils. Un vive remerciement aux membres du Jury, je veux nommer respectivement Monsieur André CABANIS, Professeur à l’Université de Toulouse Capitole 1, Monsieur Bruno RAVAZ, Maître de Conférences, H.D.R à l’Université du Sud Toulon Var, Monsieur Didier BAISSET, Professeur à l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia et mon Directeur Monsieur Christophe EUZET, Maître de Conférences, H.D.R à l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, d’avoir agréé et honoré de leur présence cette soutenance. A tout le personnel de la Faculté de Droit de Perpignan, du Département de Droit Comparé des Etats D’Afrique Francophone ainsi qu’aux membres de l’Ecole Doctorale ED 544, à toute la Communauté sénégalaise vivant à Perpignan, à tous et à toutes, j’adresse mes remerciements les plus sincères et ma plus profonde gratitude. Le droit électoral africain est dynamique. Il est à l’image « d’un costume que tout président africain veut porter sur mesure ». Autrement dit, chaque président désire modifier les dispositions électorales à sa guise pour satisfaire ses intérêts pour le maintien des rênes du pouvoir. En effet, ce dernier cristallise toutes les inquiétudes et menaces portant sur la paix civile, la stabilité politique et le développement économique. L’élection étant « le mal africain » devient ainsi la cause principale du sous-développement de l’Afrique. LISTE DES PRINCIPALES ABREVIATIONS ***** A.P.R : Alliance Pour la République B.D.S : Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais B.M : Banque Mondiale B.I.D.D.H : Bureau des Institutions Démocratiques et des Droits de l’Homme C.E.I : Commission Electorale Indépendante C.E.N.A : Commission Electorale Nationale Autonome C.E.N.I : Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante C.D.E.A.O : Communauté Economique des Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest CF : Confer C.N.R.V : Commission Nationale de Recensement des Votes C.N.C : Conseil National de Communication C.R.E.I : Cours de Répression de l’Enrichissement Illicite D.U.D.H : Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme ED. : Edition ETC. : Et caetera EX. : Exemple F.M.I : Fonds Monétaire International D.U.D.H.C : Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen F.S : Force de Sécurité H.A.A.C : Haute Autorité de l’Audiovisuel et de la Communication I.E.P : Institut d’Etudes Politiques N.E.P.A.D : Nouveau Partenariat pour le Développement de l’Afrique N.O.M : Nouvel Ordre Mondial N.T.I.C : Nouvelle Technique de l’Information et de la Communication O.F.N.A.C : Office National de lute contre la Fraude et la Corruption O.G.E : Organe de gestion électoral O.N.G : Organisation Non Gouvernementale O.N.E.L : Observatoire National des Elections O.U.A : Organisation pour l’Unité Africaine O.N.U : Organisation des Nations Unies P. : Page P.A.S : Plan d’Ajustement Structurel P.D.S : Parti Démocratique Sénégalais P.N.U.D : Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement P.S : Parti Socialiste P.S.E : Plan Sénégal Emergent R.T.S : Radio Télévision Sénégalaise R.C.E.F : Réseau Francophone de Compétences Electorales U.A : Union Africaine U.E : Union Européenne U.P.M : Union Parlementaire Mondiale T.I.C : Technique de l’information et de la Communication SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 PREMIERE PARTIE : LES PROCESSUS ELECTORAUX EN AFRIQUE ENTRE INSTITUTIONNALISATION ET INSTABILITE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 CHAPITRE I : Des enjeux de la gestion des processus électoraux------------------------------------------ 21 Section I : Du cadre juridique et normatif du processus électoral ---------------------------------------- 28 Section II : Des institutions et structures de contrôle du processus électoral -------------------------- 42 CHAPITRE II : Pluralité des acteurs et phases des processus électoraux en Afrique ------------------ 83 Section I : Les acteurs déterminants du processus électoral en Afrique -------------------------------- 86 Section II : Les étapes du processus électoral en Afrique ------------------------------------------------ 122 Conclusion partielle première partie ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 150 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LES ELECTIONS A L’EPREUVE DE LA PAIX ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE EN AFRIQUE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156 CHAPITRE I : Les impacts socio-économiques des élections en Afrique ------------------------------------- 157 Section I : Pratique électorale et paix civile en Afrique--------------------------------------------------- 160 Section II : Elections et gouvernance démocratique dans les pays africains ------------------------- 183 CHAPITRE II : Le cas du modèle démocratique du Sénégal ----------------------------------------------- 204 Section I : Le constitutionnalisme démocratique du Sénégal -------------------------------------------- 207 Section II : Le Sénégal, un paradoxe démocratique-------------------------------------------------------- 255 Conclusion partielle deuxième partie ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 335 CONCLUSION GENERALE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 339 BIBLIOGRAPHIE SELECTIVE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 351 WEBOGRAPHIE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 361 ANNEXES : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 362 TABLE DES MATIERES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 378 INTRODUCTION 1 Longtemps marquée par les cicatrices de l’Histoire, l’Afrique serait toujours vue en ce XXIe siècle comme le laissé-pour-compte de la Mondialisation. Un constat exacerbé par la difficile organisation des Etats-nations d’Afrique Occidentale face à la montée des revendications identitaires qui s’accompagnent de mouvements radicaux. L’Afrique Noire Francophone est aussi caractérisée par sa diversité socioculturelle, ses économies fragiles et dont le processus électoral crédible pilier fondamental de la démocratie serait l’enjeu politique principal. Si les grandes pensées philosophiques dans lesquels s’inscrit la Révolution Française de 1789 ont apporté de nouveaux modèles de démocratie à l’instar de la démocratie représentative qui a donné de l’espoir au peuple et a mis en exergue sa Souveraineté1 qui doit s’exprimer à travers l’élection de ses représentants, la démocratie est en ce moment considérée par les uns et les autres comme une organisation indispensable voire irremplaçable
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